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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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勘察/查
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kānchá* v. ①reconnoiter; prospect ②investigate; inspect ◆n. 〈geog.〉 prospecting
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指数[-數]
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zhǐshù* n. ①〈econ.〉 metric
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平等协商[--協-]
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píngděng xiéshāngv.p. consult on the basis of equality
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潜在[潛-]
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qiánzài attr. latent; potential
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推卸
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¹tuīxiè v. shirk (responsibility); refuse; decline
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局限
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júxiàn* v./s.v. limit; confine
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优先[優-]
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yōuxiān v. have priority ◆attr. preferential; preferred; priority
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专职[專職]
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zhuānzhí* n. ①full-time; sole/specific duty ②full-time task
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实践[實踐]
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shíjiàn n./v. practice as in "best practice"
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最佳实践
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zuìjiāshíjiàn best practice
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到位
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dàowèi v.o. ①reach the scheduled destination ②attain the desired goal ③meet the stipulated standard ④become available (of sth. expected)
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系数[係數]
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²xìshù n. 〈math.〉 coefficient
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抽样[-樣]
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chōuyàng* v.o. sample ◆n. sampling
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偏低
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piāndī v.o. be on the low side
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行列
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hángliè n. ①ranks; procession ②row or column
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遵循
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zūnxún v. follow; abide by; adhere to
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赚钱[賺錢]
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zhuànqián v.o. ①make money; make a profit ②earn a living
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股东[-東]
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gǔdōng* n. shareholder; stockholder M:ge/¹míng/²wèi
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利益相关
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Stakeholder
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贡献[貢獻]
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gòngxiàn* v. contribute; dedicate; devote | wèi zǔguó ∼ shēngmìng die for one's country ◆n. contribution | Wèi zǔguó zuò ∼ contribute to one's country
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趋势[趨勢]
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¹qūshì* n. trend; tendency | Mùqián de ∼ bùmíng. The trend isn't clear at present.
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精明
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¹jīngmíng* s.v. astute; shrewd | Shēngyirén de tóunǎo shífēn ∼. Businessmen have shrewd minds.
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团结[團結]
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tuánjié v./n. ①unite; rally ②agglomerate
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结合[結-]
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¹jiéhé* v. ①combine; unite; integrate; link | Qǐng bǎ zhè liǎng bùfen ∼ qǐlai. Please link these two parts. ②be joined in wedlock ③associate ◆n. fusion
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优势[優勢]
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¹yōushì n. superiority; preponderance
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外成的
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exogenous
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内因性的;由内部生长的
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endogenous
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可变物/易变物/可变因素; 我们制订计划时应该把所有的可变因素考虑进去
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variable; We should take all the variables into account when we make a plan.
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变量[變-]
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biànliàng n. 〈math.〉 variable; variance
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行为者;行动者
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actor
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确实性[確實-]
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quèshíxìng n. ①reliability; authenticity ②validity
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可信性
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credibility
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怀疑论[懷-論]
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huáiyílùn n. skepticism
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良心
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liángxīn conscience
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采购政策[採購]
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cǎigòuzhèngcè n. procurement policy
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后勤[後-]
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hòuqín n. 〈mil.〉 logistics
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审计[審計]
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shěnjì* v. audit
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查帐[-帳]
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cházhàng v.o. audit accounts | Shuìwùjú pài rén lái wǒmen gòngsī ∼. The tax bureau sent someone to our company to audit our accounts.
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钩稽[鉤-]
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gōujī v.o. ①examine ②audit (accounts)
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促进者; 便利措施
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¹biànlì ¹cuòshī facilitater
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坚持[堅-]
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jiānchí enforce 他坚持高标准。
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实施[實-]
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¹shíshī v. put into effect; implement
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雇佣[-傭] 条款[條-]
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gùyōng tiáokuǎn terms of engagement?? employ; hire ◆n. salaryn. clause; article; provision
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供应者/供应厂商[廠-]
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chǎngshāng n. SUPPLIER ①firm; business M:¹jiā ②manufacturer; factory owner
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供应链[-應鏈]
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¹gōngyìng³liàn n. supply chain
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incentive
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n. 鼓励
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激励[-勵]
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¹jīlì v. encourage; impel; urge (INCENTIVE)
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刺激
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cìjī* v. ①stimulate ②provoke; irritate; upset (INCENTIVE)
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行为准则[-為準則]
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xíngwèi zhǔnzé code of conduct
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限制
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¹xiànzhì* v. restrict; confine | Nǐ néng ∼ wǒ de zìyóu
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承诺[-諾]
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chéngnuò v. promise to do sth.; commitment (COMPLIANCE??)
