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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ingredients of london smog
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1. radiation inversion in winter (low vol)
2. coal fires (SO2, soot) 3. fog (takes up SO2, sulfuric acid) 4. acidic fog droplets + smoke particles |
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acid rain effects on ecosystems
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acidification of lakes (marine life)
dying forests |
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acids
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do chemistry in liquid H2O
-dissociate into negative ions, H+ ions |
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sulfuric acid
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made when SO2 taken up into water droplet (w/ help of oxidant H2O2)
-formed in water and gas |
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radicals
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molecules with free electron, very reactive
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sulfur cycle
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SO2 goes directly into clouds or converted to H2SO4 then goes into clouds
*rained back into ocean |
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natural sources of sulfur
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volcanic eruptions
ocean |
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anthropogenic sources of sulfur
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fossil fuels (power plants, coal burning, cars)
electricity generation |
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trend of sulfur emissions
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going down- regulation
recession- ppl have no $ to produce, sulfur decreases |
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nitric acid (HNO3)
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taken up in droplets (very soluble), rained down
emitted thru fossil fuel combustion |
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natural sources of nitrogen
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very few- lightning, bacteria in soil, forest fires
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anthropogenic sources of nitrogen
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car engines
power plants airplanes |
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bases
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dissociate into positive ions, OH- ions in water
(NH3- ammonia, Ca(OH)2- lime) |
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NH3
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ammonia- emitted by agriculture
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base + acid
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salt + water
(neutral) |
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strong acids/bases
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dissociate completely in water
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weak acids/bases
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dissociate partially in water
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determining acidity/basicity
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concentration of H+ or OH- ions
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1. natural rain pH
2. acid rain pH 3. acid fog pH |
1. 5.6 (always acidic)
2. less than 5 3. 2-4 |
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acid buffer
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removes any OH or H ions added to it, resisting change in pH
(so acid rain can't cause as much damage) |
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solubility
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how much of gas can be dissolved in H2O
SO2...low NO2...high |
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uptake of CO2 in water
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carbonic acid (H2CO3)
ocean acidification |
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2 types of wet deposition of acids
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1. acid rain
2. clouds that touch mts (higher exposure) |
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dry deposition of acids
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straight up taken up by surfaces
-ground, buildings, plants |
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effects of acid on environment
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weakens trees, removes nutrients from soil- change soil chem
*susceptibility to bugs depends on buffering capacity of soil |
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destruction of art
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marble/limestone sculptures crumble, dissolve
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how to combat acid rain
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REDUCE SO2, NOx EMISSIONS
-scrubbers -natural gas |
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cap and trade system
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economically feasible way to reduce admissions- gradual change
-factories set own timelines to phase out pollutants -regulators decrease allowances |
