Acfsciencenotes

Front 1

defined as voltage drop divided by the derivative of current with respect to time, or more commonly as magnetic flux divided by current flow, measured henrys

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inductance

Front 2

Hamiltonian of it. a radius vector drawn from the sun to any planet seeps out equal areas in equal time intervals because of it, quantization of it in units of Planck's constant divided by 2 pi. derivative of this quantity with respect to time is the net torque.

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angular momentum

Front 3

namesake band of optical illusion. namesake waves; principle states that inertia is relational and relative and his Society is also known as the Vienna Circle.

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mach

Front 4

Fab and Fc regions can be separated by papain based on their crystallizability. used in the ELISA process; Kohler and Milstein got the Nobel in Medicine for producing the monoclonal types. attach to epitope of their targets by induced fit. y- shaped proteins produced by B Cells

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antibodies

Front 5

Leber optic neuropathy & Kearns Sayre syndrome; Cytochrome C is found here, and is released into the cell to trigger apoptosis. Cristae

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mitochondrion

Front 6

only spin-0 particle. Proposed to give particles their masses

Back 6

higgs boson

Front 7

provides one possible explanation of the Kutta-Joukowski Theorem, used to study the Venturi effect, and Pitot tubes use it to calculate velocity. Explains lift

Back 7

bernoulli's equation/principle

Front 8

“analytical mechanics”

Back 8

lagrange

Front 9

Objects called "cubewanos," has a namesake "cliff", TL66 was the first "scattered" object found in it. Varuna, Eris, and Charon are found in it, beyond Neptune’s orbit

Back 9

kuiper belt

Front 10

Onsager's solutions deal with it. antiferromagnetic counterpart in the Neel temperature. temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic

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curie point

Front 11

The genetic disease hydrops fetalis is characterized by formation of the Bart type of this molecule. Thalassemias result from decreased or absent synthesis of one its four chains, Regulated by levels of BPG and the Bohr effect

Back 11

hemoglobin

Front 12

glutamate to valine mutation at position 6 of the beta chain

Back 12

sickle cell

Front 13

In the Kastle-Meyer test, it is used in conjunction with alcohol and hydrogen peroxide to show whether there is blood present, active ingredient in Petrogalar and Ex-Lax, nucleophilic addition can occur in base.

Back 13

phenolphthalein

Front 14

near-boiling temperatures will still not denature Taq; technique developed for large scale amplification of DNA, first proposed by Kary Mullis

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PCR

Front 15

they can convert haloethers to alkenes by the Boord olefin synthesis; their synthesis always produces Schlenk equilibrium. produced by reacting an organohalide with magnesium. Namseake got 1912 Nobel Prize for them

Back 15

grignard reagents

Front 16

an alternative to nitrogen because it will not conduct heat as well from tungsten filaments in light bulbs.

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argon

Front 17

charged pions decay by it. force allows flavor change; breaks both P and CP symmetry. 1979 NP Physics for Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg, who unified it with the electromagnetic force.

Back 17

weak nuclear force

Front 18

axioms of betweenness, congruence, continuity, parallelism, and incidence in his The Foundations of Geometry. proof of the finiteness theorem, a proof of Waring's theorem; 23 eponymous problems

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hilbert

Front 19

Cauchy generalized it to three-dimensional bodies. first Lame constant represented by mu known as the shear modulus

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hooke's law

Front 20

accusations of selective result reporting by Gerard Horton, also questioned by Felix Ehrenhaft. 1909 experiment

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Millikan oil drop

Front 21

The Cory-Fuchs reaction generates these from aldehydes, while reacting them with mercury salt in water yields enols. They can be synthesized to Lindlar's catalyst. simplest example of which is acetylene, characterized by a carbon-carbon triple bond.

Back 21

alkynes

Front 22

Kucherov reaction and the Jacobsen rearrangement use it. With diphenylamine and acetic acid, comprises the Dische reagent, contact process used to manufacture it. Also known as oil of vitriol

Back 22

sulfuric acid

Front 23

Huang-Minlon form; used after a Friedel-Crafts acylation to produce an alkyl product, it is complementary to the Clemmensen reduction. uses hydrazine to reduce a ketone to an alkane

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wolff kishner reaction

Front 24

goal is the Lawson Criterion, or break-even point, where a net energy is actually created. In our sun

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nuclear fusion

Front 25

Proposed by Baade and Zwicky, these include magnetars; upper mass limit named for Tolman, Volkov, and Oppenheimer because they are held together by degeneracy pressure from their namesake particles.

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neutron stars

Front 26

namesake twister. first studied due to their one-to-one correspondence with even perfect numbers. 42 known ones, searched for by the GIMPS project, which makes use of the Lucas-Lehmer algorithm. 2 to the power p (prime number) minus one

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mersenne primes

Front 27

can be evaluated using Parseval's theorem. generalization called the Hurwitz function, Ramanujan showed that it is equal to minus one twelfths when evaluated at negative one. 1.5 million roots have been shown to lie on the critical strip

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riemann zeta function

Front 28

They are divided into two classes based on the Ginsburg-Landau parameter. London equation describes a characteristic; discovered by Heike Kammerlingh-Onnes

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superconductors

Front 29

proteins have this property; property of substances such as water that can react as either acids or bases.

Back 29

amphoterism

Front 30

tubular structures called the ducts of Luschka, which drain into itl contracts and empties upon the release of hormone CCK. disorder is cholelithiasis

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gall bladder

Front 31

oldest and most heavily cratered landscape in the solar system, it has no large mountains and next to no tectonic or volcanic activity. discovered by Simon Marius in 1610. second-largest and outermost Galilean moon of Jupiter

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callisto

Front 32

responsible for the formation of the apical hook of many eudicot seedlings. called the "senescence hormone," promotes stem swelling but inhibits stem elongation, promotion of leaf abscission and fruit ripening; C2H4

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ethylene/ethane

Front 33

The efficacy of the Boord olefin synthesis; Reactions involving them must be carried out in aprotic solvents, as nucleophiles for reducing carbonyl groups to alcohols

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grignard reagents

Front 34

receives secretions from the liver and pancreas via the Sphincter of Oddi

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small intestine

Front 35

his namesake factor used to calculate boiling point elevation. devised an expression for osmotic pressure analogous to the ideal gas law, first Nobel Prize in chemistry.

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vant hoff

Front 36

Richard Zsigmondy won NP in chem his microscope for observing these substances. Tiselius' first use of electrophoresis was to separate them; Tyndall observed their unique dispersion of light.

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colloid

Front 37

Johnson and Bolhuis identified two mechanisms for two independent neural systems that may control its filial variety, co-discovered by Oscar Heinroth.

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imprinting

Front 38

man's namesake inequality is a form of the Bonferroni inequality, namesake algebras satisfy the properties of a lattice, and his name is given to rings in which every element is idempotent. theories layed the basis for computer chips. mathematician associated with truth tables and binary mathematics.

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boole

Front 39

The endoderm and ectoderm are held together by a mesoglea. A gastrovascular cavity serves as both a mouth and an anus in members

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cnidaria

Front 40

high incidence of bremsstrahlung problem; two magnets and vacuum in which two dee electrodes are housed. Improved by Veksler/McMillan's synchrotron, invented by Livingston/Lawrence, named for the circular path taken by accelerated particles.

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cyclotron

Front 41

credited to its namesake's 1696 text, but this rule was probably created by Bernoulli. used to evaluate limits that result in indeterminate ratios using derivatives

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lhopitals rule

Front 42

he invented a ceramic-filament light bulb, as well as a namesake "glower" used in IR spectroscopy. Won the NP for his heat theorem, now known as the third law of thermodynamics.

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nernst

Front 43

describes the production of a mutually perpendicular emf when heat flows across a magnetic field

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nernst effect

Front 44

modified by Goldman to govern electrical properties of cell membranes, and it came from namesake’s theory of a "pressure of dissolution" that forced ions into a solution and off of electrodes. equation provides the potential of an electrolytic cell.

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nernst equation

Front 45

deviation from it is Kondo effect. One model of it is due to Ginzberg and Landau, another predicts bosonic bound states between conduction electrons; these are the Cooper pairs of the BCS theory. first observed by Onnes

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superconductivity

Front 46

namesake gauge gives rise to transverse current; “Researches on the Force of Torsion and Elasticity of Metal Wires” outlines theory of dry friction; torsion balance used to make law, published Memoirs on Electricity and Magnetism.

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coulomb

Front 47

theorem with cayley which implies that a square matrix A satisfies its own characteristic polynomial; namesake of an operator which is the Legendre transform of the Lagrangian operator and gives the total energy of a system, quaternions.

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hamilton

Front 48

division ring where i2, j2, and k2 equal negative one

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quaternions

Front 49

set of visible hydrogen emission lines named for Swiss, which correspond to transitions to the n = 2 state

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balmer series

Front 50

Paleophragmodictya. Cladorhizadae, totipotent archeocytes; excretory structures called oscula, secretion by coenocytes, Apopyles pores, choanocyte chamber in the syconoid arrangement; found in asconoid and leuconoid types. gelatinous tissue called the mesophyl.

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poriphera

Front 51

structure established by Edelman/Porter; characteristic beta fold in each of its 8 constant domains. A, G, and M types; made by B cells. Fc and Fab portions.

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antibody

Front 52

studied using a Kurie plot. emission of a W boson and conversion of down quark to an up quark, minus type of this reaction converts neutrons into protons with the release of positron or electron

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beta decay

Front 53

explained instability of Watt's fly-ball governor thus founding modern control theory, analysis of the stability of Saturn's rings; showed how to calculate stresses in suspension bridges

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maxwell

Front 54

produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Stellar neutrinos are generated during its creation. Found in heavy water

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deuterium

Front 55

not present in most prokaryotes, especially those with circular DNA, when uncapped they can lead to apoptosis or senescence of somatic cells, solution to Watson's "end-replication problem," repeated nucleotide sequences that protect and define the ends of chromosomes.

