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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the oldest scientific study?
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anatomy
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duh
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Name two of the earliest anatomists.
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Hippocrates
Galen |
water
rowell |
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What does the endocrine system contain?
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hormone secreting glands, etc.
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main thing
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Where did the greatest shift in attitude towards the treatment of disease occur?>
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ancient greece
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lightning
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What was the belief for the cause of disease before the Greeks?
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supernatural: God was angry with you
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wrath
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What model showed the theory of rational explanation in Greece?
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four-humor model
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blank, blank, blank, blank
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What were the four humors of ancient greece?
|
blood
phlegm yellow bile black bile |
red
green yellow black |
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What did the Greeks think the three stages of disease were?
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1)imbalance between the humors
2)a boiling reaction to this imbalance 3)discharge of imbalanced humor or death |
1)scales
2)fire 3)flood or bye bye |
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What did the Greeks prescribe to fix the disease?
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change of diet, balanced routine of sleep and exercise, mineral spirits and plant extracts, draining wounds, etc.
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stuff...
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What did the Greeks change that made a great change in the field of medicine?
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hygiene
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soap
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hippocrates is considered the father of _______ medecine.
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Western
|
saddles
|
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When did Hippocrates live?
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460-370BC
|
just look
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Where did Hippocrates theorize that disease came from?
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ingenstion of bad foods or weather
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poisonous clouds
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Who was the first to use the humoral theory as a diagnostic tool with the practice of clinical observation of a patients symptoms?
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Hippocrates
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water..again...
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How did Hippocrates gain anatomical knowledge?
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did not disect corpses, looked at old human bones and wounds
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no zombies: skely and flash
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What do graduating medical students do today that students at the school of Hippocrates did ages earlier?
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Hippocratic oath
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oath
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Name a few of the books included in Hippocrates' Corpus Hippocratium
|
On Airs, Waters, and Places
On the Articulations On Ancient Medicine Aphorisms The book of prognosis, etc. |
blah
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When was Aristotle alive?
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384-322BC
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62
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What two naturalist sects did Aristotle study most?
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biology and zoology
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living animals
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What is it called when one studies animal's anatomy to get a better idea of human anatomy?
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Comparative anatomy
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venn diagram
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About how many elements occur naturally in abundance in our bodies?
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2 dozen
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bakers
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Name 8 of the elements that occur naturally in abundance in our bodies
|
calcium
carbon hydrogen oxygen phosphorous potassium |
cant..
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What do the cells of our body require to survive?
|
water
glucose oxygen |
h20
c6h1206 02 |
|
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Approx what percent of our bodies are water?
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75%
|
-15
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What is water called when inbetween cells?
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interstitial fluid
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interns
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Ionic compounds are dissolved in water and some cells feed off the ____ that result.
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electrolytes
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smart water
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What is the normal ph for the human body?
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7.4
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medium
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What are ions used for in the body?
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muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, intracellular signal transduction
|
flex
see cell phone |
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What does cellular respiration do?
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converts the ebergy from the chemical bonds in glucose to energy bonds of ATP: can then be used by the cell for movement, maitnenence and repair
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c6h1206 to atp
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Define condensation at the cellular level.
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Water is removed from two adjacent molecules to form a bond between them
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take away h20
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Define hydrolysis at the cellular level
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occurs when water is used to break bonds from larger molecules to form smaller molecules
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just add water
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Hydrolysis and condensation encourage what two types of events?
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anabolic and catabolic
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ana cat
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The process of oxidization is a vital step in cellular ______.
|
respiration
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breath
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Name the four major types of tissue
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epithelial
connective muscle nervous |
skin
tacky flex see |
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What do epithelial cells do?
|
Cover our body
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sunlight protection
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Cancers of epithelial cells are called?
|
carcinomas
|
smoking
|
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Name two connective tissue area thingies...
where they are located! |
blood
bone |
sangue
ami |
|
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What are three types of muscle tissue?
|
caridac
skeletal smooth |
heart
ami plush |
|
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How many bones did Alessandro Achillino think we have in our hand?
|
30
|
trente
|
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How many bones do we have in our hand?
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19 (not including wrist)
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dix-neuf
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What is the attempt to understand personality by studying face stuctures known as?
|
physiognomy
|
body gnomes (ew...)
