Ace Personal Trainer Manual 1991 Ch 2 Anatomy

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the broad science concerned with the study of the structure of the body and the relationships of body parts to one another

Front 2

Anterior

Back 2

towards the front

Front 3

Posterior

Back 3

toward the back

Front 4

Superior

Back 4

Toward the head

Front 5

Inferior

Back 5

Away from the head

Front 6

Medial

Back 6

Toward the midline of the body

Front 7

Lateral

Back 7

Away from the midline of the body

Front 8

Proximal

Back 8

Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

Front 9

Distal

Back 9

Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

Front 10

Superficial

Back 10

External, located close to or on the body surface

Front 11

Deep

Back 11

Internal, located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structures

Front 12

Cervical

Back 12

Referring to the neck region

Front 13

Thoracic

Back 13

referring to the portion of body between the neck and the abdomen.
also known as chest (thorax)

Front 14

Lumbar

Back 14

referring to the portion of the back between the abdomen and the pelvis

Front 15

Plantar

Back 15

the sole or bottom of the foot

Front 16

Dorsal

Back 16

the top surface of the foot and hand

Front 17

Palmar

Back 17

the anterior or ventral surface of the hands

Front 18

Sagittal plane

Back 18

longitudinal line that divides the body or its parts into left and right parts

flexion and extension, front to back movement

Front 19

Frontal plane

Back 19

longitudinal line that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

lateral movement adduction abduction

Front 20

Transverse plane

Back 20

the horizontal plane, a line that divides the body into superior and inferior, upper and lower

Rotational movements (ie spine in woodchoppers), horizontal adduction

Front 21

Cardiovascular system

Back 21

blood, blood vessels and heart

Front 22

Blood is composed of

Back 22

formed elements (white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets)

liquid (plasma=92% water, 8% dissolved solutes)

Front 23

Two types of blood vessels

Back 23

arteries which carry blood away from heart

veins which carry blood back towards heart

Front 24

Types of arteries

Back 24

arterioles, smaller

capillaries, microscopic where critical exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste products takes place

Front 25

Venules

Back 25

continuation of the capillaries and join together to form veins

Front 26

Atriums

Back 26

upper chambers of the heart, primer pumps

Front 27

Ventricles

Back 27

lower chambers of the heart, power pumps

Front 28

Sequence of blood flow through the heart

Back 28

Vena cava (superior & inferior from body)
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Ascending aorta
Body

Front 29

Function of respiratory system

Back 29

supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, and regulates acid-balance pH of the body

Front 30

Nervous system

Back 30

body's control center and network of communication which stimulates and controls movement

Front 31

Central nervous system

Back 31

brain and spinal cord which is completely enclosed withing bony structures and is the control center that receives & responds to input

Front 32

Peripheral nervous system

Back 32

the nerves that connect the outlying parts of the body and their receptors within the CNS which included the spinal nerves, cranial nerves

Front 33

Cervical plexus

Back 33

network of nerve branches that supplies the head, neck, upper chest, & shoulders

Front 34

Brachial plexus

Back 34

network of nerve branches that supplies the shoulder and down to the fingers of the hand

Front 35

Lumbar plexus

Back 35

network of nerve branches that supplies the abdomen, groin , genitalia and anterior and lateral thigh

Front 36

Sacral plexus

Back 36

network of nerve branches that supplies the large muscles of the posteriro thigh and the entire lower leg, ankle, and foot

Front 37

Skeletal system

Back 37

206 bones that are divided into two sections
axial: 80 bones of head, neck, trunk
appendicular:126 bones that form the extremities

Front 38

Five functions of skeletal system

Back 38

protection
support
framework of levers
production of blood cells
storage area for minerals

Front 39

Bone is made up of

Back 39

collagen
mineral salts, mostly calcium & potassium

Front 40

Wolff's law

Back 40

bone in health individual will adjust its strengtht in proportion to the amount of stress placed on it

Front 41

Classifications of bones...

Back 41

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

Front 42

Long bone

Back 42

A bone that is significantly longer than it is wide. Examples of long bones are the femur, tibia, and fibula of the leg, the humerus, radius,

Front 43

Short bones

Back 43

Short bones are defined as being approximately as wide as they are long and have a primary function of providing support and stability with little movement. Examples of short bones are the Carpals and Tarsals in the wrist and foot.

Front 44

Flat bones

Back 44

Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment. The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone), Cranium (skull), Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones.

Front 45

Irregular bones

Back 45

These are bones which do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum and Mandible (lower jaw). They primarily consist of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone

Front 46

Sesamoid bones

Back 46

Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within the Patella or Quadriceps tendon. Other sesamoid bones are the Pisiform (smallest of the Carpals) and the two small bones at the base of the 1st Metatarsal. Sesamoid bones are usually present in a tendon where it passes over a joint which serves to protect the tendon.

