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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pressure flight instruments
[list] |
1. ASI
2. MM 3. Altimeter 4. VSI |
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Pressure flight instruments
are based on .... using ... . |
measured atm/dynamic Px
Piton-static system |
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Pitot-static system
a combined sensor system that detects ...... . |
1. The total pressure
> by pitot prob 2. Static pressure alone > static port/vent |
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ASI is based on the ... as the ... .
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* measured dynamic Px
* difference btw > total pitot Px @ capsule > & static Px @ case. |
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ASI instrument errors
[6] |
1. Px / Config / Position error
2. Instrument error 3. Maneuver error 4. Compressibility error 5. Density error 6. Blocked pitot static |
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VMO representation ?
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* Red & white striped pointer
> @ ASI |
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A Mach meter measures ..... using ..... .
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* airspeed relative to the speed of sound
* ASI corrected by Altimeter capsule. |
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Mach meter mechanics:
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* ASI measuring dynamic Px
* a sealed capsule @ ISA > inside the case > as altimeter * the 2 are linked via Ratio arm > MN = D Px ÷ S Px |
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Mach meter ratio ?
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(Pitot - Static) ÷ Static
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Mach meter errors ?
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1. Px / Config / Position error
2. Instrument error 3. Blocked pitot static |
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Mach meter vs. ASI errors :
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* No density / temp errors
> altitude capsule compensates! |
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static line blockage @ ASI
1. At aconstant altitude ... 2. During descent ... 3. During climb ... |
* correct
* over read (Low static trapped) * under read ( Hi static trapped) |
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pitot line blockage @ ASI
1. At aconstant altitude ... 2. During descent ... 3. During climb ... |
* remain constant even with spd inc
* under read * over read |
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Actions for
blocked pitot/static system |
1. Pitot heat ON
2. Alternate static 3. Fly limited panel 4. Fly correct attitude / power setting |
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A pressure altimeter
measures ..... which is .... . |
* Static air Px
* calibrated to show indicated Alt. |
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Pressure altimeter mechanics
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* A sealed capsule
> in static Px case * @ climb > static ↓ > capsule expands > moves needle * subscale setting > adjust for various datum elevations |
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QNH
is the ... reported by ... basically is .... |
* local altimeter setting
* a particular station * QFE reduced to MSL > assuming ISA |
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QNH
makes a/c indicate .... @ air & ... on the ground. |
* Altitude AMSL
* Airfield elevation |
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2 QNH types ?
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1. Airfield QNH
2. Regional QNH > the lowest forecast QNH @ region |
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QFE
is the .... . makes a/c read .... on ground. |
* actual surface Px @ airport
* zero |
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2 QFE types ?
1. ... > ... 2. ... > ... > .... [usage] |
1. Airfield QFE
> highest point @ airfield 2. Touchdown QFE > @ TD point > for prec. app. |
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QFF is ..... .
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* QFE reduced to MSL
> using actual conditions |
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QNE is .....
in other words .... . |
* Hight shown @ TD @ 1013 subscale
* Px Alt of TD point |
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QNE is used ....
[where/when] |
* @ very high aerodromes
> where QFE is so low > cannot be set @ subscale |
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Altimeter instrument errors
[6] |
1. Px / Config / Position
2. Instrument 3. Maneuver 3. Time-lag 4. Barometric 5.Temperature/density 6. Blocked static port |
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Static line blockage
altimeter will ....... . |
* display altitude
> where blockage occurred * regardless of alt actual change |
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Altitude calculation
@ Static line blockage |
* ROC/D
> against time > from known altitudes |
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Servo-assisted altimeter
does not rely on .... instead a ..... is used |
* direct mechanical link
> btw capsule & pointer * electrically conducted E& I bar |
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Servo-assisted altimeter
advantages ? |
* No
> instrument error > time-lag error * increased accuracy |
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VSI instrument
measures .... as .... |
* rate of change of static Px
* ROC/D |
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VSI mechanics
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* Static Px
> directly to capsule ∆ immediate reaction > via chock to case ∆ restricted rate of chx * Px differential @ Climb/ descend > Translated to ROC/D |
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VSI errors
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1/2/3. PIM
4. Time lag 5. Static blockage |
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VSI dial display has a ....
