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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the primary disturbance in Metabolic acidosis?
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a decrease in bicarbonate
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What is the compensation?
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A drop in CO2 by hyperventilation
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What are common causes?
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diabetic ketoacidosis (production of ketone acids), diarrhea (loss of GI bicarb), salisylate overdose, acetazoleamide (diuretic) OD, lactic acidosis, renal failure (can't excrete organic acids), ethylene glycol ingestion
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What is the primary disturbance in respiratory acidosis?
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A build-up in CO2
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What is the compensation?
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Increased bicarb reabosrobtion from the kidney
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What are some common causes?
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COPD, airway obstruction, opiates and sedatives, guillan-barr or ALS,
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What is the primary disturbance in metabolic alkalosis?
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increased bicarbonate
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What is the compensation?
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Increased CO2 by decreased respiration
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What are some common causes?
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Vomiting, hyperaldosteronism (increased H+ secretion), loop or thiazide diuretics (volume contraction)
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What is the primary disturbance in respiratory alkalosis?
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A drop in CO2
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What is the compensation?
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increased excretion of bicarb by the kidney
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What are some common causes?
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hyperventilation, high altitude, pneumonia and pulmonary embolus (hypoxemia causes hyperventilation_
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What is the Henderson Haselbach equation?
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pH = pKa + Log (HCO3-)/(.03*pCO2)
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Is there an awesome graph on page 277 that you should know?
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Yes
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Low pH, low pCO2 (low HCO3-)
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metabolic acidosis
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Low pH, high pCO2 (high HCO3-)
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chronic respiratory acidosis
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High pH, low pC02 (low HC03-)
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acute respiratory alkalosis
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High pH, high pCO2 (high HCO3-)
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metabolic alkalosis
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pH < 7.4
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acidosis
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pH > 7.4
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alkalosis
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Within acidosis: P (CO2) > 40
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Respiratory acidosis
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Within acidosis: Hypoventilation or Hyperventilation
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HYPO
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Within acidosis: Causes
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chronic lung disease, Acute lung disesae; Drugs (opioids, narcotics, sedatives); Weakening of Resp. muscles
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Within acidosis: P (CO2) < 40
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Metabolic acidosis with compensation
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Within acidosis: What should you do next?
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Check Anion Gap
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Within acidosis: What is the normal anion gap?
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8-12 mEq/L
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Within acidosis: Increased Anion Gap - 4 Causes
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Renal Failure; Lactic acidosis; Ketoacidosis; Aspirin ingestion
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Within acidosis: Normal anion gap (4)
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Diarrhea; Sniffin' Glue; Renal Tubular acidosis; Hyperchloremia
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pH > 7.4 pH > 7.4
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alkalosis
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pH > 7.4 pCO2 < 40
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Respiratory alkalosis
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pH > 7.4 Causes (2)
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HYPERventilation; aspirin ingestion (early)
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pH > 7.4 pCO2 > 40
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metabolic alkalosis w/ compensation
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pH > 7.4 Causes (4)
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vomiting; diuretic use; antacid use; hyperALDOsteronism
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Anion gap acidosis: How do you calculate it
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Na - Cl - HCO3
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Anion gap acidosis: What is normal?
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8-12 mEq/L
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Anion gap acidosis: What is the mnemonic
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MUD PILES
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Anion gap acidosis: M
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Methanol
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Anion gap acidosis: U
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Uremia
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Anion gap acidosis: D
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DKA
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Anion gap acidosis: P
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Paraldehyde or Phenformin
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Anion gap acidosis: I
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Iron tablets or INH
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Anion gap acidosis: L
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Lactic Acidosis
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Anion gap acidosis: E
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Ethanol, Ethylene Glycol
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Anion gap acidosis: S
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Salicylates
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Acid Base Compensations: Metabolic acidosis
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pCO2 = 1.5(HCO3) + 8 +/- 2
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Acid Base Compensations: Metabolic alkalosis
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pCO2 increases 0.7 mm Hg per 1 mEq/L HCO3 increase
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Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory acidosis (acute)
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HCO3 increases by 1 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg increase of pCO2
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Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory acidosis (chronic)
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HCO3 increases by 3.5 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg increase of pCO2
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Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory alkalosis (acute)
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HCO3 decreases by 2 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg decrease of pCO2
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Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory alkalosis (chronic)
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HCO3 decreases by 5 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg decrease of pCO2
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