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What works did Aristotle write?
|
De paribus animalium (On the Parts of Animals)
De generative animalium (On the Generation of Animals) |
parts my generation
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The anatomy and physiology of over ___ animals was covered in Aristotles works.
|
500
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cinq cent
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What is Aristotle known for discovering the difference between?
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nerves and tendons
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eyes
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What is Aritotle known for describing/discovering?
|
major arteries and their branches into smaller blood vessels
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circulation
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What theory did Aristotle dismiss concerning pregnancy?
|
the preformation theory
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small adults that grow
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Name a few of Aristotles experiments.
|
-develpoment of a heart on 4rth day in chick embryo
-theory of pangeneis -establishment of early field of embryology |
just look
|
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When was the term pangenisis introduced?
|
Charles Darwin's days
|
beagle
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What greek anatomist is often called the "Father of Anatomy" that attended the Alexandrian School?
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Herophilus (335-280 BC)
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beatrice cousin philum
|
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Where is the Alexandrian School located?
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Alexandria, Egypt
|
cleopatra's house
|
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Who was Herophilus' contemporary?
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Erasistratus (300-260BC)
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erase clouds
|
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How many dead bodies did Erasistratus and Herophilus study?
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more than 600
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six cent
|
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What is a cadaver?
|
dead body
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corpse
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Herophilus recognized the _____ as the center of the ______ system.
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brain
nervous system |
mushy grey thing
hella |
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Herophilus made the first step in what sect of anatomy?
|
neuroscience
|
brain
|
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Herophlius distinguished the ______ (brain part) from the ________ (nother brain part, ____ nerves from ____ nerves and proclaimed the brain to be the "source of _____".
|
cerebrum
cerebellum sensory motor thought |
brum
bell eye flex cloud |
|
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What book did Herophilus write? What did it describe?
|
Anatomica (On Anatomy)
facets of the human brain, including the cerebral ventricals and the venous sinuses |
just look
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The name duodenum is used to describe what part of the body?
|
the passage from the stomache to the intestine
|
acid to detest
|
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Herophelius described the dudodenum as what? Why?
|
dodekadaktylon
estimated size of 12 finger lengths |
dodekahedron
|
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What did Herophilus recognize about nerves?
|
-difference between sensory nerves and voluntary movement nerves
-damage could eventually lead to paralysis |
venn sense & move
paraplegic |
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Erasistratus was more of a _______ than herophilus.
|
physiologist
|
body
|
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Erasistratus ultimatly became the leader of what school?
|
Alexandrian school
|
egypt
|
|
|
Explain Erasistratus' pneumatic theory.
|
describes heart as a pump and delineated the auricles of the heart, the cardiac valves and many blood vessels:
the aorta, the pulmonary atery and pulmonary vein, the hepatic artery and vein and both the superior and inferior vena cava |
circulatory system focus on heart
|
|
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Erasistratus beleived that the nerves were chanels that carried vital ___ to the various parts of the body.
|
air
|
pneuma
|
|
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Erasistratus knew that oragans were served by what three fold network?
|
artery
vein nerve |
just look
|
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Erasistratus thought that veins carried blood, arteries transported _______ ________ and nerves transported ______ ________.
|
animal spirits
nervous spirits |
dog ghosts
hella ghosts |
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Erasistratus descovered cerebral _______, the ventricles, and the ______ coverings of the brain.
|
convultions
meningial |
twitch
menigitis |
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When was Galen born?
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129AD
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roman early
|
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How many medical treatises did Galen write?
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over 130
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cent trente
|
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What were all Galen's medical tratises known as?
|
De usu partium (On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body)
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useful parting
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For how long were Galen's theories unchallenged in the Western World?
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1,500 years
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long time 15X100
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What famous class of people did Galen treat in Rome?