in order to provide ...... . |
* logarithmic scale
* greater sensitivity > @ small ROC/D |
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IVSI remedied the ... problem of VSI
by implementing @ .... . |
* time-lag
* two spring-loaded dashpots * static line before capsule |
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@ IVSI
The .... help creating ... due to ... at ... [when]. |
* Dashpots
* immediate differential Px * their inertia * the start of a climb or descent |
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IVSI advantage is ....
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* immediate display
> of any change in ROC/ROD |
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IVSI disadvantage is ....
causing ..... . |
* dashpot being affected
> by acceleration @ turns * initial ROC indication > @ rolling into larg AOB * initial ROD indication > @ rollout |
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Static blockage @ VSI
indication ? |
Zero @ all times
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Temperature
may be measured using ... or ... and displayed @ ... . |
* total head thermometer
* rosemount probe > prot. into free airstream * TAT gauge |
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ADC receives ...
calculates ..... and passes the info .... . |
* Pitot/ static Px inputs
* CAS / TAS / MN / TAT / ROC / ROD * electronically > to servo-driven flight instruments |
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ADC advantage is in that ..... .
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* it can easily feed a/c computers like
> AP / FMS / GWPS / Nav aids |
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a/c gyro flight instruments ?
[list] |
1. Direct ional indicat or (DI)
2. Artificial horizon (AH) 3. Turn and slip indicator / turn coordinator |
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What is a gyroscope?
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* a body (rotor/wheel)
> rotating freely > in one / more gimbals * has properties of > rigidity > precession. |
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A gyroscope measures ... during ... .
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* the force experienced on its rotor body
* a maneuver of a/c |
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Gyro rotor
is suspended in ... , arranged at ... . are used as conduit to .... . |
* gimbals
* right angles to each other * transfer force experienced @ rotor to a display |
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Gyro remains stable in space
due to ... as a/c moves while any applied force from ... will cause gyro to ... & ... . |
* its rigidity
* a/c changing dir/att * precess * to be translated into suitable display |
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Gyro’s planes of freedom
are represented by |
* gyro's spin axis
* & axis of precessed movement measured by the gimbal |
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@ Gyro
... is needed for each axis to be measured. |
* a gimbal
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Gyro rigidity is .... .
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* the resistance to displace
> from its initial alignment position |
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Gyro precession is .... .
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* Any movement
> of gyro’s spin axis > from its initial alignment |
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gyroscopic wander is .... giving rise to ... .
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* Any movement
> of gyro’s spin axis > away from its fixed direction * inaccurate instrument readings |
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gyroscope caging system
used when .... to .... thus helping .... . |
* a/c parked (no use)
* prevent it from toppling * quick erection @ start up. |
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Gyro Real wander is
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* Real movement
> of gyro's spin axis > fr its alignment in space. |
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Real wander can be either
1. .... 2. .... |
1. induced deliberately
> for correction 2. imperfections > unbalanced gimbals > friction |
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Gyro Real wander
also known as ... . |
* mechanical drift
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DGI is acronym for ... .
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Directional Gyro Indicator
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DGI has .... aligned to ....
to displays ... using ... . |
* A Hor. Tied gyro
* T.north * aircraft’s heading * a compass rose display |
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DGI consists of :
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1. A Hor. Tied gyroscope.
2. Two gimbals 3. Three DOF (gyro's/pitch/roll) |
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Apparent wander is ...
not cuz of ... . making the gyro ... . gives rise to ... . |
* a natural phenomenon
* any real misalignement * appear to precess * inaccurate instrument readings |
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Forms of apparent wander
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* Transport wander
* Earth rate |
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Earth rate apparat wander is due to ... .
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Earth's rotation
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DGI Apparent wander
earth rate Correction methodes : |
1. periodic realigning with the compass
2. Lat Nut > an opposite error to earth’s rotation > @ 15 × sin latitude ˚/h |
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Apparent wander
Earth rate varies with ... |
* latitude
> inc twd the poles |
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Earth rate is .... @ N.hem.