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telomeres

Front 56

constant as additional electrons are added according to the Aufbau principle. No two fermions can have the same value for these according to the Pauli exclusion principle, values describing shell, subshell, and spin

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quantam numbers

Front 57

namesake coined the term "curl" and a term for "displacement current;" revision of Ampere, Faraday, and Gauss's Laws

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maxwell's equations

Front 58

presence of lithium, which is not typically found in their larger counterparts; first verified one Teide 1, perform deuterium fusion.

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brown dwards

Front 59

result in the Tonks-Girardeau gas. Formed by laser cooling and magnetic evaporative cooling rubidium, similar to lasers, created in 1995 by Cornell and Wieman, fifth state of matter in which individual atoms combine

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bose-einstein condensate

Front 60

cross-linked, double layers of silica tetrahedrons, almost all of them have a monoclinic crystal structure, explaining their best known property. minerals, like muscovite, that have perfect cleavage

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micas

Front 61

inter-process communication, memory management, and executing programs on the CPU. lowest abstraction layer and central component of most operating systems, developed by Linus Torvalds

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kernel

Front 62

theory proposed by Jacob and Monod, used to explain how cells control the production of enzymes.

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operon

Front 63

revised by Ridgeway, Ballard, and Bailey to include synthetic compounds. Hodge and McKay used a microcharacter to show it was approximately logarithmic, preferred over the Rockwell, Vickers, and Knoop indentation tests

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mohs hardness scale

Front 64

The Duhem-Margules equation can be used to derive it; related to the Lewis-Randall rule by the Gibbs-Duhem equation.

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henry's law

Front 65

dissolved concentration of a gas to its partial pressure above the solvent, explains decompression sickness in divers and the fizzing of soda when a bottle is opened.

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henry's law

Front 66

They lack ester lipids in their cell walls; Discovered by Carl Weiss, evolutionary precursor to eukaryotes.

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archaebacteria

Front 67

It is unknown whether they are Majorana particles, KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande experiments showed they have mass.

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neutrinos

Front 68

mother produces antibodies to this factor. Originally discovered in a namesake species of monkey, plus or minus

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rhesus factor

Front 69

It is generally divided into three phases, reduction and regeneration. enzymes that catalyze it include seduheptulose bisphosphatase and aldolase; ribulose-5-phosphate; uses NADPH and ATP to produce PGAL. prevents photorespiration through use of Rubisco

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calvin cycle

Front 70

Stirling approximation solved potential violation of Gibbs Paradox; Loschmidt's Paradox; heat could not flow from a cold object to a hot one spontaneously, entropy of the universe increases.

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2nd law thermo

Front 71

Charles Pedersen shared the 1987 NP Chem for discovery; always composed of a number of ethyleneoxy units linked together in a ring, and rings featuring internal oxygens characterize them.

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crown ethers

Front 72

wrote Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, wrote On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, Two machines, one to integrate difference equations and the ‘analytical machine’

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babbage

Front 73

react with tosyl chlorides to form tosylates and with hydrobromic acid to form alkyl halides; synthesized by using sodium borohydride to reduce ketones or aldehydes. hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon

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alchohol

Front 74

hydroboration and oxidation or oxymercuration and reduction turns them to alchohols

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alkenes

Front 75

deficiency in it leads to inability to use folic acid. represented by the codon AUG; one of two essential amino acids that contains sulfur. amino-acid always the first one present in peptide formation.

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methionine

Front 76

first postulated by Gorter/Grendel, modified by Danielli, Davson, and Robertson. Caveolae; Proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, it describes the phospholipid bilayer.

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fluid mosaic

Front 77

Argyll-Robertson Pupils, Charcot's Joints and Clutton's Joints, Wasserman test detects it

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syphilis

Front 78

reacted with a nitrile and imine anion can be hydrolyzed into a ketone; can cause nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides. With dry ice make carboxylic acids, reacting with aldehydes and ketones to form secondary and tertiary alcohols, essentially act as carbanions, they can be protonated by weak acids to yield alkanes.

Back 78

grignard reagents

Front 79

Goos-Hanchen effect, also known as the "frustrated" form of it; employed in binoculars and fiber optics

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total internal reflection

Front 80

austausch coefficient gives the proportionality of it. Lagrangian form involves the biharmonic equation, behavior in the "corner region." A "wake" form of it is known as jetwash, Froude number helps determine its onset in open channels. occurs at Reynolds numbers of over 4000

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turbulent flow

Front 81

theorem named for him states that the order of a subgroup must divide the order of the group, namesake of a method of finding the optima of a function by introducing the parameter lambda. The namesake of an error function associated with Taylor series

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lagrange

Front 82

set of points where a tiny body remains stationary relative to two larger bodies.

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lagrangian points

Front 83

first mathematical exposition by Menger, cutting plane method for solving, solved in Sweden. The bottleneck and decision versions; NP-complete by a reduction to a Hamiltonian Path. problem in optimization

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traveling salesman problem

Front 84

Copeland and Proudfoot wrote article about it; says that the halting problem is undecidable, and that any effective computation can be translated into an equivalent computation by one of its namesake's eponymous machines.

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church-turing thesis

Front 85

correlation of it is also known as uncentered correlation; hyperbolic form describes the shape of a catenary

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cosine

Front 86

forms the tubes secreted by phoronids. It makes up the setae protruding from annelids. Greek for "tunic," composed of acetylglucosamines linked in beta-1,4 manner, found in the beak of a squid

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chitin

Front 87

"mutual" and "self" varieties, units of volt-seconds per ampere, electromagnetic analogue of inertia it basically measures a circuit's resistance to changes in current.

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inductance

Front 88

gives direction of induced emf and current from electromagnetic induction

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lenz's law

Front 89

typical examples contain glutamine and asparagine residues. produced by a mutation of gene for PrP protein. fatal familial insomnia, kuru, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases. discovered by Prusiner

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prions

Front 90

Splenic sequestration results in most sufferers. hydroxyurea eases symptoms

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sickle cell

Front 91

moment-generating function e to the (lambda (e to the t minus one)), Bortkiewicz called it the "law of small numbers" cuz it models rates of rare events like radioactive decays or horse-kick deaths. probability of n successes from a large number of the trial; symbolized P.

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poisson ditribution

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Kobayashi/Maskawa deduced it from CP-violation in neutral kaons. Produced in pairs after high-energy collisions between protons and antiprotons, 2/3 charge, it does not hadronize and so decays into a W boson and bottom quark, heaviest and last-discovered quark

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top quark

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Kolbe-Schmitt and von Richter reactions generate them as products, butyric and formic types, Organic, a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl.

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carboxylic acid

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carboxylic acid, in ant bites

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formic acid

Front 95

with primary alchohols synthesizes carboxylic acid and with secondary alchohols produces ketones; chromium trioxide in diluted sulfuric acid

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jones reagent

Front 96

helps balance gravity in a star. 1/3 times total energy per unit volume within the appropriate space; operating principle behind the "solar sail" concept, force per unit area exerted by photons, or the power flux density over speed of light

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radiation pressure

Front 97

total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body in unit time (irradiance) is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's thermodynamic temperature

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stefan boltzmann law

Front 98

A variation called Clemmensen reduction; hydrazine hydrate reacts strongly with a base at an elevated temperature to convert a carbonyl C-O bond into a C-H2 bond; reduction of a hydrazone

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wolff-kishner

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always results in regioselective reactions; absence of peroxides; asymmetric reagent and an asymmetric alkene. free hydrogen will always add to the double bond carbon that already has a larger number of hydrogen atoms; observation based on zaitsev’s rule

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markovnikov rule

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"pulsating" variety; are primaries in cataclysmic variables where they will emit soft radiation. consisting of carbon and oxygen, supported only by electron degeneracy pressure, cuz no fusion

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white dwarves

Front 101

prevented by heavy angle or steric strain. Cyclic and planar compounds cant have it. 10-annulene and benzene are examples. resonance-derived lack of reactivity in many hydrocarbons

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aromaticity

Front 102

built from 46 definitions of recursive functions, the last labeled "bew;" gives a negative result to Hilbert's tenth problem by affirming that a system powerful enough to describe arithmetic cannot be both consistent and complete

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godel incomp theorem

Front 103

Vujanovic extended Noether's theorem to these, and the Van der Pol oscillator is not this type of system. the amount of work done is independent of the path

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conservative system

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have no curl, and can be described as the gradient of a scalar potential, gravitational and electric fields in which no energy is lost.

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conservative field

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contrasts with the earlier Davson-Danielli type, and it is supported by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. allows for different inner and outer halves, and molecules can diffuse cuz of cholesterol

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fluid mosaic

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occurs at triple junctions, though often one arm becomes a failed rift, as happened with the Red Sea and the Niger River. bands of alternatingly polarized ferromagnetic deposits confirmed its existence. Proposed by Hess; believed to be caused by convection currents in the upper mantle

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sea floor spreading

Front 107

recursive, partitioning nature of this algorithm makes it susceptible to boosts from parallelization, operates by moving elements along a pivot that runs in big O of n log n time with a small constant

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quicksort

Front 108

Jacobs' model suggests its shrinking and estimates its age. Posited by Inge Lehmann; undergoes either super- or sub-rotation, and its resistivity is anomalously high per Cowling's theorem, which deals with the dynamo mechanism that operates in it

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liquid (inner) core

Front 109

contributes to the Lennard-Jones Potential, explains neutron degeneracy, which prevents smaller neutron stars from collapsing into black holes, bosons do not have to obey it, but fermions do, no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state at the same time.

