Acid-Base Balance

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pH scale

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0-7 --Acidic
7 -- Neutral
7-14 --Basic

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pH scale and H+

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have an inverse relationship

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strong acids and bases

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dissociate completely in solution

Front 4

weak acids and bases

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- don't dissoc. competely
- free less H+
- have less effect on pH

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carbonic acid

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weak acid
in ECF at normal pH
H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3(2-)
volatile acid in body fluids

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pH of ECF

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7.35 - 7.45

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Acidosis

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abnormally low pH
plasma pH < 7.35

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carbon dioxide

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in soln as carbonic acid
- released at lungs as CO2
- in cells (blood) as bicarbonate

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carbonic anhydrase (CA)

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enzyme that catalyzes dissociation of carbonic acid back into CO2

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pCO2 most important factor affecting pH in body tissues

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note** pCO2 higher in cells than in lungs

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T/F: Acid-Base balance maintained by gains and losses of H+ ions.

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True

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Buffers

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dissolve compounds that stabilize pH by providing or removing H+
- weak acids
- weak bases
- temporary
- limited
- don't remove H+

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what are the 3 buffer systems?

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1. protein buffer systems
2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
3. phosphate buffer system

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protein buffer systems

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- depend on AA
- responds by accepting or donating H+
- HEMOGLOBIN buffer system
-> only intracellular buffer system with an IMMEDIATE effect on ECF pH

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carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

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1. can't protect ECF from changes in pH resulting from high or low levels of CO2
2. works only when respiratory system and respiratory control centers are working normally

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phosphate buffer system

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important in buffering pH of ICF
- works like carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

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maintaining A-B balance

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1. removed at lungs
2. secreted at kidneys
coordinate buffer systems with respiratory mechanisms & renal mechanisms

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respiratory compensation

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- change in RR--stabilize pH of ECF
- directly affects C.A.-bicarbonate buffer system

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renal compensation

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- works by secretion and reabsorption by kidneys in response to changes in plasma pH

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buffers present in urine

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1. carbonic a-b buffer system
2. phosphate buffer system
3. ammonia buffer system

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respiratory acidosis

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- develops when rsp system can't eliminate all CO2 made by peripheral tissues
-primary sign --low plasma pH due to hypercapnia
- primary cause-- hypoventilation

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respiratory alkalosis

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primary sign -- high plasma pH due to hypocapnia
primary cause - hyperventilation

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metabolic acidosis

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1. H+ overload in system
2. impaired H+ excretion at kidneys
3. severe bicarbonate loss

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2 types of metabolic acidosis

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lactic acidosis

ketoacidosis

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metabolic alkalosis

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caused by elevated [HCO3-]
bicarbonate ions combine with H+ to in soln --> H2CO3
reduced H+ causes alkalosis

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effects of aging on a-b balance

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reduction in vital capacity
- reduce resp. compensation
- incr. risk of resp. acidosis
- aggravated by emphysema