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-ve
.., |
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Earth rate formula
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15 × sin latitude ˚/h
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Transport wander is because of ... .
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* crossing meridians
* and assos. convergency |
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Transport wander is ... @ N.hem
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-ve
`,~ |
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Flights ... produce no transport wander
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* north-south
.~§ |
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Total apparent wander is .... .
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Transport wander + Earth rate
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DGI errors
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1) gyroscope syst em failures
2) total wander errors. |
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DGI advantage over mag. compass
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1. Steadier heading info
2. No turning / acceleration errors |
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Artificial horizon
is the ... measures & displays ... . |
* primary attitude instrument
* pitch & roll of the a/c > about horizon |
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Artificial horizon
Gyro type : ... Gimbals : ... DOF : ... |
* vertical earth tied
* 2 * 2 > pitch/roll |
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Gyro’s axis @ Artificial horizon
aligned to ... . |
* earth’s vertical
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Air driven artificial horizon erros
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1. Turning errors
2. Acceleration errors 3. Real wander > spin axis away fr vert. |
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Turning and acceleration errors
@ artificial horizon caused by ... . |
* lateral acceleration in turns
> inducing false position indication @ axis |
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Indications @ failed artificial horizon
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1. Low reading on suction gauge(air)
2. power failure warning flag (electric) 3. Possible warning flag |
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Actions @ failed artificial horizon
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1. Re-erect gyro
> cage-uncage @ straight/level 2. suctions still low > monitor turn coordinator/ VSI 3. for electric > backup power (man/auto) |
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Electric artificial horizon
Rotates ... seen above Use a ... motor Rotation speed is ... making it. |
* clockwise
* electric squirrel-cage * much higher than air driven > more rigid |
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Electric artificial horizon
No .... makes it free from ... errors |
* pendulosity
> turning / acceleration |
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Electric artificial horizon
pitch & roll limitation |
± 85˚ @ pitch
unlimited roll ☺§ |
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Servo-driven ADI
or remote artificial horizon used to ...... that has been derived from ... . with the advantage of .... |
* attitude info
* INS/IRS * being free of > turn & acceleration errors |
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* Turn is .... that results in ... .
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* movement about a/c yaw axis (vertical)
* a change of direction |
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Slip is ... .
@ which the nose falls .... due to ... . |
* a lateral force into the turn
* OUT of turn * over banking |
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Skid is ... .
@ which the nose falls .... due to ... . |
* a lateral force out of a turn
* INTO turn * under banking |
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Turn and slip instrument
Gyro type : ... Gimbals : ... DOF : ... |
* Hor rate gyro
* one @ a/c fore/aft axis * 1 DOF @ yaw axix |
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@ Turn and slip instrument
gyro’s axis aligned to ... . |
* aircraft’s lateral axis
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Turn and slip errors
Mainly ... due to ... |
* looping plane error
* steep turns |
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Turn coordinator
is advanced dev. of ... the difference being .... making it ... . |
* Turn & slip ind.
* the single gimbal > raised to 30˚ @ front > along the long. axis * sensitive to > both roll and yaw |
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Turn coordinator
shows only .... not to be confused with ... . |
* rate one turn accurately
* AH > "no att info" |
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Earth’s magnetic field:
is created due to .... making a ...... . with ... & .... . however .... . |
* its magnetic iron core
* giant magnet * with > N/S poles > resulting weak magnetic field around earth. * poles are offset > from geographic poles |
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Direct reading compass
source of ... . displays ... . |
* directional information
* compass heading |
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Direct reading compass
basic construction |
* freely suspended
> horizontal magnet * attached to compass card * enclosed @ liquid-filled case |
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Direct reading compass
how it works |
* magnet swings
> always pointing to N/S * as a/c moves > heading read @ lubber line |
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Magnetic dip
is a ... due to ... and affects ... . |
* natural phenomenon
* ver. component of earth's mag. field * accuracy of magnetic compass > esp. away from Eq. |
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Explane magnetic dip :
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* earth’s mag. field
> 2 components : ∆ Horizontal : > parallel to earth’s surface > aligns compass M.north ∆ Vertical force > max @ M.poles > causes needle to dip down > align with M.field |
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Isoclinals are ..... .