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pauli exclusion

Front 110

"+1" term seen in the denominator arises due to pauli exclusion, which it studies

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fermi dirac distribution

Front 111

discovered by Isaacs and Lindenmann, primarily secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes. class of proteins that stimulates defensive protein production in cells infected by viruses

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interferons

Front 112

Alternatives include Cartan's connection theory and theories due to Nortveldt and Brans and Dicke. Predicts frame dragging and lensing by mass. derived from the statement the equivalence principle. applicable to any reference frame, a theory of gravity

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general relativity

Front 113

Heezen's echo-sounding profiles supported Harry Hess‘ idea of it. Initially proposed by Frank Taylor in 1908, name coined by Wegener, that claims Pangaea has spread out

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continental drift

Front 114

its eigenstates are given by spherical harmonics, conservation does not hold for curved spacetimes. derivative with time is torque, and Kepler's 2nd law is its conservation; the position vector crossed with the linear momentum vector.

Back 114

angular momentum

Front 115

class of algebraic equations whose study led to the development of Galois groups and Abel's impossibility theorem.

Back 115

quintic (to the fifth degree in an equation)

Front 116

Nambu-Goto action, Polyakov action, AdS/CFT correspondence

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superstring theory

Front 117

work of Maldacena, namesake landscape which has 10 to the 500th power metastable vacua. 5 consistent theories of this type could all be viewed as a limit of a single M-theory by Witten.

Back 117

superstring theory

Front 118

can be synthesized by ozonolysis of an alkene with a vinylic hydrogen or by treating an ester with sodium aluminum hydride. Benedict Test reduces blue copper sulfate is to a red copper oxide in its presence

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aldehydes

Front 119

Treatment with Tollens' reagent converts them into carboxylic acids. Derived from dehydrogenation of alcohols, end in a terminal carbonyl group.

Back 119

aldehydes

Front 120

can be expanded as a series whose coefficients are Stieltjes constants

Back 120

riemann zeta

Front 121

Noril's-Talnakh, "bell jar," Dedimentary, and bysmalith types; large ones are batholiths, but the best known varieties are mostly vertical dikes and horizontal and sills. formation of crystallized magma underground, a deposit of plutonic igneous rock.

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intrusions

Front 122

Dedekind and Cauchy versions; is equivalent to the Nested Interval Property. property essential to the real number line as constructed from Dedekind cuts of rationals, indicating that nothing is left out.

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completeness

Front 123

equivalent to completeness, states that every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence

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Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem

Front 124

association energies between -12 and -40 kilojoules per mole; bifurcated type; 10% covalent character, they are predominantly electrostatic interactions between electronegative atoms

Back 124

hydrogen bonds

Front 125

force macrophages to form multinucleated giant cells with inclusion bodies. most common viral cause of mental retardation and Burkitt's lymphoma, Varicella-Zoster type causes shingles; is a class

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herpes viruses

Front 126

one of the reactants must be able to take on the cisoid conformation; first one produced tetrahydrophthalic anhydride by reacting maleic anhydride with butadiene; diene is reacted with a dienophile to produce an unsaturated six-membered ring; 1950 NP Chem

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diels alder

Front 127

It was first produced in 1863 by Joseph Wilbrand

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diels alder

Front 128

Males with this condition often have weak builds and elongated faces. most common inherited cause of mental retardation, which occurs when a certain sex chromosome has too many CGG repeats and is prone to break.

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fragile x syndrome

Front 129

certain ones interact via a "molecular handshake" to form heterodimers. Type 1 is a linker, while types 2A, 2B, 3, and 4 form the core of nucleosomes. proteins that act as spools around which DNA is wound.

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histones

Front 130

namesake of reaction where sugar reacts with alcohol in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to yield a glycoside. phenyl-hydrazine and a ketone are used to synthesize indole in another reaction named for him, 2-dimensional structures used to represent sugars are his "projections"

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fischer

Front 131

process of forming an ester by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst

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fischer esterification

Front 132

Tisza proposed a model to explain it. Substances with this property can produce a Rollin film, and landau model posits an excitation that forms a roton, and quantum soundwaves remove internal resistance to movement; takes place below the "lambda point." all viscosity vanishes.

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superfluidity

Front 133

curiously negative-sloping liquid-solid line on phase diagram, so can undergo Pomeranchuk cooling

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helium

Front 134

Boussinesq approximation; insertion 2 omega cross u-sub-r accounts for motion in a rotating reference frame; variations cover compressible and incompressible fluids; most important solution defines the conditions for Hagen-Poiseuille Flow.

Back 134

navier stokes

Front 135

relates viscosity, the pressure gradient and density to the partial derivative of velocity with respect to time. momentum of fluids at low speeds. Solution is equation for Couette flow; French/Irish physicists.

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navier stokes

Front 136

relation yields a form of the Moore-Greitzer equation. Rigorous non-dimensionalization of this equation results in the Reynolds number, while integrating it along a streamline collapses it to Bernoulli's equation. All solutions of these satisfy the Clausius-Duhem entropy inequality

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navier stokes

Front 137

Derived in their most common scalar form by substituting the Newtonian stress tensor into the Cauchy momentum equation, Simplifies to Euler's equation; can be obtained by combining the equations for kinematics and constitutive relation into the equation of motion.

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navier stokes

Front 138

Continuous spectra of them result from bremsstrahlung, or "braking" radiation; Laue and Bragg showed a beam of them diffracted by a crystal lattice. first observed by Roentgen.

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x rays

Front 139

can be derived by integrating the Navier-Stokes equation along a streamline; explains the Venturi effect; stated as v-squared over two plus p over rho plus g z is constant

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bernoulli's principle

Front 140

one namesake synthesis forms oxazole. discovered phenylhydrazine, which when reacted with an aldehyde or ketone, forms enamine, imine, and aminal intermediates in his namesake indole synthesis.

Back 140

fischer

Front 141

must be removed to prevent the product from reverting to its alcohol and carboxylic acid reactants

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fischer esterification

Front 142

complex sugars with straight backbones and 90° bond angles

Back 142

fischer projections

Front 143

candidates include trinification, technicolor models, preon models such as the Harari-Rishon model, Georgi-Glashow model which predicts proton decay, Pati-Salam model; extensions of the Standard Model which seek to incorporate electroweak and strong interactions into a single force.

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GUT

Front 144

minerals that make up the majority of the Earth's crust. labradorite, perthite, sanidine, and microcline. orthoclase and plagioclase forms

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feldspar

Front 145

chromosome sections that, when altered, spur cancerous replication, as with "Philadelphia chromosome” of Leukemia

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oncogenes

Front 146

ultrasonic imaging; the acoustic wavefronts act as optical gratings to diffract the light on either side of the central spot

Back 146

debye-sears process

Front 147

mathematical expression to explain characteristics of electrolytic solutions

Back 147

debye-huckel equation

Front 148

names SI unit that measures the molecular dipole moment.

Back 148

debye

Front 149

can be induced by binding of the FAS ligand, or SMAC; effector enzymes are Ced's, in humans release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria activates the caspases, which are powerful proteases

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apoptosis

Front 150

p53 normally triggers this process, which includes chromatin condensation and blebbing before the cell is phagocytized.

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apoptosis

Front 151

synchrotron radiation across as a result of electrons traveling at high speeds through the intense magnetic fields generated by the pulsar at its center. Located in Taurus; supernova in 1054

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crab nebula

Front 152

Thermodynamically, it is partial derivative of Gibbs free energy with respect to area; related to temperature via the Eotvos equation.

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suface tension

Front 153

"father of algorithm analysis" and developer of the typesetting language TeX (tek), the author of The Art of Computer Programming.

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knuth

Front 154

derivation makes use of the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, desrcibes the non-commutability of the operators for pairs of observables

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heisenberg uncertainty

Front 155

many implementations of the factorial function have this property. property of algorithms that call themselves, often contrasted with iterativeness.

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recursive

Front 156

first molecules found to exhibit it were in coal tar; prevented by heavy angle or steric strain.

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aromatic

Front 157

derived lack of reactivity in many hydrocarbons

Back 157

resonance

Front 158

invented by C.A.R. Hoare

Back 158

quicksort

Front 159

most important function is hydroxylating proline and lysine in the production of collagen. Discovered by Charles King and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi in 1932, James Lind

Back 159

vitamin c

Front 160

generated via the Smith-Purcell effect; exploited in the Sudbury and Super-Kamiokande detectors

Back 160

chernenkov radiation

Front 161

contains Hassall's corpuscles but mostly consists of lymphatic tissue; behind the sternum; early development of the immune response and which shrinks after puberty.

Back 161

thymus

Front 162

great dark spot, orbited by Nereid and Triton

Back 162

neptune

Front 163

Factor used to calculate boiling point elevation; devised an expression for osmotic pressure analogous to the ideal gas law

Back 163

vant hoff

Front 164

function of these values known as the Landé g-factor; constant as additional electrons are added according to the Aufbau principle

Back 164

quantum numbers

Front 165

analogous quantity in electrodynamics known as the Christoffel voltage; interaction with pressure gradients is the cause of geostrophic motion; reason why cyclones can't form at the equator

Back 165

coriolis effect

Front 166

Richards equation can model transport within them. confined type lies completely within the vadose zone, and their yield is known as "storativity"

Back 166

aquifers

Front 167

actually invented by Samuel Christie. Pirani thermal conductivity gauge is one of these; Comprised of four arms, used it to measure resistance by comparing current flowing through one part with a known current flowing through another part.

