Ace Certification Ch. 1

Front 1

Cardiac Output

Back 1

The amount of blood that flows from each ventricle in one minute.

Front 2

Heart Rate

Back 2

The # of times the heart beats per minute

Front 3

Stroke Volume

Back 3

The amount of blood pumped from each ventrivle each time the heart beats

Front 4

Ejection Fraction

Back 4

the % of the total volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole that is subsequently ejected during contraction

Front 5

Oxygen extraction

Back 5

the amount of O2 taken from the hemoglobin (occurs in the capillaries of muscles) and subsequently used in exercising muscle cells.

Front 6

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

Back 6

the body's energy source when a muscle fiber contracts and exerts force * the energy is from ATP

Front 7

Aerobic Energy system

Back 7

when adequate O2 is delivered into the cell to meet its energy needs

Front 8

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Back 8

the metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requireing O2. Sometimes called lactic acid system (lactic acid is the byproduct)

Front 9

Creatine phosphate system

Back 9

high energy phosphate material that is stored in cells can be immediately used to resynthesize ATP * one of the phosphagens

Front 10

Mitochondria

Back 10

specialized subcellular structures located within body cells that contain oxidative enzymes needed by the cell to metabolize food in to energy sources.

Front 11

Ischemia

Back 11

a local deficiency of blood supply caused by the constriction or obstruction of the arteries, which results in a decreased supply of O2 to the tissues.

Front 12

Angina pectoris

Back 12

sesation of pain or pressure in the chest often a result of ischemia. Often aggravated or induced by exercise or stress

Front 13

Anaerobic Threshold

Back 13

the point during high intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for O2 and anaerobic metabolism predominates. Also called lactate threshold.

Front 14

Glycogen

Back 14

the storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles

Front 15

Phosphagens

Back 15

Adenosine triphosphate ATP and creating phosphate CP. 2 high energy phosphate molecules that can be broken down for immediate use by the cells

Front 16

Kilocalorie

Back 16

the unit of energy most often used in exercise 1 kcal amount of heat that will raise the temp of 1 Kg of H2O 1 degree C

Front 17

Hyperventilation

Back 17

breathing faster than is necessary at a given pace

Front 18

Enzymes

Back 18

proteins necessary to bring about bio-chemical reactions

Front 19

Maximal O2 Consumption

Back 19

the total capacity to consume O2 at the cellular level

Front 20

Metabolic Equivalent MET

Back 20

a simplified system for classifying phusical activities where one MET is equal to the resting O2 consumption, which is approz 3.5 ml of O2 per Kg of body wt pre min.

Front 21

Vasodilation

Back 21

increase in diameter of the blood vessels especially dialation of arerioles leading to increased blood flow to a part of the body

Front 22

Vasoconstriction

Back 22

decrease in diameter of the vessels that supply blood to the abdoinal area

Front 23

Systolic blood pressure

Back 23

generally refers to the amount of pressure generated by the contraction of the left ventricle

Front 24

Diastolic blood pressure

Back 24

the amount of pressure in the system when the heart muscle rests between contractions

Front 25

Overload principle

Back 25

beneficial adaptions occur in response to demands applied to the body at level beyond a certain threshold (overload) but within the limits of tolerance and safety

Front 26

Venous System

Back 26

return to the heart of the circulatory fluids by way of the veins

Front 27

Specificity of training

Back 27

for a individual to become proficient at any given movement, that movement must be trained and practiced; a specific demand made on the body will result in a specific response by the body.

Front 28

Motor neurons

Back 28

nerve cells that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery signaling muscles to contract or relax, regulating muscular movement

Front 29

Neurotransmitters

Back 29

chemical substances such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmit nerve impuleses across synapses

Front 30

Acetylcholine

Back 30

a white crystalline neurotransmitter and derivative of choline.

Front 31

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 31

the site at which a motor euron transmits info to a muscle fiber; the juction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies

Front 32

Myofibrils

Back 32

contractile proteins in a muscle fiber

Front 33

Actin

Back 33

contractile protein in a myofibril

Front 34

Myosin

Back 34

contractile protein in a myofibril

Front 35

Contractile proteins

Back 35

proteins primarily related to the process of muscle contraction

Front 36

Sarcomeres

Back 36

repeating unit of muscle fiber

Front 37

Sarcolemma

Back 37

the membrane surrounding sarcomere, which is the fuctional unit of a muscle fiber

Front 38

Sarcoplasm

Back 38

a gelatin like tissure surrounding the sarcomere

Front 39

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 39

the form of endoplasmic retuculum where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activation; located in striated muscle fibers.

Front 40

Sliding filament theory

Back 40

a generally accepted theory explaining the interaction between actin and myosin proteins and ATP to cause muscle contraction.

Front 41

Cross Bridge

Back 41

tiny projections from the myosin attach to the actin and form an actin-myosin bridge during muscle contraction

Front 42

Concentric Contraction

Back 42

a positive contraction that shortens the muscle

Front 43

Eccentric contraction

Back 43

a negative contraction that lengthens the muscle

Front 44

Isometric Contraction

Back 44

a contraction of individual fivers, but no change in the length of the whole muscle.

Front 45

Motor Unit

Back 45

a single motor nerve(from the spinal cord) and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

Front 46

Hypertrophy

Back 46

an increase in the # and size of myofibrils inside muscle fibers. An increased amount of myosin actin proteins that generate force

Front 47

Nervous inhibition

Back 47

both psychological and physiological; thinking a muscle is less capable than it actually is.

Front 48

Golgi tendon Organ

Back 48

a sensor which is part of the nervous system which protects against generating too much contractile force

Front 49

Dehydration

Back 49

a condition of having less than optimal level of body water

Front 50

Elasticity

Back 50

temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue.

Front 51

Muscle Spindles

Back 51

the sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle from being stretched too far.