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* lines @ map
> places of equal magnetic dip |
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Aclinic Line is .... .
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line @ map
places of zero magnetic dip |
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Compass swinging is a procedure to .... .
and is used to ... |
> check the accuracy of
> & to adjust an a/c mag. compass * determine the compass deviation |
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Compass swinging is done when :
[5] |
1. Compass is new
2. Elec/mag equip @ vicinity been altered 3. Passed sever mag. storm 4. Considerable chx of Lat 5. Doubt about its accuracy |
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Errors of the magnetic compass
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1. Acceleration/deceleration errors
2. Turning errors |
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Acceleration error @ Mag. compass
Zero @ ... Max @ ... [geographic place] |
* magnetic Eq.
* magnetic poles (so it depends on Lat) |
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Acceleration error @ Mag. compass
Zero @ ... Max @ ... (headings) |
* N/S magnetic headings
* 090˚ & 270˚ |
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@ Mag. compass
Acceleration Causes ..... |
* apparent turn
> twd nearer pole |
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@ Mag. compass
deceleration Causes ..... |
* apparent turn
> twd further pole |
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@ Mag. compass
whenever the magnet assembly displaced CW : reading will ... displaced ACW : reading will ... |
* decrease
> compass under read * increase > compass over read |
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Turning error @ Mag. compass
max @ ... Zero @ ... [headings] |
* passing thro Mag. N/S
* passing thro Mag. E/W |
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Turning error @ Mag. compass
max @ ... Zero @ ... [Geo position] |
* Poles
* Mag. Eq > only liquid swirl |
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Turning error @ Mag. compass
Turn thro nearer pole causes: a/c & compass rotate @ ... direction compass will be ... pilot should ... liquid swirl will ... the error. |
* same
* sluggish / lagging * undershoot/roll out early * increase |
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Turning error @ Mag. compass
Turn thro further pole causes: a/c & compass rotate @ ... direction compass will be ... pilot should ... liquid swirl will ... the error. |
* opposite
* lively / leading * overshoot / roll out late * reduce |
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Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass
is a combination of ... and ... instruments as a single instrument. (1/3) |
* the directional gyro indicator (DGI)
* the magnetic compass |
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Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass
uses ... to avoid ... and ... to prevent ... . (2/3) |
* the gyro rigidity
> compass turning & acceleration errors * a magnetic north–sensing input > DGI gyro wander |
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Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass
combines the .... of .... and .... of .... . (3/3) |
* short term stability
> a Gyro * long term directional stab. > earth's mag. field |
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Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass
consists of ... . |
1. Detector unit (flux valve)
2. Hor gyro 3. Feedback system |
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RBI is acronym for .... .
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Relative Bearing Indicator
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RBI
is a ... used to ... . |
* simple ADF instrument
* display NDB nav info |
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RBI is comprised of :
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1. Fixed 360-degree compass card
> 0˚ / 180˚ aligned with a/c fore/aft 2. ADF needle > seeking "relative" bearing from a/c HDG |
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How to use the RBI ?
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* Relative bearing fr RBI
plus * Mag heading from DGI = QDM to station (mag bearing) >> RB + MH = MB |
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A developed RBI has ....
used to ... therefore .... |
* Movable compass card
* manually align with a/c heading * needle indicates QDM |
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RMI is acronym for ... .
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* Radio Magnetic Indicator
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RMI
used to ... and is regarded as ... . |
* display ADF or VOR nav info
* advanced development of RBI |
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RMI is comprised of ...... .
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1. Remote indicating
360-degree compass card > always aligned to M.N > displays a/c M.hdg 2. usually dual needle > superimposed @ compass card > indicates QDM to selected station |
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OBI is acronym for ... .