Back 167

wheatstone bridge

Front 168

Discovered by Nils Stenstrom, atomic number 23

Back 168

vanadium

Front 169

the proton motive force releases the product of this enzyme. enzyme present in the mitochondrion, which uses chemiosmosis to catalyze the production of a high energy molecule by phophorylating ADP

Back 169

atp synthase

Front 170

replaced by a scalar field determined by the distribution of the universe's mass-energy in Brans-Dicke theory. First measured with a torsion balance by Cavendish

Back 170

universal gravitational constant

Front 171

known as K146 during its use on the Manhattan Project; Accidentally discovered by Roy Plunkett; polymer alternatively known as PTFE

Back 171

teflon

Front 172

amino acid; Metabolic pathways in the liver can convert it to norepinephrine, but more commonly it is converted by the enzyme PAH into tyrosine; with aspartic acid is NutraSweet

Back 172

phenylalanine

Front 173

hypothesized by Inge Lehmann in 1936; its interactions with the region above it generate the earth's magnetic field according to the geodynamo theory.

Back 173

inner core

Front 174

Organisms in which this process occurs tend to have elevated levels of ascorbate peroxidase. Members of genus Frankia perform it, occurs in specialized cells called heterocysts in cyanobacteria, and the protein central to it is coded for by the nif gene.

Back 174

nitrogen fixation

Front 175

protein central to nitrogen fixation; inactivated by oxygen, contains an iron-molybdenum complex

Back 175

NiFL

Front 176

CO2 stored in the form of malate; discovered by Hatch and Slack. carboxylase is more efficient than rubisco; works in tandem with the Calvin cycle

Back 176

C4

Front 177

proteins found on the inner surfaces of cell membranes, named for their binding of the nucleotides GDP and GTP.

Back 177

G Proteins

Front 178

structure established by Edelman/Porter; A type found in saliva and milk, the G type activates macrophages, and the M type is made by B cells early in immune response. Consists of two heavy chains and two kappa or lambda light chains

Back 178

antibody

Front 179

form of this process is explained by Ludwig-Soret effect; its rate is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass according to Graham's Law.

Back 179

diffusion

Front 180

A Meckel's diverticulum; Giardiasis is caused when the Giardia protozoan coats the inner lining of this organ; most posterior organ controlled by the vagus nerve

Back 180

small intestine

Front 181

Peyer's Patches, Meissner's plexus, and Brunner's glands; receives secretions from the liver and pancreas via the Sphincter of Oddi.

Back 181

small intestine

Front 182

invoked in a term in the Weizsaecker Formula; explains the formation of neutron stars through degeneracy; leads to the formation of a "Fermi sea" at absolute zero. Symmetric wave functions are not governed by this principle; spin of ½

Back 182

pauli exclusion

Front 183

good indicator of the pressure of a star's atmosphere. Its two-dimensional form can yield cascades when applied to quantum wires; manifestations indicate low-J transitions

Back 183

stark effect

Front 184

In quadratic form, the first-order terms vanish in accordance with the Wigner-Eckart theorem; linear case is not exhibited by alkali atoms. breaks degeneracy through the application of an electric field.

Back 184

stark effect

Front 185

starting ingredient in the Wacker process. Catalytic polymerization of this compound discovered by Ziegler, and oxirane is a derivitive of it. simplest alkene with formula C2H4.

Back 185

ethylene

Front 186

used as an antifreeze agent

Back 186

ethylene glycol

Front 187

namesake hydrolase; it is the precursor of the catecholamines; can be made from the hydroxylation of phenylalanine. amino acid symbolized Y and named for cheese.

Back 187

tyrosine

Front 188

namesake-Piola tensors; demonstrated that current moves through conductors at the speed of light. Namesake-Fresnel scalar diffraction theory; explained Fraunhofer.

Back 188

kirchoff

Front 189

Co-discovered cesium and rubidium using the technique of emission spectroscopy he developed with his partner Bunsen.

Back 189

kirchoff

Front 190

nine of their skeletons were found at Shanidar, Iraq. The "Quina" culture of stone-tool making is a subset of this species' Mousterian style of flint-knapping, and it gave way to the Chatelperronian culture. notable finds occurred at La Ferrassie and Le Moustier.

Back 190

neanderthals

Front 191

key component of Fowler's Solution, commonly used in semiconductors when with gallium. Ehrlich used it as an early treatment for syphilis. causes eczema, nausea, and aplastic anemia

Back 191

arsenic

Front 192

occurrence of a degenerate core causes them to increase temperature very rapidly while maintaining their volumes, which results in the "helium flash;" outer regions expand to form a planetary nebula, after which they become white dwarves. Arcturus is one

Back 192

red giant

Front 193

mixture of ethanol and acetone serves to get rid of a lipid layer, and its second step generally uses iodine as mordant to fix the dye. Its first step sometimes uses methylene blue instead of the usual crystal-violet dye. test for the presence of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, Danish creator

Back 193

gram stain

Front 194

Auger process competes with the fluorescence that is characteristic of this process. all argon arises from potassium by this radioactive transition rather than chemically. number of nucleons is conserved. sees the nucleus taking a namesake negatively charged particle from the K shell.

Back 194

electron capture

Front 195

It was originally called dysthymia or cyclothymia, a dominant gene on chromosome 11. Anne Sexton's and Sylvia Plath's mental breakdowns were probably the result of it.

Back 195

bipolar

Front 196

Botulin acts by blocking its release, while atropine does so by blocking its receptors; myasthenia gravis occurs when the body produces antibodies against its receptors. broken down by its namesake esterase. binds to both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Back 196

acetylcholine

Front 197

related to pressure by the Rayleigh Pitot formula. For ideal gases it is equal to the square root of the Cauchy number; can be defined as the fluid velocity times the square root of density over the bulk modulus. ratio of an object's speed to the speed of sound.

Back 197

mach number

Front 198

Mills' Theorem; Weifrich type of them. The Lucas-Lehmer Test is used to determine if a number fits a specific category of these

Back 198

prime numbers

Front 199

every even number can be written as the sum of two prime numbers

Back 199

goldbach's conjecture

Front 200

transitions to this behavior occur at Hopf bifurcations.

Back 200

turbulence

Front 201

Two major types of these can be converted between by the so-called "subset method." trajectories are governed by the Cohen-Kung theorem; these include Langdon's Ant.

Back 201

turing machine

Front 202

Formally type-0 mininal automata; demonstrate the undecidability of the Halting Problem and consist of an action table, register, read/write head, and infinite tape.

Back 202

turing machine

Front 203

in a free state it undergoes beta decay with a lifetime of approximately fifteen minutes, emitting an electron antineutrino, an electron and another baryon. two down quarks and one up quark, discovered by Chadwick

Back 203

neutron

Front 204

remodeling of oligosaccharides, located near endoplasmic reticulum exit sites, it uses clathrin-coated vesicles to send certain proteins to lysosomes; cisternae, packages and sorts proteins

Back 204

golgi apparatus

Front 205

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around its arch, next to the ligamentum arteriosum, before it descends with the azygos vein and thoracic duct.

Back 205

aorta

Front 206

Marfan syndrome may cause aneurysms in its sinuses of Valsalva or weaken it; Major branches of it include the brachiocephalic artery, the celiac artery, and the right and left coronary arteries.

Back 206

aorta

Front 207

its results were low by about one percent due to an incorrect value for the viscosity of air.

Back 207

millikan oil drop

Front 208

react with tosyl chlorides to form tosylates and the most highly substituted type reacts with hydrobromic acid to form alkyl halides.

Back 208

alchohol

Front 209

synthesized by using sodium borohydride to reduce ketones or aldehydes. hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon, a common example of which is ethanol.

Back 209

alchohol

Front 210

foundation in the development by Church of the lambda calculus; contrasted with imperative languages, type of programming language, most famously exemplified by Scheme and LISP

Back 210

functional languages

Front 211

translational motions are commonly called Slichter modes, and early models for it included a 450 km thick F-layer on its exterior. An important discovery about its differential rotation was made by Dziewonski

Back 211

inner core

Front 212

Pelletrons are essentially a refined versions of these devices, Leakage of stored charge is prevented by insulating them with sulfur hexafluoride

Back 212

van de graff

Front 213

somatic hypermutation occurs in their variable regions; used in the ELISA process, and Kohler and Milstein got the Nobel in Medicine for producing the monoclonal varieties of them. attach to epitope of their targets by induced fit.

Back 213

antibodies

Front 214

Once believed to be caused by a lack of inhibin, this disease causes individuals to have a very high risk of germ cell tumors, diabetes, and vascular disease. presence of an extra Barr body; lack of facial hair, a rounded body type, breast enlargement, and sterility, due to XXY

Back 214

kleinfelter's

Front 215

it can be obtained from the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz voltage equation in the case of only one ion. Useful in concentration cells, its importance comes in the case of nonstandard cell potentials. Includes Faraday's constant and the charge of the ions involved

Back 215

nernst equation

Front 216

paired with Planck as the creator of a molar flux equation; 1920 nobel prize, namesake current density equation

Back 216

nernst

Front 217

forward-pointing hook called the acromion, projection off the lateral angle is known as the coracoid process. glenoid cavity

Back 217

scapula

Front 218

Ackerman function has the general form of this property, many implementations of the factorial function have it; property of algorithms that call themselves, that is often contrasted with iterativeness.

Back 218

recursiveness

Front 219

first calculated by Josef Loschmidt, and an alternate measure is the Loschmidt Constant. Its current name was given by Perrin changing the old naming standard of an uppercase "N"

Back 219

avogadro's #

Front 220

second-order type of this motion is called nutation. periodic change axial direction of a rotating object, exhibited by gyroscopes and spinning tops.

Back 220

procession

Front 221

Cayley-Menger type, can be generalized to non-square entities using the Cauchy Binet formula. Wronskian and Jacobian types

Back 221

determinant

Front 222

stresses can be seen in Wadati-Benioff zones. volcanic and island arcs formed from andesitic magma

Back 222

subduction zones

Front 223

measuring the angle can determine the particle's speed. Discovered by Frank and Tamm; particle passes into a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in that medium.