Front 47

Articulation

Back 47

joint, the point of contact or connection between bones or between bones and cartilage

Front 48

Types of joints

Back 48

Fibrous (syndesmoses)
cartilaginous (synchondroses)
synovial (diarthroses)

Front 49

Fibrous joints

Back 49

no cavity
between distal tibia and fibula

Front 50

Synovial joints

Back 50

most joints are synovial and have a joint cavity and movement is limited by the shape of bones and soft tissue

Front 51

Four distinguishing features of synovial joints

Back 51

ends of bones covered in cartilage

surrounded by articular capsule made of dense fibrous connective tissue

inner surface of joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid

Front 52

Types of synovial joints

Back 52

condyloid (metatarsals)
hinge (elbow, ankle)
modified hinge (knee)
ball and socket
saddle (thumb)
pivot (radioulnar)

Front 53

Flexion

Back 53

movement which decreases joint angle

Front 54

Extension

Back 54

movement which increases joint angle

Front 55

Adduction

Back 55

a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the sagittal plane of the body or towards midline

Front 56

Abduction

Back 56

a movement which brings a part of the anatomy away from the sagittal plane of the body

Front 57

Dorsiflexion

Back 57

movement which decreases the angle between the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin

Front 58

Plantarflexion

Back 58

movement which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the shin, as when depressing an automobile pedal.

Front 59

Skeletal muscle

Back 59

muscle tissue that is attached to bones by tendons

Front 60

Cardiac muscles

Back 60

tissue that forms the walls of the heart and is involuntary

Front 61

Visceral (smooth) muscles

Back 61

found in internal organs like stomach, intestines and blood vessels with involuntary contractions

Front 62

What types of movement take place in the sagittal plane?

Back 62

flexion
extension
dorsiflexion
plantarflexion

Front 63

What types of movement take place in the frontal plane?

Back 63

abduction
adduction
elevation (scapula)
depression (scapula)
inversion/eversion (foot)

Front 64

What types of movement take place in the transverse plane?

Back 64

rotation (spine, shoulder, hips)
pronation/supination (hand and wrist)
horizontal flexion/extension (humerus)

Front 65

What types of movements are multiplanar?

Back 65

circumduction
opposition (thumb)

Front 66

What are the 600+ muscles named according to?

Back 66

location
shape
action
number of divisions
bony attachments
size relationships

Front 67

Agonist

Back 67

"prime movers" since they are the muscles being considered that are primarily responsible for generating a specific movement.

Front 68

Antagonist

Back 68

opposite muscle to the agonist which is stretched

Front 69

Synergists

Back 69

muscles at a joint that perfom the same anatomical function or movement

Front 70

Rotator cuff muscles

Back 70

Supraspanatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

SITS

Front 71

Major muscles in shoulder flexion

Back 71

pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, anterior fibers of deltoid.

Front 72

Major muscles in shoulder extension

Back 72

latissimus dorsi and teres major, long head of triceps, posterior fibers of the deltoid

Front 73

Major muscles used in scapular retraction (aka adduction of the scapula)

Back 73

rhomboideus major, minor, and trapezius

Front 74

Major muscles used in scapular protraction (aka abduction of the scapula)

Back 74

serratus anterior (prime mover), pectoralis minor and major

Front 75

Major muscles used in scapular elevation

Back 75

levator scapulae, the upper fibers of the trapezius

Front 76

Major muscles used in scapular depression

Back 76

pectoralis minor, lower fibers of the trapezius, subclavius, latissimus dorsi

Front 77

Muscles used in arm adduction

Back 77

pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, latissimus dorsi (same as scapular depression, with pec major replacing lower fibers of trapezius)

Front 78

Muscles used in arm abduction

Back 78

True abduction: supraspinatus (first 15 degrees), deltoid; Upward rotation: trapezius, serratus anterior

Front 79

Muscles used in medial/horizontal rotation of arm

Back 79

subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, anterior fibers of deltoid

Front 80

Muscles used in lateral rotation of the arm[

Back 80

infraspinatus and teres minor, posterior fibers of deltoid

Front 81

What is the central nervous system?

Back 81

Brain and the spinal cord which is tatally enclosed within bony structures.

Front 82

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Back 82

Nerves tha connect the outlying parts of the body and their receptors within the CNS.

Front 83

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

Back 83

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
Spinal nerves (31 pairs)

Front 84

What is the cervical plexus?

Back 84

Network of nerve branches that serve the head, neck, upper chest and shoulders.

Front 85

What is the brachial plexus?

Back 85

Network of nerve branches that serve the shoulder and down to the fingers.

Front 86

What is the lumbar plexus?

Back 86

Network of nerve branches that innervates the abdomen, groin, genitalia, and anterior and lateral thigh.

Front 87

What is the sacral plexus?

Back 87

Network of nerve branches that innervate the large muscles of the posterior thigh and the entire lower leg, ankle and foot.

Front 88

What is a nerve impulse?

Back 88

messages carried by the nerve cells

Front 89

What are receptors?

Back 89

Specialized nerve cells located throughout the body and are sensitive to different things like pain, temperature, pressure, etc.

Front 90

What are sensory nerve cells?

Back 90

Cells that carry the impulses from the peripheral receptors to the spinal cord and brain.