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Omni Bearing Indicator
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OBI is used to .....
with no ... . [aka what is it!] |
* display tracking guidance
> relative to a selected radial * heading info |
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Purpose-built ILS display instrument
[general description] |
* like the OBI instrument
1. Loc deviation bar @ dot scale 2. GS deviation bar @ dot scale * provides command instructions |
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One dot deviation
@ Localizer is ... degree @ GS is ... degrees . (full?) |
* ½ (full 5 @ 2.5)
* 0.14 (full 5 @ 0.7) |
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HSI is acronym for ... .
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* Horizontal Situation Indicator
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HSI is a ....
Comprised of .... & .... and provides ........... . |
* primary nav. instrument
* remote indicating mag. compass * combined VOR/ILS display * a/c situation > in relation to ∆ selected VOR radial ∆ ILS Loc / GS ∆ a/c Mag. heading |
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HSI instrument
consists of [4] |
1. Remote indicating mag. compass
2. Combined course & deviation bar 3. Loc dot scale 4. GS dot scale |
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Radio altimeter
device provides .... . [aka what is it?] |
* an accurate height measurement
> AGL > from 2500 ft > down to surface |
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Radio altimeter
principle of ops : |
* FM Continuous Wave
> as elliptical beam * directed vertically down * time for reflected back sig. > correspond to Ht |
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Current Rad Alt's use ... freq band
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SHF
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EFIS is acronym for ... .
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* Electronic flight instrument system
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EFIS is a ....... system
that presents ..... on .... is basically ........ . |
* fully integrated computer-based
* attitude & nav info * 2 electronic displays * the CRT/LCD types of ADI & HSI |
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EFIS components ... .
[5] |
1. EADI / PFD
2. EHSI / ND 3. Control Panel 4. Symbol Generator 5. Remote light sensor |
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Advantage of an EFIS ?
[2] |
1. Clearer, easier to read
display of info 2. Can bring data fr different sources > to present the best info |
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Typical info @ EADI / PFD
[10] |
1. Normal pitch / roll attitude
2. Airspeed tape/trend 3. Px Altimeter tape 4. FD commands 5. Loc/GS dev 6. Ground speed /Mach no. 7. Rad alt 8. DH 9. Auto flight/ pilot/ throttle modes 10. Speed error scale |
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Rising runway
normally becomes active at ... . |
* 200 ft radio altimeter
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EHSI modes ?
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* Full VOR/ ILS
* Expanded VOR/ ILS * Map * Plan |
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Wx @ which EHSI modes ?
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* only on
> Map > expended VOR/ ILS |
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EFIS color coding
White : |
* Present situation info
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EFIS color coding
Green |
* Engaged Autoflight modes
* Present situation info > for contrast/ lower priority ~ white |
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EFIS color coding
Magenta |
* Fly to info
> FD command > dev. pointers > active flight path lines |
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EFIS color coding
Cyan |
* Sky shading @ EADI
* Non active data @ Map |
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EFIS color coding
Yellow |
* Ground shading @ EADI
* caution / limits / alerts |
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EFIS color coding
Red |
* Heaviest precipitation levels
@ Wx radar |
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HUD stands for ... .
Consists of .... . |
* Head-up display
* EADI info |
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HUGS stands for ...
allows .... . |
* Head-up guidance display
* Cat II app > @ runway certified for Cat I |
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VHF radio transmissions
are used for ... . use ... propagation paths allow reception and transmission @ ... . |
* short-range communications
* line-of- sight * any point within its area of coverage |
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VHF frequency band?
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30–300 MHz
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Factors affecting
range of VHF communications |
1.Transmitterpower
2. Frequency 3. Ht of Tx & Rx 4. Obstructions 5. Fading |
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HF radio transmissions
used for ................ . |
* long-distance communications
> btw 2 specific points only |
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HF communications
principle of operation Based on ..... propagation paths that are ..... . |
* predictable sky wave
* refracted off ionosphere > over great distances. |
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HF frequency band is ... .
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30 - 30 MH
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HF comms range is based on ...