Back 223

chernenkov's radiation

Front 224

removes boiler scale and helps recover zinc from galvinized iron.

Back 224

hydrochloric acid

Front 225

inventor of the AND gate, this scientist names the putative resonant frequency of the Earth and his namesake effect is the wireless transmission of power.

Back 225

tesla

Front 226

Used to prove that there is no general method for solving Diophantine equations; methods for computing them include Cassini's identity, Binet's formula.

Back 226

fibbonacci numbers

Front 227

Heezen's echo-sounding profiles reveal it; explained by an idea of Hess; discredited rival theory called polar wandering; proposed by Frank Taylor in 1908; name coined by Wegener

Back 227

continental drift

Front 228

Hammond postulate approximates value; in the numerator of the exponent in the Arrhenius equation.

Back 228

activation energy

Front 229

activates AMPA and NMDA receptors that depolarize cell membranes, causes epileptic seizures. primary excitatory neurotransmitter, also a negatively charged amino acid, may best known for its monosodium variety.

Back 229

glutamate

Front 230

proved consistency of the Axiom of Choice; formulated a symbolic version of Leibniz's ontological proof of God; doctoral thesis that all true statements of first-order predicate calculus are provable,

Back 230

godel

Front 231

provability not possible for any logical system powerful enough to describe the Peano axioms of arithmetic.

Back 231

godel's incompleteness

Front 232

mostly inert due to the very strong bond between its atoms as a diatomic gas.

Back 232

nitrogen

Front 233

in the short-term it causes better memory, long-term damage to the hippocampal memory; Pituitary gland tumors cause its chronic presence in the bloodstream leading to Cushing's disease

Back 233

cortisone

Front 234

ACTH constantly stimulates the adrenal gland to release it. hormone released in stressful situations that causes immune system suppression.

Back 234

cortisone

Front 235

Their existence for neutral atoms and molecules was demonstrated in 1930 by Stern and Estermann; first method for detecting them proposed by Elsasser, Schrodinger had a complete theory of them

Back 235

debroglie waves

Front 236

frequency equal to their total energy divided by Planck's constant. manifestations of wave-particle duality, matter waves, eponymous wavelength.

Back 236

debroglie waves

Front 237

Bell Labs, the first to detect debroglie waves, which happened accidentally while studying electron reflection from a nickel target that had been oxidized

Back 237

davisson germer

Front 238

sensitivity to it in Williams' syndrome; Osteomalacia results in deficiency; important in regulating calcium levels

Back 238

vitamin d

Front 239

contain kerogen; typically forms in quiescent marine environments from deposits of mud and silt. most abundant type of sedimentary

Back 239

shale

Front 240

deposit full of fossils in Yoho Park, British Columbia, named for nearby Mt. Burgess, has namesake shale

Back 240

mt burgess

Front 241

produces an image based on the activity of the thyratron circuit, which activates based on the signal sent through the discriminator and coincidence circuit by the photomultiplier tube.

Back 241

spark chamber

Front 242

type of detector consisting of several parallel plates of metal within an inert gas, which responds to an electric field by discharging energy along a particle's track.

Back 242

spark chamber

Front 243

polymer that accounts for 90% of the dry weight of Gram-positive bacteria, the primary constituent of bacterial cell walls.

Back 243

peptidoglycan

Front 244

M43, or De Mairan's Nebula, is in it, along with the Flame Nebula, the Horsehead Nebula, and a namesake nebula. Barnard's loop is here; its alpha and beta stars form parts of the Winter Triangle and Winter Circle. contains Rigel and Betelgeuse

Back 244

orion

Front 245

Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka

Back 245

orion's belt

Front 246

once known as the marine star. radiates 100 times the energy of its constellations larger and cooler alpha star, and it is losing mass at about 70 trillion tons per second, name means "left foot" in Arabic, beta star to Betelgeuse

Back 246

rigel

Front 247

many of them are dependent on a symbiotic relationship with din flagellates; formerly known as Coelenterata

Back 247

cnidaria

Front 248

made in dry conditions in which a flask containing diethyl ether is fitted with a reflux condenser and heated over a warm water bath, produced from a haloalkane and magnesium.

Back 248

grignard reagents

Front 249

produce an inorganic "basic bromide" when reacted with water and result in carboxylic acids when reacted with carbon dioxide. Also used to produce alcohols from carbonyls

Back 249

grignard reagents

Front 250

Tebbe, Peterson and Julia reactions create molecules of this class; but the easiest way to produce them is through a bimolecular E2 reaction; Examples ethane/propene; carbon-carbon double bond.

Back 250

alkenes (olefins)

Front 251

alkenes can be created from carbonyls (aldehyde or ketone) using an ylide; Schlosser modification yields E-Alkenes

Back 251

wittig reaction

Front 252

namesake waves which are sonic pressures which occur due to pressure gradients in compressible flows. his Society is also known as the Vienna Circle. "number," when equal to one, quantifies the sound barrier.

Back 252

mach

Front 253

Other versions are given by the Bekenstein-Hawking formula and Sackur-Tetrode equation, which give this state variable for black holes and ideal gasses; Introduced by Clausius

Back 253

entropy

Front 254

on grave is equation relating his constant times the natural log of the number of microstates

Back 254

boltzmann

Front 255

the Allison effect falsely claimed to use this phenomenon as new type of spectroscopy; causes circular birefringence dependent on the Verdet constant of the medium

Back 255

farraday effect

Front 256

direction is caused by the direction of the magnetic field producing it. rotation of a light beam's plane of polarization

Back 256

farraday effect

Front 257

unit of capacitance.

Back 257

farraday

Front 258

the formation of new compound is governed by Zaitsev's rule. mechanism in which a strong base reacts with an alkyl halide in a single step to remove a hydrogen and the halogen opposite it, resulting in a carbon-carbon double bond.

Back 258

E2

Front 259

namesake broadening that applies to spectral lines meaning the formula for this effect can be applied to spectra to determine gas temperatures. used in echocardiograms.

Back 259

doppler effect

Front 260

reacts with sodium chloride in Mannheim process, used to work up intermediates in the Nef reaction, dehydrates sucrose into pure carbon. It and its gas is called oleum when in solution

Back 260

sulfuric acid

Front 261

central oxidation step is catalyzed by a Vanadium oxide catalyst

Back 261

contact process

Front 262

equation applies approximately for small perturbations of any system in equilibrium, as can be seen by a second order Taylor expansion of the energies involved; breaks down beyond the elastic limit.

Back 262

hooke's law

Front 263

first observed by Ingenhousz; corresponds to a Fokker-Planck Equation; modeled as a Wiener Process, while the Langevin formula can govern the average displacement. Described by Einstein using the kinetic theory of gas

Back 263

brownian motion

Front 264

subject of the DeRosier problem. One setup is Perkin triangle, which is used when air-sensitive compounds are subjected to the "vacuum" type of it. techniques use Vigreaux column or Liebeg condenser. Does not work with azeotropes; "fractional" type.

Back 264

distillation

Front 265

namesake quadrature. statement named for him implies the non-existence of magnetic monopoles; most famous law states that the net flux through a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by the surface.

Back 265

gauss

Front 266

unit equal to ten to the negative fourth Weber per meter squared; another is one Mx/cm^2

Back 266

gauss

Front 267

Reissner-Nordstrom variety and Kerr-Newman varieties; namesake "no hair" theorem states that they can only posess mass, charge, and angular momentum.

Back 267

black holes

Front 268

outlined process for extracting rotational energy from black holes by utilizing the properties of their ergospheres, showed that black holes must contain a singularity.

Back 268

penrose

Front 269

all objects smaller than these are black holes, surface at it is event horizon

Back 269

Schwarzschild radius

Front 270

Myrmecophiles participate in the Wasmannian type, termed Vavilovian in weeds; Bakerian form in Caricaceae species

Back 270

mimicry

Front 271

Mullerian and Batesian varieties.

Back 271

mimicry

Front 272

developed to be suitable for teaching purposes in 1970 by Wirth.

Back 272

wirth

Front 273

Weighted and multiple regression varieties generalize this curve-fitting technique; technique that minimizes the magnitude of residuals about a line, a type of fitting.

Back 273

least squares

Front 274

work leading to their discovery showed that beryllium rays could remove particles from paraffin wax. free ones have lifetime of 15 minutes; created by electron capture. Discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick

Back 274

neutrons

Front 275

first published in Recherches Thermochimiques; law of summation indicating that the heat of a chemical reaction is independent of the path of the reaction; Swiss-Russian

Back 275

hess' first law

Front 276

Lagrange proved that every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of four of them; always congruent to zero or one modulo four, and their last digit is always 1, 4, 9, 6, or 5.

Back 276

square numbers

Front 277

namesake surface is a one-dimensional complex manifold. formulated question whether real part of any nontrivial zero of his function has real part one-half; his sums approach his integral.

Back 277

riemann

Front 278

a lemma which states that if a function oscillates rapidly about zero, its integral will be small

Back 278

riemann-lebesgue

Front 279

set of equations necessary for a complex function to be holomorphic

Back 279

riemann cauchy

Front 280

conversion of succinate to fumarate and the hydrogen ions delivered by NADH, intermediates in it include the cytochromes and coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone. provides the gradient for ATP synthase, which then completes the process of chemiosmosis.

Back 280

electron transport chain

Front 281

Oxygen serves as the final acceptor of this energy-producing pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane involving negatively-charged particles

Back 281

electron transport chain

Front 282

Indigo trisulfonate used assess presence in water. blue color, formed during lightning, foul smell; halocarbons catalyze its degradation

Back 282

O3

Front 283

pentane and ozone result in a tetra-substitution in a five member ring

Back 283

greisenbaum reaction

Front 284

Loss and Vincenzo have proposed one constructed of a certain type of dot. store information in the form of superpositions of ones and zeroes, in qubits.