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分散
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fēnsàn v. disperse; scatter; decentralize
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权力分散
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decentralized
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持久
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chíjiǔ* s.v. lasting; protracted
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挑战[-戰]
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tiǎozhàn n./v.o. challenge to battle/contest | Tā ¹xiàng wǒ ∼
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举办[舉辦]
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jǔbàn* v. conduct; hold; run; sponsor
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培育
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péiyù* v. ①cultivate; foster; breed
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主办[-辦]
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zhǔbàn* v. direct; sponsor; host | Huìyì shì yóu gōngsī ∼ de. The meeting was hosted by this company.
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学徒制[學--]
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xuétúzhì n. apprenticeship
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灵活性[靈--]
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línghuóxìng n. flexibility; adaptability; mobility
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迫切
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pòqiè s.v. urgent; pressing; imperative | Tā ∼ yāoqiú qù nóngcūn. He requests urgently to go to the countryside.
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焦点[-點]
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¹jiāodiǎn* n. focus; focal point
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变数[變數]
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biànshù n. 〈math.〉 variable
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与其[與-]
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¹yǔqí conj. rather than ◆cons. <b>∼ V1 bùrú V2</b> rather than V1 it is better to V2 | ∼ niánnián péiqián
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家族
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jiāzú* n. clan; family
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灌水
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guànshuǐ v.o. ①inject water into (meat/etc.) to increase the weight before marketing ②pour water into sth. ◆n. irrigation; watering; cook the books
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说服[說-]
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shuìfú v. persuade; talk sb. over | Tā shì bù nán ∼ de. He's not hard to persuade.
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批号[-號]
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pīhào n. lot/batch number
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字样[-樣]
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zìyàng* n. ①model of written characters ②expressions used in certain contexts | Xiāngzi shàng yǒu “Xiǎoxīn Qīngfàng!” ∼. On the box are the words “Handle with care!” ③word
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具备[-備]
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¹jùbèi* v. possess; have; be provided with | Tā ∼ shēnqǐng zīgé. He has the qualifications to apply.
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资格[資-]
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zīgé* n. ①qualifications | Nǐ méiyǒu ∼ cánjiā zhège huìyì. You lack of qualifications to take part in this meeting. ②seniority
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驱动[驅動]
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qūdòng* r.v. 〈mach.〉 drive (also for profits)
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转移[轉-]
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zhuǎnyí* v. ①shift; divest; transfer; divert | Gōngzhòng de zhùyìlì ∼ dào bié de shìqíng shang qù le. Public attention shifted to other things. ②change; transform ◆n. ①〈med.〉 metastasis ②transition ③removal; displacement
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管制
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guǎnzhì* v. ①control ②put under surveillance
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接近
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¹jiējìn* v./s.v. ①be close to; be near; approach | Xīn ³jiàn de gōngyuán ∼ shì zhōngxīn. The newly built park is close to downtown. ②be on intimate terms with
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垄断[壟斷]
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lǒngduàn v. monopolize | Zhè jiā gōngsī ∼le shìchǎng. This company has monopolized the market.
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到位
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dàowèi v.o. ①reach the scheduled destination ②attain the desired goal ③meet the stipulated standard ④become available (of sth. expected)
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与虎谋皮[與-謀-]
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yǔhǔmóupí id. ask sb. to act against his own interests
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斩/崭新[斬/嶄-]
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zhǎnxīn* attr. brand new; completely new
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撮合/和
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cuōhe v. ①make a match ②reconcile
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调控[調-]
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tiáokòng v. regulate and control
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抑制
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²yìzhì v. restrain; control; check | Zhèzhǒng ²yào huì ∼ gǔtou de shēngzhǎng. This medicine prevents bone growth. ◆n. ①〈psy.〉 inhibition ②〈psy.〉 depressing ③restraint
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整顿[-頓]
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zhěngdùn n./v. rectify; reorganize | Zhège bùmén zhèngzài tíngyè ∼. This department has stopped operations for reform.
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秩序
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¹zhìxù* n. ①order; sequence ②arrangement
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切实[-實]
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¹qièshí* s.v. feasible; practical; realistic | Zhège jìhuà ∼ kěxíng. This is a realistic plan. ◆adv. practically; honestly; conscientiously; realistically
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信任 xìnrèn*
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v. trust; have confidence in | Wǒ ∼ nǐ. I have confidence in you.