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* freq
> proportional to skip distance |
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Skip distance is .... .
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* dist. btw Tx
* to the point > where first returning skywave > appears @ surface |
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Night effect @ HF comms range
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* Sun : produces D-layer
* No D-layer @ night > Higher refraction altitude (E) > greater range > lower freq for same range |
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HF comms freq @ night?
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* half the day time freq
> same range |
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Factors affecting HF comms
[6] |
1.Tx power
2. Frequency 3.Time of day 4. Season 5. Location 6. Ionosphere disturbance |
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TCAS stands for .... .
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Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance System
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TCAS provides ....
when .... using ... . [aka what is it!] |
* traffic info & maneuver advice
> between aircraft * their flight paths are conflicting * a/c SSR transponders |
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TCAS I
provides ...... . |
Traffic advisories only
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TCAS II
provides ...... . |
* Traffic advisories
1& Resolution advisories @ vertical plane only |
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TCAS III
provides ...... . |
* Traffic advisories
1& Resolution advisories @ vertical & horizontal plane |
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Mode ... TxPonder is required for TCAS II/III
|
* S
..`.` |
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TCAS
principle of ops |
* interrogates SSR TxPonder
> of nearby a/c > to plot pos/speed * relative bearing > by Direction finding areals * distance > time delay of Tx/Rx signal * TCAS computer > determine collision possibility > provides ∆ visual/ aural warnings ∆ avoidance commands |
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TCAS different warnings levels
[name/when/action] |
* TA
> traffic may become threat > no maneuver required/advised * RA > a/c @ collision course > maneuver advised @ vert. plane > pilot should respond to |
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ACAS stands for ... .
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Airborne Collision Avoidance System
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ADS-B stands for ... .
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Automated Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
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GPWS stands for ... .
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Ground proximity warning system
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What's GPWS?
[brief] |
* computer system
> provide visual/ aural warnings > when @ close prox. to gnd/terrain > pose potential threat > based on inputs : config/ht/ILS GS |
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GPWS is triggered when
[7modes] |
1. Excessive ROD
2. Excessive terrain closure rate 3. Ht loss after T.O. 4. Flaps / gear not selected for landing 5. Too low ILS GS 6. Descending below app minima 7. W.shear warning |
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Most GPWS modes have
two boundaries: 1. .... 2. .... [name/meaning/when] |
1. Initia Alert
> caution > potential danger 2. Warning > command > present danger |
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@ GPWS
When more than one alert/ warning is triggered @ same time, GPWS will give only ... or ... . |
* the highest-priority alert
* warning that has been triggered |
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EGPWS is the enhanced version
capable of ... . |
* terrain mapping
* Probable windshear warning |
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GPWS inputs ?
[6] |
1. Rad alt
2. Mach meter 3. ADC 4. Glidpath dev 5. Gear & flaps pos. 6. Nav system |
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GPWS range of operation
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50 to 2450 feet
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GPWS modes order of priority
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* Hi to low
> Whoop Whoop pull up > Terrain Terrain > Too low gear > Too low flap > Minima minima > Sink rate Sink rate > Don't sink Don't sink > Glide slope Glid slope |
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Initial actions required
for GPWS alert / warning |
* corrective response
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A/C windshear warning system
uses ........ to calculate .... . feeding the result to ... to present ... . |
* ADC info
> chx in AS/alt * presence of a windshear * GPWS * aural and visual warnings |
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A windshear warning requires ....... .
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* an immediate go-around
> @ full thrust > & max FD pitch-up attitude |
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Windshear, GPWS, and TCAS warning
order of priority |
1. Windshear
2. GPWS 3. TCAS |
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What's FMS?
A computer system that .......... . * to achieve ......... . |
* manages
> a/c performance > route navigation * > optimal results > flying preprogrammed roots stored @ DB |
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FMS inputs?
|
1. Stored databases
2. Pilot inputs via CDU 3. Data fr other a/c systems |
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LNAV & VNAV functions are ... .
stored in ... & can be selected via ... |
* custom-made route profiles
* FMC databases * control display unit (CDU) |
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What does FMC LNAV function do ?
|
guides aircraft’s lateral movement
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What does FMC VNAV function do ?