Back 284

quantum numbers

Front 285

forms an oxime when with hydroxylamine and when reduced by a sodium amalgam it is converted into isopropyl alcohol. commercial production is by catalytic dehydrogenation of isopropanol. also known as 2-propanone.

Back 285

acetone

Front 286

'aza' variation that uses compound named for Danishefsky; formation two sigma bonds from pi bonds; yields an endo product, cycloaddition reaction in which a diene reacts with a dienophile to make a ring

Back 286

diels alder

Front 287

The derivative of this quantity with respect to time gives the torque, and Kepler's Second Law is one expression of its conservation; position crossed with the linear momentum.

Back 287

angular momentum

Front 288

determined using the Knudsen method or thermogravimetry for a solid. Can use Kelvin equation to calculate it for liquid, and the Goff-Gratch equation is the meteorological standard for calculating it for water.

Back 288

vapor pressure

Front 289

if vapor pressure is known at a temp, it can be used to find vapor pressure at any other temp

Back 289

clausius clapeyron

Front 290

vapor pressure can be calculated as the product of its value for a pure solvent and the solvent's mole fraction

Back 290

raoult's law

Front 291

namesake mathematical functions with companion Neumann functions and symbolized J; first calculated a star's parallax.

Back 291

bessel

Front 292

can be found using Cauchy's or Sellmeier's equation. equal to the square root of the product of the relative permeability and the relative permittivity of the material; metamaterials could have a negative value.

Back 292

index of refraction

Front 293

Given by arctangent of the ratio between two materials' index of refractions

Back 293

brewster's angle

Front 294

follows from Fermat's Principle

Back 294

snell's law

Front 295

names the special case of the Archimedean spiral when n is set to two; proposed that light waves travel through the principle of least time.

Back 295

fermat

Front 296

larger molecules move more slowly toward the cathode or anode. method of separating molecules by applying them to filter paper or gel and subjecting them to an electric field.

Back 296

electrophoresis

Front 297

Spraying the end result with ninhydrin will cause previously colorless amino acids to form colored spots. Amino acids with an isoelectric point greater than the buffered solution will move toward the cathode because of their positive charge.

Back 297

electrophoresis

Front 298

showed that any number which can be expressed as a power of two times the product of fermat numbers can be the number of sides in a constructible polygon.

Back 298

gauss

Front 299

with ozone and water produces carboxylic acids, while adding water in the presence of a mercury salt produces an enol which tautomerizes to form a ketone

Back 299

alkynes

Front 300

formula CnH2n-2; simplest member is acetylene; carbon triple bonded to a carbon.

Back 300

alkynes

Front 301

with hydrogen can partially reduce alkynes to alkenes

Back 301

lindlar's catylst

Front 302

resolution by Euler laid foundations of graph theory and presaged topology; seven bridges over pregel river

Back 302

konigsberg bridge problem

Front 303

roughly 25 of these in operation in the world, the Alcator C-Mod and JET being the most powerful. ITER is an international collaboration to build one of these machines;

Back 303

tokomaks

Front 304

Lorentz effect is used to confine plasma using a toroidal magnetic field in these machines important to research on nuclear fusion

Back 304

tokomaks

Front 305

intermediate alkoxide from nucleophilic-addition-type process of aldehyde or ketone; hydroxide ion catalyst; final product known as a beta-hydroxyaldehyde, name is two final products

Back 305

aldol condensation

Front 306

books Matter and Light and Revolution in Physics. brother Maurice worked on radiation; doctoral thesis confirmed by electron diffraction studies.

Back 306

de broglie

Front 307

His relation equates Planck's constant over momentum to the wavelength of a matter wave. First noted that wave-particle nature of radiation applies to matter, 1929 Nobel Prize.

Back 307

de broglie

Front 308

Kohler Equation by setting partial derivitive equal to zero; at constant temperature the partial derivative of it with respect to pressure is volume

Back 308

gibbs free energy

Front 309

in a chemical reaction it is the negative product of the ideal gas constant, temperature, and the equilibrium constant. enthalpy minus the product of temperature and entropy

Back 309

gibbs free energy

Front 310

lead zirconate titanate and lead magnesium niobate exhibit it. magnetic analogue called magnetostriction; materials exhibiting its converse effect can act as transducers in SONAR and ultrasound.

Back 310

piezoelectricity

Front 311

primarily affects the motor endplate; it cleaves SNARE proteins, preventing acetylcholine release and inducing paralysis. Botox injections gone awry can cause it

Back 311

botulism

Front 312

Leber optic neuropathy and Kearns Sayre syndrome from it. The Tom and Tim proteins are involved with translocation of proteins across their membranes.

Back 312

mitcochondria

Front 313

cytochrome C found in mitochondria is released to trigger it

Back 313

apoptosis

Front 314

order of Insecta, includes sawflies, horntails, ants, bees, and wasps.

Back 314

hymenoptera

Front 315

a hydrazine hydrate reacts strongly with a base at an elevated temperature to convert a carbonyl C-O bond into a C-H2 bond; reduction of a hydrazone

Back 315

wolf kichner

Front 316

Born-Haber technique assumes this physical rule; also law of constant heat summation, enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is the same regardless of its path.

Back 316

hess law

Front 317

only way to produce ones incorporating fluorine requires a metal powder named for Rieke; nucleophiles for reducing carbonyl groups to alcohols

Back 317

grignard reagents

Front 318

alpha, gamma, tau, and omega types, secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes. Triggered by the presence of double stranded RNA

Back 318

interferons

Front 319

rate is greatly accelerated through the use of polar and aprotic solvents; impossible to perform with a trisubstituted compound due to steric factors, its mechanism is often an attack by a negatively-charged species on the backside of a carbon attached to a halide; bimolecular nucleophilic substitution organic reaction .

Back 319

SN2

Front 320

type of calculus; type of process mapping probability space to a state space exemplified by Markov chains. mathematical entity opposite to deterministic and synonymous with random.

Back 320

stochastic

Front 321

sometimes called St. Lawrence's tears. prominent when the earth intersects the orbit of Swift-Tuttle

Back 321

perseids

Front 322

always results in regioselective reactions. hydrogen halide and an asymmetric alkene must be used; free hydrogen will always add to the double bond carbon that already has a larger number of hydrogen atoms

Back 322

markovnikov's rule

Front 323

Frank-Tamm formula is the usual method of calculating the amount of this emitted

Back 323

cherenkov radiation

Front 324

Huang-Minlon form of it. The main step is a double-bond migration after formation of hydrazone intermediate, and the loss of nitrogen gas completes the reaction.

Back 324

wolf kichner

Front 325

uses hydrazine to reduce a ketone to an alkane; Often used after a Friedel-Crafts acylation to produce an alkyl product;

Back 325

wolf kichner

Front 326

nuclei are fermions and must form bosonic pairs to condense.

Back 326

helium

Front 327

surface has "weird terrain", and Caloris Basin.

Back 327

mercury

Front 328

insolubility in blood; high thermal conductivity makes it necessary in thermoacoustic refrigerators. Rutherford's gold foil experiment made use of its nuclei.

Back 328

helium

Front 329

theory of an ocean deep below its surface; Memphis Facula located region Galileo Regio; only moon in the solar system with a magnetosphere. largest moon in solar system.

Back 329

ganymede

Front 330

four-membered ring intermediate forms during decomposition betaine; Used to create an alkene from a ketone or aldehyde;1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Back 330

wittig reaction

Front 331

neutral compound with adjacent positive and negative charges, possesses a strongly nucleophilic carbon that attacks the carbon of a carbonyl to form alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide in Wittig; phosphorus-stabilized carbanion

Back 331

ylide

Front 332

calculated the area under a parabola; invented field of statics; identified the center of gravity; formulated the law of equilibrium of fluids and the law of the lever; killed by a Roman soldier while studying the squaring of the circle

Back 332

archimedes

Front 333

explained by the Frohlich model; Tuyn's law relates their threshold temperature to the critical strength of their external magnetic field

Back 333

superconductor

Front 334

electrons condensing near the Fermi level into boson-like Cooper pairs.

Back 334

bcs theory

Front 335

can be applied to calculate the net charge on a protein at a given pH and is considered an approximation of the law of mass action applied to one species.

Back 335

henderson hasselbalch

Front 336

formally known as class Magnoliopsida; tend to develop their roots from the radicle, possess flower parts in multiples of four or five, and maintain reticulate or netlike leaf venation.

Back 336

dicots

Front 337

value first approximated by Loschmidt; Perrin gave it its current name and estimated value using Brownian motion; modern methods of calculating it rely on x-ray diffraction; ideal gas constant divided by Boltzmann's constant, or Faraday constant divided by charge

Back 337

avogadro's number

Front 338

related to pressure by the Rayleigh Pitot formula. square root of Cauchy number for ideal gases. fluid velocity times the square root of density over the bulk modulus.

Back 338

mach numbers

Front 339

presence of Schuffner's dots indicates infection by it, and its erythrocytic and liver stages; merozoite, trophozoite, and schizont; Varieties that infect birds are carried by Culex; falciparum species.

Back 339

plasmodium

Front 340

all can be expressed as the sum of cubes of consecutive odd numbers. Numbers that are not them are deficient or abundant, and these numbers all yield 2n when they form the argument of the divisor

Back 340

perfect numbers

Front 341

proved that there is a one-to-one correspondence between Mersenne primes and even perfect numbers

Back 341

euler

Front 342

fluorinated tolans and lyotrophic examples; Cholesteric varieties; nematic and smectic phases.