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缓解[緩-]
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huǎnjiě v. ①mitigate; alleviate; ease; relieve | Tā de bìngqíng yǒuxiē ∼. His illness eased a bit. ②relax
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构想[構-]
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gòuxiǎng v. visualize; conceptualize ◆n. ①proposition | Zhège ∼ hěn kěxíng. This idea is feasible. ②conceptualization; concept
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普及
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pǔjí* v. popularize; disseminate; spread | Wǒmen ∼le zhōng-xiǎoxué jiàoyù. We have popularized elementary and secondary education. ◆s.v. universal; popular
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严密[嚴-]
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yánmì s.v. ①tight; close | Wǒmen zài ∼ guānzhù ²shìtài de dòngxiàng. We are paying close attention to the development of the affair. ②strict; rigorous ③confidential; strictly secret
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捐献[-獻]
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juānxiàn v. contribute (to an organization) | Tuìxiū jiàoshòu bǎ tā de cángshū ∼ gěi túshūguǎn. A retired professor donated his book collection to the library.
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专才[專-]
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zhuāncái n. specialist; person specially good at sth.
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活跃[-躍]
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huóyuè* s.v. brisk; active; dynamic | ²Tā zài xuéshù lǐngyù fēicháng ∼. She is very active in the academic field. ◆v. enliven; animate; invigorate
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究竟
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jiūjìng* adv. ①actually; exactly ②after all; in the end | Shuí yě bùzhīdào zhè ⁴zuò huǒshān ∼ huì bù huì ²zài bàofā. Nobody really knows if the volcano will erupt again. ◆n. outcome; what actually happened
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竭尽[-盡]
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jiéjìn v. spare no effort
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扎扎实实[--實實]
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zhāzhashíshí r.f. very firm/solid
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贯彻[貫徹]
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guànchè* v. ①carry out; implement | ∼ dúshēng zǐnǚ zhèngcè implement the One-Child policy ②get to the bottom (of sth.) 贯彻公司的经营[經營]
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粗放
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cūfàng* v. 〈agr.〉 increase land use to expand production ◆attr. ①free and easy ②extensive 采取粗放的经营方式被动[-動]bèidòng s.v. ①passive ②disadvantageous | Nǐ bǎ wǒ gǎo de hěn ∼. You put me in disadvantage.
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被动[-動]
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bèidòng s.v. ①passive ②disadvantageous | Nǐ bǎ wǒ gǎo de hěn ∼. You put me in disadvantage.
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处于[處於]
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chǔyú v.p. be (in a certain condition) | Wǒmen mùqián ∼ yōushì. At present we are in a position of superiority.
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流程
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¹liúchéng* n. ①manufacturing/technological process/workflow ②course (of a river/etc.) ③〈min.〉 circuit
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优秀[優-]
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yōuxiù s.v. outstanding; excellent
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优异[優異]
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¹yōuyì v.p. 〈wr.〉 excellent; outstanding | Tā ¹yǐ ∼ de ¹chéngjì kǎorù Běidà. He was admitted to Beijing University with excellent examination results.
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业绩[業績]
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yèjì* n. outstanding achievement | Jīnnián tā de ∼ bùcuò. He has make outstanding achievements this year.
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严谨[嚴謹]
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¹yánjǐn s.v. ①rigorous; strict ②compact; well-knit | Zhè piān lùnwén jiégòu ∼. The essay is tightly written. ③careful; cautious
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务实[務實]
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¹wùshí* v. ①try to be practical/pragmatic ②deal with concrete matters ◆n. pragmatism
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严谨务实
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yanjinwushi rigorous pragmatism
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效益
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¹xiàoyì* n. beneficial result; benefit; productivity | Jīnnián wǒmen ¹chǎng de ∼ hěn hǎo. The productivity of our factory is high this year.
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较量[較-]
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jiàoliàng v.o. ①have a trial of strength/skill | Zhè liǎng ⁴zhī zúqiúduì yào ∼ sān cì. The two soccer teams will compete three times. ②haggle; argue; dispute
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软实力
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soft strength
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纺织工业[紡織-業]
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fǎngzhī gōngyè p.w. textile industry
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主办[-辦]
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zhǔbàn* v. direct; sponsor; host | Huìyì shì yóu gōngsī ∼ de. The meeting was hosted by this company.