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* guides vertical path of a/c
> including climb & descent profiles |
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Autopilot
is ... . that provides .... & enables ... . without .... . |
* a flight control system
* a/c stability * flying prescribed route accurately * aid of a human pilot |
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Autopilot functions?
|
1. a/c stabilization
2. a/c Maneuvering * @ 3 channel > roll/ pitch/ yaw |
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Human pilot vs. AP
@ response time |
* AP much quicker
> human : ∆ ⅕ of sec : detect chx of att. ∆ further delay to react > AP ∆ detection 50 ms |
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Autopilot modes of operation
[6] |
1. HDG
2. LNAV / VNAV 3. VOR/LOC 4. Altitude hold 5. Vertical speed 6. Level change |
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Flight director system (FDS)
provides ... on the ... in ...... to ... . |
* command instructions
* required aircraft maneuver * pitch & roll * gain / maintain > programmed flight path |
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Flight director
is displayed @ ... as ... or ... . |
* primary flight instrument
* chevron indicator * pair of ver. & hor bars |
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Flight director system
works by using .......... to .... . therefore to ... . |
*
> AP sensors > FMC database * comute > pitch/roll response * gain/maint. programmed FP |
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Flight director system erros
[2] |
1. Pilot's wrong interpretation
> of bars as flight path ∆ can be centered @ trun! 2. Quick response rate > pilot to chase the indications ∆ oscillation |
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Autoland system
is a function of ... . engaged using ... able to ... from ... to ... |
* AP flight director & AT
* the approach mode * carry out automatic landings * Loc interception > TD |
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Autoland system
controls the aircraft about ... utilizing ... [3] Also ... may be used to ... & ... |
* all 3 axes
* AP flight computers * sensors/ RA/ ILS * AT * maintain the correct airspeed * retard thrust during flare |
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Fail passive autoland system
Ability of system to ......[3 s.ment] Min requirement is ... . |
* withstand single channel failure
> without excessive dev. @ flight path ∆ unable to Autoland * 2 AP |
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Fail operational autoland system
Ability of system to .......[3 s.ment] Min requirement is ... . |
* withstand single channel failure
> without affective overal performance ∆ Able to continue autoland > if below alert hight * 3 AP |
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Autothrottle
is a .... , .... system designed to ... in terms of ... . Also can provide ... @ ... |
* computer controlled, electro-mech
* control and maintain thrust * N1/ EPR/ target airspeed * thrust retard @ autoflare |
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Autothrottle system inputs
[5] |
MCP mode selector
ADC > TAS/TAT/Alt/AS/MN N1/ EPR Rad alt PLA (pwr lever angle) ... |
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Autothrottle engagement
|
* A/T arm switch to ARM
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Autothrottle disengagement
|
* normal pressure @ throttle levers
* disengage switch @ end of each throttle lever * AT switch @ MCP to off * auto'ly disengages after TD |
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TOGA switches
Located @ ... provide a means of ........ . |
* each throttle lever
* engaging AT and FD > @ takeoff or go-around |
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Autothrottle operating control modes
[5] |
1. Takeoff mode
2. N1 mode 3. Speed mode 4. ARM mode 5. Go around mode |
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AT/APFDS combination
@ T.O. control |
* APFDS : pitch
* AT : takeoff thrust > maintain airspeed, |
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AT/APFDS combination
@ climb [2 possible] |
∆ Either
* APFDS : airspeed * AT : engine thrust @ sp. N1 ∆ or * APFDS : vertical path attitude * AT : airspeed |
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AT/APFDS combination
@ cruise |
* APFDS: attitude
* AT: airspeed > maintain altitude |
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AT/APFDS combination
@ descent |
∆ Either
* APFDS: pitch : airspeed * AT : retard : attitude ∆ or * APFDS : vertical path attitude * AT : airspeed |
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AT/APFDS combination
@ approach |
* APFDS : vertical path attitude
* AT : airspeed |
