Ace Chapter 1-Exercise Physiology

Front 1

Cardiac Output

Back 1

The amount of blood that flows from each ventricle in one minute.

Front 2

Heart Rate

Back 2

The numer of times the heart beats per minute.

Front 3

Stroke Volume

Back 3

The amount of blood pumped from each ventricle each time the heart beats.

Front 4

Ejection Fraction

Back 4

The percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart.

Front 5

Oxygen Extraction

Back 5

The amount of oxygen taken from the hemoglobin molecule and used in the exercising muscle cells; often referred to as the arterio-venous oxygen difference.

Front 6

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 6

A high-energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically, and stored in the body.

Front 7

Aerobic System

Back 7

The metabolic pathway that, in the prescence of oxygen, uses glucose for energy production; also known as aerobic glycolysis.

Front 8

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Back 8

The metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen. Sometimes referred to as the lactic acid system or anaerobic glycolysis system, it produces lactic acid as a by-product.

Front 9

Creatine Phosphate System

Back 9

System of transfer of chemical energy for resynthesis of ATP supplied rapidly and without oxygen from the breakdown of creatine phosphate (CP); also known as the ATP-CP system.

Front 10

Mitochondria

Back 10

Specialized subcellular structures located within body cells that contain oxidative enzymes needed by the cell to metabolize food into energy sources.

Front 11

Ischemia

Back 11

A local deficiency of blood supply caused by the constriction or obstruction of the arteries, which results in a decreased supply of oxygen to the tissues.

Front 12

Angina Pectoris

Back 12

Sensation of pain or pressure in the chest often a result of ischemia. Often aggravated or induced by exercise or stress.

Front 13

Anaerobic Threshold

Back 13

The point during high intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates, also called lactate threshold.

Front 14

Glycogen

Back 14

The storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.

Front 15

Phosphagens

Back 15

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatin phosphate (CP), two high-energy phosphate molecules that can be broken down for immediate use by the cells.

Front 16

Kilocalorie

Back 16

The unit of energy most often used in exercise. The amount of heat that will raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree celius.

Front 17

Hyperventilation

Back 17

A greater-than-normal rate of breathing that results in abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood; dizziness may occur.

Front 18

Enzymes

Back 18

Proteins necessary to bring about bio-chemical reactions.

Front 19

Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Back 19

The highest volume of oxygen a person can consume during exercise; maximun aerobic capacity. The total capacity to consume oxygen at the cellular level.

Front 20

Metabolic Equivalent (MET)

Back 20

A simplified system for classifying physical activities where it is equal to the resting oxygen consumption, which is approximately 3.5 mL of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute.

Front 21

Vasodilation

Back 21

Increase in diameter of the blood vessels, especially dialation of arterioles leading to increased blood flow to a part of the body.

Front 22

Vasoconstriction

Back 22

Narrowing of the opening of blood vessels caused by contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the vessel.

Front 23

Systolic Blood Pressure

Back 23

The pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contraction.

Front 24

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Back 24

The pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls when the heart relaxes between contractions.

Front 25

Overload Principle

Back 25

A principle of human performance that states that beneficial adaptations occur in response to demands applied to the body at levels beyond a certain threshold, but within the limits of tolerance and safety.

Front 26

Venous Return

Back 26

Return to the heart of the circulatory fluids by way of the veins.

Front 27

Specificity of Training

Back 27

For a individual to become proficient at any given movement, that movement must be trained and practiced; a specific demand made on the body will result in a specific response by the body.

Front 28

Motor Neurons

Back 28

Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery signaling muscles to contract or relax, regulating muscular movement.

Front 29

Neurotransmitters

Back 29

Chemical substances such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmit nerve impulses across synapses.

Front 30

Acetylcholine

Back 30

A white crystalline neurotransmitter and derivative of choline that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body.

Front 31

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 31

The site at which a motor neuron transmits info to a muscle fiber; the juction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies.

Front 32

Myofibrils

Back 32

Contractile proteins in a muscle fiber.

Front 33

Actin

Back 33

Contractile protein in a myofibril.

Front 34

Myosin

Back 34

Contractile protein in a myofibril.

Front 35

Contractile Proteins

Back 35

Proteins primarily related to the process of muscle contraction.

Front 36

Sarcomeres

Back 36

Repeating unit of a muscle fiber.

Front 37

Sarcolemma

Back 37

The membrane surrounding sarcomere, which is the fuctional unit of muscle fiber.

Front 38

Sarcoplasm

Back 38

A gelatin like tissue surrounding the sarcomere, which is the functional unit of muscle fiber.

Front 39

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 39

The form of endoplasmic reticulum where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activation; located in striated muscle fibers.

Front 40

Sliding Filament Theory

Back 40

A generally accepted theory explaining the interaction between actin and myosin proteins and ATP to cause muscle contraction.

Front 41

Cross-Bridge

Back 41

Tiny projections from the myosin attach to the actin and form an actin-myosin bridge during muscle contraction.

Front 42

Concentric Contraction

Back 42

A positive contraction in which muscle exerts force, shortens, and overcomes a resistance.

Front 43

Eccentric Contraction

Back 43

A negative contraction in which a muscle exerts force, lengthens, and is overcome by a resistance.

Front 44

Isometric Contraction

Back 44

A contraction in which a muscle exerts force but does not change in length.

Front 45

Motor Unit

Back 45

A single motor nerve (from the spinal cord) and all the muscle fibers it stimulates.

Front 46

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

Back 46

A sensory organ within a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force.

Front 47

Dehydration

Back 47

A condition of having less than optimal level of body water.

Front 48

Elasticity

Back 48

Temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue.

Front 49

Muscle Spindle

Back 49

The sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle from being stretched too far.