Back 342

liquid crystals

Front 343

pars tubullaris and pars distillaris; infarction during pregnancies is Sheehan's syndrome; situated in part of sphenoid bone called sella turcica; secretes prolactin

Back 343

pituitary gland

Front 344

Its adenohypophysis is divided into acidophil, basophile, and chromophobe regions, and herring bodies are found on neurons that connect it to the hypothalamus

Back 344

pituitary

Front 345

Diagnosable by Giemsa staining; It is actually four separate diseases

Back 345

malaria

Front 346

enhanced by proteins like AP-1 and NFkappaB; can be inhibited by alpha-amanitin; biological process in which mRNA is created

Back 346

transcription

Front 347

Chelation results from ligands that may bind to multiple sites of a metal ion because of them; Responsible for water's bent geometry

Back 347

lone pairs

Front 348

can be generated via Smith-Purcell effect; it is exploited in the Sudbury and Super-Kamiokande detectors; produces an intensity proportional to frequency, electromagnetic analogue of the sonic boom

Back 348

cherenkov radiation

Front 349

first Dendral built in 1965 at Stanford; NASA has CLIPS one; AI programs that make decisions based on the analysis of information

Back 349

expert systems

Front 350

One instance of it explains the high instance of Huntington's disease in the Dutch Afrikaners

Back 350

genetic drift

Front 351

Russell likened U.S. foreign policy under Dulles to it; no dominant strategy, game theory scenario in which the first to swerve loses.

Back 351

chicken

Front 352

its acids are combined with amines and ketones in the Petasis reaction and in combining alkyl halides through the Suzuki coupling. sido or arachno contain it according to Wade's rules; Mined from ore Uletite

Back 352

boron

Front 353

addition reaction to alkenes, uses boron; sometimes named for Herbert brown

Back 353

anti-markovnikov

Front 354

include labradorite, perthite, sanidine, and microcline. orthoclase and plagioclase forms; ke up the majority of the Earth's crust.

Back 354

feldspars

Front 355

include the two-phase intermixture perthite and microcline. aluminosilicate minerals; endmembers anorthite and albite. Mohs hardness of 6. includes orthoclase and plagioclase.

Back 355

feldspars

Front 356

inhibitor of pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase. transported via creatine in muscle cells; enzyme adenylate cyclase converts it to AMP.

Back 356

atp

Front 357

metabolic pathway that converts glucose, into private; energy released is used to form ATP and NADH

Back 357

glycolosis

Front 358

metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP

Back 358

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 359

transport atp through muscle cells, can accept or donate a phosphate group and form atp

Back 359

creatine

Front 360

In superconductors, his level is found in the band gap. Pauli exclusion principle is obeyed by his namesake particles, which have half-integer spins, unlike bosons. With Szilard built the world's first nuclear reactor. discovered the transuranics.

Back 360

fermi

Front 361

notes the high probability of the existence of but the lack of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations.

Back 361

fermi paradox

Front 362

his equation describes the behavior of fermions and led to the prediction of the existence of antimatter; 1933 nobel prize with schrodinger

Back 362

dirac

Front 363

physics in a system with many particles that obey Pauli exclusion

Back 363

fermi dirac statistics

Front 364

Early termination of their processes is known as attenuation; they can contain two kinds of repressors: a translational one, and a transcriptional one.

Back 364

operons

Front 365

All have operator sites and promoter sites where RNA Polymerase originally binds. prokaryotic strips of DNA that regulate expression of related genes; trp and lac varieties.

Back 365

operons

Front 366

key to the Clemmensen reduction; helps recover zinc from galvinized iron; reacts with all metals except mercury and the noble metals.

Back 366

HCL

Front 367

Two strains are known to infect humans, though one is more virulent and classified into three groups, one of which is further broken down into nine subtypes plus circulating recombinant forms; lentivirus family, treated with reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors.

Back 367

hiv

Front 368

predicted in 1772 by their namesake, and in 1906 Max Wolf discovered the first object occupying one of these locations, Trojan asteroid. five positions in space where a small object can remain stationary relative to two massive objects

Back 368

lagrange points

Front 369

derivative of internal energy with respect to volume at constant entropy; measured by Kiel probes; Ruffini endings and Pascinian Corpuscles in body detect it.

Back 369

pressure

Front 370

absolute form of this quantity can be negative, explaining transpirational pull; measured in pascals

Back 370

pressure

Front 371

at constant volume, pressure is directly proportional to temperature

Back 371

gay lussacs law

Front 372

pressure’s relation to volume.

Back 372

boyle's law

Front 373

method for it given by Taleyarkhan, who applied son luminescence; muon-catalyzed and anti-matter catalyzed attempts at it.

Back 373

fusion

Front 374

magnitude weaker than diffuse reflectance and fluorescence; discovered by Landsberg and Mandelstam in crystals

Back 374

raman scattering

Front 375

results when an electron enters a virtual excited state, then relaxes via the emission of a photon to either a higher or lower vibrational energy level, creating the Stokes or anti-Stokes variety

Back 375

raman scattering

Front 376

process is repressible or inducible; promoter site on the gene is where polymerase is attached while repressor proteins are attached to the site next to it. theory proposed by Jacob and Monod, explains cells production of enzymes.

Back 376

operon

Front 377

Electrons can have a magnitude of it equal only to plus or minus Planck's constant over 4 pi. angular momentum associated with microscopic particles

Back 377

spin

Front 378

Smaller varieties are W Virginis. Photon pressure causes these stars to rapidly expand in size; but pressure gradient is then too weak to counteract gravity, leading to contraction.

Back 378

cepheid variables

Front 379

remanence refers to its magnitude in the absence of a driving force, while coercivity measures how strong a field is needed to remove it; lack of retraceability is noted by a hysteresis loop

Back 379

ferromagnetism

Front 380

its susceptibility determined by Curie-Weiss law beyond Curie point; result of permanent unpaired dipoles within domains; unfilled energy levels in the 3d level

Back 380

ferromagnetism

Front 381

rule used to evaluate limits that result in indeterminate ratios using derivatives

Back 381

lhopitals rule

Front 382

Its hydroxide is used in preparing nixtamal; selectively bound by both EGTA and serum albuminl with phosphate forms hydroxyapatite.

Back 382

calcium

Front 383

sequesters calcium in the cell

Back 383

ER

Front 384

byproduct of it is calcium chloride; creates sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash

Back 384

solvay process

Front 385

activate the metabolism to initiate sprouting; increase thickness and internodal length of stalk; more flowering/germination and less leaf growth/chlorophyll production. discovered by a Japanese scientist studying "foolish seedling" disease. Beans and bamboo

Back 385

gibberellins

Front 386

results explained by Laughlin; Dyakonov/Perel predicted a version of it dependent on spin; von Klitzing showed that under certain situations it is quantized

Back 386

hall effect

Front 387

distinguishes between -current and +current flowing in the opposite direction; creates a Lorentz force; potential difference is created across a conductor by a perpendicular magnetic field.

Back 387

hall effect

Front 388

A thermal form in the Soret effect; most commonly shown by Fick's law.

Back 388

diffusion

Front 389

flux is proportional to the concentration gradient and in the direction of lower concentration; models diffusion

Back 389

fick's law

Front 390

in creation are sometimes are doped via diffusion, though ion implantation is typically preferred

Back 390

superconductors

Front 391

At constant temp and pressure, equilibrium requires that it is at a minimum; change in it is proportional to the ln of the equilibrium constant; enthalpy minus temperature multiplied by entropy.

Back 391

gibbs free energy

Front 392

calculated from the Clausius-Mossotti equation; gives the Fresnel reflection coefficients; relates the displacement field to the electric field; Also called relative permeability

Back 392

dielectric constant

Front 393

insulators often inserted between the plates of capacitors.

Back 393

dielectric

Front 394

point mutation in a gene for its receptors causes hereditary hyperplexia; Stein discovered that potassium trioxalatochromate could be used to identify this precursor of creatine.

Back 394

glycine

Front 395

co-agonist of glutamate, is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, and it can be found in collagen helices. nonpolar and optically inactive amino acid small size

Back 395

glycine

Front 396

extent of their effect is calculated with van't Hoff factor; two have constants denoted k-sub-f and k-sub-b.

Back 396

colligative props

Front 397

Osmotic pressure, vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point depression are examples. Properties dependent only on the concentration of solute in a solution.

Back 397

colligative props

Front 398

Fabricius published a book on them; caused by strong radial vortical fields; Wolf quantity measures the number of them; periodic variation of their positions is given by Spörer's law; Associated with strong magnetic fields

Back 398

sun spots

Front 399

two possible secondary structures; aberrant type has added beta pleated sheets; induce amyloidosis and astrogliosis, cause scrapie, Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease

Back 399

prions

Front 400

interconverts cis and trans stereochemical relations; backside attack of an electrophilic carbon, with the nucleophile replacing the weak base for a leaving group. stereospecific, concerted, one-step displacement reaction mechanism following a second-order rate law.

Back 400

sn2

Front 401

right one supplies both the PLA and the PDA; exhibit exclusive diastolic dependence due to the compression effect; occlusion myocardial infarction treated by administration of thrombolytic agents, angioplasty and bypass surgery.

Back 401

coronary arteries

Front 402

annunciation of the principle of dimensional homogeneity; namesake of an n-by-n matrix whose jk entry is e to the two pi i j k over n;

Back 402

fourier

Front 403

wrote The Analytical Theory of Heat; series functions are decomposed into sine and cosine components.