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精细[-細]化
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¹jīngxì s.v. --improvement--①meticulous; fine | Zhōngguó yǒu hěn duō zuògōng ∼ de gōngyìpǐn. China has a lot of handicraft products of exquisite workmanship. ②careful and attentive; thorough
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急剧/遽[-劇/遽]
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¹jíjù adv. rapid; sharp; sudden; urgent | Bìngqíng ∼ èhuà. The illness has worsened precipitously.
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重申
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chóngshēn v. reaffirm; reiterate; restate | Zhōngguó ∼ yǒngyuǎn bù ³zuò chāojí dàguó. China reaffirms that it will never be a superpower.
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全方位
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quánfāngwèi n. omnidirection; comprehensiveness ◆attr. ①omnibearing ②comprehensive; all-inclusive
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深远[-遠]
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shēnyuǎn* s.v. ①profound and far-reaching ②discerning; clairvoyant
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构成[構-]
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gòuchéng r.v. constitute; form; compose; make up ◆n. formation goucheng yige weixie
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假冒
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jiǎmào* v. ①pose as ②palm off (a fake as genuine) | Zhè jiā shāngdiàn bǎ yībān shāngpǐn ∼ míngpái chūshòu. This store sells ordinary merchandise as brand name goods.
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毕竟[畢-]
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¹bìjìng* adv. after all; when all is said and done | Nǐmen ∼ shì duōnián de péngyǒu le. After all
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质量体系认证
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ISO
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2007中纺圆桌企业社会责任论坛
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紡) [fǎng]
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鉴定[鑒-]
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jiàndìng v. appraise; identify; authenticate | Zhèxie gǔdǒng dōu jīngguò zhuānjiā ∼. All these antiques were appraised by experts. ◆n. appraisal
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弊端
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bìduān* n. malpractice; abuse; corrupt practice | Zhège zhìdù shíxíng qǐlai huì yǒu hěn duō ∼. This system in practice will result in many problems.
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有油水可捞
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yóushui n. 〈coll.〉 ①profit ②“squeeze” ③oil/fat in cooked foods 捞(F撈) [lāo] dredge for; fish for; scoop up out of water
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|捞[撈]
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lāo v. ①drag for; dredge up ②get by improper means; can squeeze some profits"
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机遇[機-]
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¹jīyù n. 〈wr.〉 opportunity; favorable circumstances
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沉着[-著]
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¹chénzhuó s.v. cool-headed; composed; calm; imperturbable ◆n. deposition
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研讨会[-討會]
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yántǎohuì n. seminar; symposium
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抬头[-頭]
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táitóu v.o. ①raise one's head ②gain ground; improve | Mínzú fēnlí-zhǔyì ¹shìli yǒusuǒ ∼. The forces of national separation are gaining ground a bit. ③go up (in price) ◆n. ①start a new line for the name of the addressee (to show respect
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加剧[-劇]
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¹jiājù v.p. aggravate; intensify | Tā de bìngqíng ∼ le. His illness has taken a turn for the worse.
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摩/磨擦
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mócā v. rub; chafe; scour ◆n. friction; clash (between two parties) | Tāmen liǎng zhījiān yǒudiǎnr xiǎo ∼. There's a little friction between these two.
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决策机制[決-]
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juécè v.o. make policy ◆n. policy decision 机制[機製]
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有待
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yǒudài v. remain (to be done); be pending | ∼ jiějué de wèntí problems awaiting solution
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滞后[滯後]
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²zhìhòu v.p. lagging; delayed
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陶醉
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¹táozuì v. be intoxicated (with success /etc.); revel in | ²Tā ∼ zài xìngfú zhōng. She was engulfed in happiness.
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工商联[--聯]
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gōngshānglián p.w. association of industry and commerce
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差事
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chāishi* n. ①errand; assignment ②commission ③job
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毫不相称[-稱]
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háobù¹xiāngchèn not at all matched
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阻挠[-撓]
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zǔnáo v. obstruct; thwart; prevent | Tāmen qǐtú ∼ tánpàn. They tried to obstruct the negotiations
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待遇
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dàiyù* n. ①treatment; reception ②remuneration; pay; wages; salary | Mǎtou gōngrén de ∼ hěn hǎo. The wharfers are well paid.
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行贿[-賄]
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xínghuì* v.o. bribe | Tā ¹shìtú ¹xiàng wǒ ∼. He tried to bribe me.
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赋予/与[賦-/與]
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¹fùyǔ* v. endow; entrust | Xiàozhǎng ∼ xìzhǔrèn zhòngrèn. The president entrusted a very important task to the department chair.
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启示[啟-]
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¹qǐshì v./n. enlighten; inspire | Tā de jīngyàn gěi wǒ hěn dà ∼. His experiences greatly inspired me.
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凭借/藉[憑-/-]
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¹píngjiè v. ①rely/depend on ②by means of; on the strength of; thanks to ◆n. sth. one relies on
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遵守
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zūnshǒu v. observe; abide by | Jūnrén ¹bìxū ∼ jìlǜ. Soldiers must observe discipline.
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约束[約-]
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¹yuēshù n./v. ①control; restrain; bind; dominate | Tā zhège rén shì ∼ bùzhù de. There's no holding him. ②〈lg〉 dominate 西方国家始终关注经济发展过程中的伦理问题并通过各种评价标准的建立形成促使企业遵守伦理的外部约束
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多样性[-樣-]
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duōyàngxìng n. diversity
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伦理准则 企业社会责任准则; 经营行为准则
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code of conduct
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规范[規範]
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¹guīfàn* n./s.v. standard; norm | Nǐ de fāyīn bù ∼. Your pronunciation is not stardard.
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全球契约[-約]
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qìyuē* n. contract; deed; charter M:¹zhāng
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倡议[-議]
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chàngyì* v. ①propose ②make a motion; advocate
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共同繁荣
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co prosperity 繁荣[-榮] fánróng* s.v. flourishing; prosperous; booming ◆v. make sth. Prosper
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协助[協-]
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xiézhù* n./v. assist; help | Tāmen ∼ wǒ zuò diàochá. They are assisting me in the investigation. ◆attr. auxiliary
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报偿[報償]
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bàocháng
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勤勉
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qínmiǎn s.v. diligent; assiduous
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拘泥
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jūnì v./s.v. ①be a stickler for (form/etc.) ②rely only on | ∼ xiǎoshì de rén bàn bù chéng dàshì. Punctilious people cannot handle major issues.
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无限期[無--]
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wúxiànqī n. indefinite duration
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假冒
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jiǎmào* v. ①pose as ②palm off (a fake as genuine) | Zhè jiā shāngdiàn bǎ yībān shāngpǐn ∼ míngpái chūshòu. This store sells ordinary merchandise as brand name goods.
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查处[-處]
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cháchǔ* v. investigate and prosecute | Nàge gōngsī de jīnglǐ bèi jǐngchā ∼ le. The manager of that company has been investigated and prosecuted by the police.
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面广[-廣]
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miànguǎng s.v. extensive
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加细[-細]
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²jiāxì v.p. be detailed ◆adv. finely; minutely ◆n. refinement
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莫大
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mòdà attr. greatest; utmost
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拼成
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pīnchéng* r.v. piece together
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申报[-報]
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shēnbào v. ①report to a higher body ②declare (dutiable goods) | Guò hǎiguān ²shí yào ∼ huòwù de guānshuì. One must declare dutiable goods at the customs. ◆n. name of the first newspaper published in Shanghai (1872)
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忍住
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rěnzhù* r.v. bear; endure; restrain manifestations of feelings
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限速
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xiànsù attr. rate-limiting; speed-limiting ◆v.o. limit the speed
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秩序
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¹zhìxù* n. ①order; sequence ②arrangement; like biz agreement
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侵犯
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¹qīnfàn v. 〈law〉 violate; infringe on (sb.'s rights) | Nǐ zhè shì ¹zài ∼ rénquán. Your action violates human rights.
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共同点[--點]
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gòngtóngdiǎn n. common ground
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提炼[-煉]
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tíliàn* v. abstract; refine
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机智[機-]
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¹jīzhì* s.v. quick-witted; resourceful ◆n. quick-wittedness
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自律
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zìlǜ n. ①self-discipline ②autonomy (ethics)
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出笼[-籠]
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chūlóng v.o. ①come out of the steamer ②come out of a cage; be set free ③〈derog.〉 come forth; appear | ¹Jiù zhèyàng yī ge xié'è de jìhuà ∼ le. Thus an evil plan came into being. ④issue banknotes/etc. ⑤release a bad publication/plan/etc.
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推求
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tuīqiú v. inquire into; ascertain
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提炼[-煉]
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tíliàn* v. abstract; refine
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美誉[-譽]
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³měiyù n. good name/reputation
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享有
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xiǎngyǒu* v. enjoy (a right/etc.) | Rénrén ∼ píngděng de quánlì. Everyone enjoyes equal rights.