Back 403

fourier

Front 404

the heat flux is proportional to the negative gradient of the temperature

Back 404

fourier's law

Front 405

e to the i k x is the kernel; transforms one function into another; is a continuum limit of namesake’s series

Back 405

fourier transform

Front 406

only useful with compounds that see a change in dipole moment, which is why homonuclear diatomics cannot be studied. spectrum produced by it has a region unique to each molecule called the "fingerprint" region, and carbonyl containing groups have a response around 1700 wavemumbers.

Back 406

IR Spectroscopy

Front 407

Abrikosov discovered his namesake vortex lattice in one type; London equation describes a characteristic behavior of them similar to perfect diamagnetism.

Back 407

superconductor

Front 408

with mercury acetate in aqueous solvent and reduction leads to alcohol; Osmium tetraoxide adds to them to form diols; formed from the dehydrohalogenation of an alkyl halide or dehydration of an alcohol, carbon-carbon double bond.

Back 408

alkenes (olefins)

Front 409

cleaves alkenes into two carbonyls (aldehyde and ketone)

Back 409

ozone

Front 410

made from alkenes and iodomethyl zinc iodide in simmons smith reaction; formed by reacting alkenes with carbene

Back 410

cyclopropanes

Front 411

formed by reacting alkenes with borane and treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which leads to anti-markovnikov product

Back 411

alchohols

Front 412

internal boundary named for Cauchy; can be extremal according to the Reissner-Nordstrom metric. entropy conjectured to be inversely proportional to the Planck length squared by Bekenstein

Back 412

black holes

Front 413

spontaneous pair production results in black holes giving off hawking radiation

Back 413

beckenstein process

Front 414

Barkhausen Effect is a series of minute jumps in this property

Back 414

ferromagnetism

Front 415

The Keyes equation & Dieterici equations modify it; Berthelot equation corrects its "attractive force" term by making it temperature dependent. equation of state, the first correction to the ideal gas law

Back 415

van der waals equation

Front 416

Tisza proposed a model to explain it; model postulated by Landau, who proposed that it takes place below the "lambda point"

Back 416

superfluidity

Front 417

proposed in a letter to Tait; Szilard offered refutation; Weiner named it. Examples include ion channels and pumps in the nervous system

Back 417

maxwell's demon

Front 418

Alternatives include Cartan's connection theory and theories of Nortveldt/Brans and Dicke. predicts frame dragging and lensing by mass. inertial mass is indistinguishable from gravitational mass, the equivalence principle.

Back 418

general relativity

Front 419

they have glitches; accretion type; high field strengths lead to lighthouse effect; misalignment of their magnetic and rotational axes.

Back 419

pulsars

Front 420

dubbed Little Green Men by Burnell, rotating neutron stars that emit electromagnetic radiation detected at regular intervals on earth.

Back 420

pulsars

Front 421

Hodgkins/Huxley got NP for work on one of these in giant squid; extension is guided by growth cones; taper near namesake hillock; Nodes of Ranvier

Back 421

axon

Front 422

branch out to form collaterals, which end in telodendria, and ones with a smaller diameter can aggregate to form a Remak bundle.

Back 422

axon

Front 423

allows for the speedy conduction of action potentials in axons

Back 423

schwann cells

Front 424

can be obtained from the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz voltage equation in the case of only one ion. Useful in concentration cells with nonstandard cell potentials. Includes Faraday's constant and the charge

Back 424

nernst equation

Front 425

paired with Planck as the creator of a molar flux equation; has a current density equation; 1920 nobel chem prize

Back 425

nernst

Front 426

in eukaryotes it is followed by a processing step that includes cap synthesis and splicing; removing introns and linking the remaining exons together

Back 426

transcription

Front 427

Matsumoto and Nishimura developed a method of generating random numbers using these numbers in their namesake twister

Back 427

mersenne primes

Front 428

Loschmidt's Paradox pointed out violation of it; Stirling approximation solved Gibbs’ Paradox, another violation of it. Originally stated by both Kelvin and Clausius, who said that heat could not flow from a cold object to a hot one spontaneously

Back 428

2nd law thermo

Front 429

highly reactive with oxygen; dissolved in THF or diethyl ether; form strong nucleophiles and carbon-carbon bonds, comprised of organohalide with magnesium. 1912 NP chem

Back 429

grignard reagents

Front 430

Grignard reagents convert haloethers to alkenes

Back 430

boord olefin synthesis

Front 431

Sea levels rose; landmasses included Baltica, Laurentia, and Gondwona; no land plants; dominated by trilobites; geologic period of Phanerozoic Eon and Paleozoic Era, followed by the Ordovician.

Back 431

cambrian

Front 432

proposed by Crookes as principle behind his namesake tube. Arrhenius believed that life on earth arose from organisms transported through the cosmos by this effect.

Back 432

radiation pressure

Front 433

the fourth power of temp in Stefan-Boltzmann law; balances gravity in a star. 1/3 times the total energy per unit volume within the appropriate space.

Back 433

radiation pressure

Front 434

extracellular matrix is proteoglycans; aggrecan core protein is glycosylated by keratin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, making it -charged & hydrated, which lead to its cushioning effect.

Back 434

cartilage

Front 435

Collagen fibrils give the matrix tensile strength; chondrocytes make up only a small percentage of tissue volume. found in the trachea, ear lobes, at the tip of the nose, and in joints.

Back 435

cartilage

Front 436

Proton-decoupling shows no splitting; proton-coupling allows one to determine number of attached hydrogens. Deltas beyond 200 indicate Aldehydes/ketones; used with proton magnetic resonance.

Back 436

CMR spectroscopy

Front 437

cleaved using strong acids in zeisel test. Anisole and THF are compounds with it

Back 437

ethers

Front 438

two carbon molecules are single bonded to an oxygen molecule; can be produced by reacting alkenes with peroxy acids; diethyl type was anesthetic

Back 438

ethers

Front 439

used as solvents for Grignard reagents

Back 439

crown ethers

Front 440

reacting an alkyl halide with an alcoxide produced from an alcohol to make ether

Back 440

williamson synthesis

Front 441

Beckmann differential thermometer is based on it, mixture of ethanol and water will positively deviate from it, bases for fractional distillation; solutions that obey it are said to be ideal; P equals X times P-sub-zero; vapor pressure lowered by the addition of solutes to a solvent.

Back 441

raoult's law

Front 442

Soave, Redlich-Kwong, and Peng-Robinson equations modify it; corrections to it are given by the virial expansion at higher densities;

Back 442

ideal gas law

Front 443

implicitly contains Avogadro's law. Derived from Charles' law and Boyle's law

Back 443

ideal gas law

Front 444

Zincke type; characterized by an NMR shift of about 9 to 10 ppm; carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydrogen atom, exemplified by methanal and ethanal

Back 444

aldehyde

Front 445

aldehyde oxidation in the presence of a diamine-silver complex yields a "silver mirror"

Back 445

tollens test

Front 446

two Aldehydes yield a carboxylic acid and a primary alcohol

Back 446

Cannizaro disproportion reaction

Front 447

vacuum apparatus and employment of hot filament, an accelerating electrode, and an arc-mounted Faraday box. A leak in the vacuum led to heating the target, resulting in crystallized nickel

Back 447

davisson germer

Front 448

constructive interference, results could be derived by combining Bragg's equation with the de Broglie wavelength for electrons. proved that electrons diffract.

Back 448

davisson germer

Front 449

began with Euler's definition evaluated only at real numbers investigated at Bernoulli numbers to show that the sum of the squares of the inverses of the integers equals pi over two.

Back 449

zeta function

Front 450

Gelin, Cesàro, d'Ocagne, and Catalan identities for them; special case of the Lucas sequence; sums of successive diagonals of Pascal's triangle; all are equal to the sum of the two before them

Back 450

fibonnacci #s

Front 451

semidetached subtype is where one member fills an equipotential surface known as the Roche lobe. Can be astrometry or spectroscopic. can be eclipsing; contains two stars

Back 451

binary stars

Front 452

Population I regions; brightest globular cluster in the local group is in it. Marius was first to observe & described it as a "candle shining through horn." M31

Back 452

andromeda

Front 453

alpha star is Alpheratz

Back 453

andromeda constellation

Front 454

Early effect, and Miller effect cause it to deviate; its gain computed using the Ebers-Moll equation; Comes in p-n-p and n-p-n varieties

Back 454

bipolar junction transistor (BJT)

Front 455

integrated circuit element consisting of a base, collector, and emitter, which won Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley the 1956 physics NP

Back 455

bipolar junction transistor (BJT)

Front 456

can build Darlington connection, a current mirror, an emitter follower, or a common-base amplifier

Back 456

transistor

Front 457

membrane glycoproteins are expressed codominantly and with high polymorphism; human leukocyte antigen; adaptive immune complex whose antigens activates T and B lymphocytes

Back 457

major histocompatibility complex

Front 458

in quantum mechanics, the eigenvalues of this operator are the allowed energies. Equal to the Legendre transform of the Lagrangian,

Back 458

hamiltonian function

Front 459

to closed circuits that touch each node of a graph once.

Back 459

hamiltonian circuits

Front 460

displays the Hayashi and Henyey tracks, Schwarzschild Space; Horizontal Branch whose extent is determined by metalicity.

Back 460

hertzprung russell

Front 461

Derivable from the trace of the strain tensor; elastic constant which is proportional to the change in pressure over the change in volume and is the inverse of compressibility.

Back 461

bulk modulus

Front 462

method of following fluid particles by means of a substantive derivative, giving rise to chaotic advection.

Back 462

lagrangian turbulence

Front 463

it can be written as -1/16 pi times the 4-product of the field tensor minus one over c times the 4-product of the 4-current and the 4-potential.

Back 463

lagrangian electromagnetic field

Front 464

Gives the Hamiltonian if subtracted from the time-derivative of the generalized position times the generalized momentum; kinetic energy minus the potential energy in a system.

Back 464

lagrangian