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狼狈[-狽]
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lángbèi s.v. ①helplessly dependent ②in an awkward situation ③complicit ④disorientated; distracted ◆n. 〈derog.〉 Scoundrel! Scum!
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最终用户[-終-戶]
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zuìzhōng yònghù n. 〈lg./comp.〉 end user
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生产型[-產-]
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shēngchǎnxíng* n. production model
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彻/澈底[徹/澈-]
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chèdǐ* adv. thorough(going) | Yào ∼ gǎidiào nǐ de huài xíguàn. You must thoroughly change your bad habits. ◆s.v. be able to see the bottom of; get to the bottom of
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步伐
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¹bùfá n. step; pace
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布局
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bùjú n. ①overall arrangement; distribution ②composition (of picture/etc.) ③position (of chessboard pieces)
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挂钩[掛鉤]
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guàgōu* v.o. ①〈traf.〉 couple (two railway coaches); articulate ②link up with; establish contact with ◆n. ①hook ②coupling links
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挫/剉折
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cuòzhé n./v. ①setback; reverse | Tā yīshēng shòuguo hěn duō ∼. In his lifetime he has experienced many setbacks. ②frustrate ③encounter difficulties
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掌管
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zhǎngguǎn v. be in charge of | Jīnglǐ ∼zhe gōngsī de zījīn. The manager controls the fund of the company.
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实体[實體]
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shítǐ n. ①〈lg.〉 data ②〈phil.〉 substance ③entity
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抛开[拋開]
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pāokāi* r.v. ①disregard; not worry about | Tā ∼ yīqiè fánnǎo zhuānxīn xiězuò. He disregards all the headaches and concentrates on writing. ②throw away/aside
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掩盖[-蓋]
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yǎngài* v. cover; conceal | Tā xiǎng bǎ zhēnxiàng ∼ qǐlai. He tried to conceal the truth.
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同工同酬
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tónggōngtóngchóu f.e. equal pay for equal work
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谨慎[謹-]
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jǐnshèn* s.v. cautious; circumspect | Kāichē shí yào xiǎoxīn ∼. One must be careful and cautious when driving.
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污染避难所假说
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so called pollution haven hypothesis [-難] bìnàn v.o. take refuge; seek asylum
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包含
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bāohán* v. ①contain; embody; include ②tolerate; excuse; indulge ◆n. inclusion
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绩效[績-]
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¹jìxiào n. results; effect; achievements
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采掘业透明度行动计划
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cǎijué EITI
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多纤维协议 [纖維]
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xiānwéi MFA
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得天独厚[--獨-]
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détiāndúhòu f.e. be particularly favored by nature
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围绕[圍繞]
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wéirào v. ①move around ②center on; revolve around ③embrace; enclose; encircle ④concentrate/focus on (some issue/problem) | Dàjiā ∼zhe zhè ge wèntí jìnxíngle tǎolùn. We focused our discussion on this issue.
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劣质[-質]
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lièzhì* n. inferior quality
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召回
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zhàohuí* r.v. recall (e.g. diplomats)
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挫/剉折
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cuòzhé n./v. ①setback; reverse | Tā yīshēng shòuguo hěn duō ∼. In his lifetime he has experienced many setbacks. ②frustrate ③encounter difficulties
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愈演愈烈
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yùyǎnyùliè f.e. ①get worse and worse ②grow in intensity
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指责[-責]
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zhǐzé* v. censure; criticize | Tāmen de xíngwéi shòudàole ∼. Their behavior has been criticized.
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可着[-著]
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kězhe v.p. 〈coll.〉 manage to make do
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福祉
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fúzhǐ n. 〈wr.〉 ①happiness; blessedness ②welfare
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拆开[-開]
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chāikāi r.v. take apart; open; separate 我们怎样才能把成功和幸福之间想当然的联系拆开？
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浪潮
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làngcháo n. ①tide; wave ②tendency ③major social movement
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确凿[確鑿]
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quèzáo* s.v. conclusive; authentic; irrefutable | Hái méiyǒu ∼ de zhèngjù. There's no irrefutable proof yet.
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倔巴
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juèba s.v. 〈topo.〉 gruff; blunt
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倔强[-強]
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juéjiàng s.v. stubborn; unbending | Tā cóngxiǎo xìnggé ∼. He has been headstrong since childhood.
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委屈
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wěiqu* v./s.v. ①feel wronged; wrong sb. ②be obstructed (in one's career) ③inconvenience (sb.) ◆n. grievance; complaints
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