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gladiators
|
russel crowe
|
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Because dissection of people was forbidden in Rome, what did Galen study?
|
dissected animals
|
same thing as ppl but "not as important"
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T or F: Because Galen dissected animals, all his tehories on how the human body worked were true.
|
FALSE
|
easy
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What did Galen discover about arteries? What had people believed about them before that?
|
that they carreid blood
that they carried air |
02 vs sangue
|
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Where did Galen gain his medical knowledge?
|
the Asclepion at Pergamum
|
A @ P
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Galen's study of ancient anatomical texts proved to him that clinical ________ was the greatest necessity for curing ailments.
|
observation
|
regarde
|
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What animals did Galen study in place of humans? (they have anatomy similar to humans)
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barbary apes
|
barbara
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Galen encouraged physicians to discover the effects of their ______ and thus laid the early groundwork for physiological connections to annatomical design.
|
treatments
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medicine
|
|
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Did Galen support his observation with evidence?
|
yes
|
yea
|
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What body part did Galen discover plays an integral role in movement and paralysis?
|
spinal cord
|
sting of bones
|
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Galen also discovered that the diaphram plays a part in _______.
|
respiration
|
breath
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In what ways were Galens theories incorrect?
|
location of vital organs
tripatite system (liver heart brain inject natural, vital, and animal spirits into veins, arteries and nerves and then animal spirits transported throughout body) four humors |
location
three four |
|
|
What was the most influential of the Arab texts? Who wrote them?
|
The Canon of Medicine
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) |
boom of pills
son of guy whose name sounds like ghandi's muslim counterpart |
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How many works did Ibn Sina write, and what were they mostly about?
|
over 400
medicine, philosophy, mathematics |
quatre cent
pills, brains, number puzzles |
|
|
What were the catalysts for anatomical research?
|
Universities
|
big learning places
|
|
|
Name two Universities that were essential in the study of anatomy.
|
University of Padua (1222)
University of Bologna (c. 1088) |
foot
lunch meat |
|
|
What was probably the first University in the Western World?
|
university of bologna
|
lunch meat
|
|
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Who contributed to the birth of the University of Bologna?
|
Giosuè Carducci
|
giomom cardinal
|
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|
16th Century those of "______ _______", that is, experimental science. The philosopher Pietro Pomponazzi upheld the study of the laws of nature against the traditionalist position of Theology and Philosophy. A representative figure of this period was Ulisse Aldrovandi, whose contribution ranged from pharmacopoeia to the study of _______, fossils, and marvels of _______ which he collected and classified.
|
natural magic
animals nature |
magic
dogs trees |
|
|
Alessandro Achillini is sometimes called the second ______ ?
|
aristotle
|
aquinas' lover
|
|
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Alessandro lecteured in medicine and philosphy at which schools?
|
Bologna and Padua
|
feet and lunch meat
|
|
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Name two of Alessandro Achillini's works.
|
Corpores humani Anatomia
Anatomicae Annotationes |
just look
|
|
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What did Alessando Achillini discover?
|
first to describe the malleus and incus and demonstrated that there are seven tarsal bones
knew the ileo-caecal valve and gave a detailed description of the duodenum, ileum and colon |
lots of parts
|
|
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Who isk nows as the Founder of Modern Anatomy?
|
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
|
drea vesal
|
|
|
Andreas V. was a professor of what and what at the University of Padua?
|
surgery
anatomy |
operation
body parts |
|
|
What did A.V. do that many other anatomists had not done?
|
disect humans
made notes and drawings on findings |
cadavers
sketch |
|
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What illustrations did A.V. publish in 1538 with the help of the printing press?
|
Tabulae Sex
|
tablets gender
|
|
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What did Vesalius publish in 1543?
|
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body)
|
seven books
|
|
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How old was Vesalius when he published on the fabric of the human body?
|
29
|
vingt neuf
|
|
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How many engraved illustrations were in his work?
|
180
|
|
|
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Because of the sucess of Vesalius' work, he was appointed to be the physician to whom?
|
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
|
big french guy #5
|
|
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What did Vesalius prove was not a proper healing method?
|
blood-letting
|
cut and go
|
|
|
Michael Servetus (1511-1559) was a student of whom?
What did Servetus discover? |
Vesalius
pulmonary circuit of the blood circulating from from the right chamber of the heart to the lung septum impermeable |
AV
bedroom to breathe no poke |
|
|
What did Another of Vesalius' pupils, Realdo Columbus (1515-1559), discover?
|
advances in the study of circulation of the blood and process of respiration
firs to coin term "circulation" |
sangue and breath
|
|
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What titles did Paracelsus hold?
|
alchemist
physician astrologer occultist |
stone
doctor stars pagan |
|
|
What is Parcelsus mean?
|
superior ot celsus (an early roman anatomist)
|
super census
|
|
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What is Paracelsus often called the father of?
|
toxicology
|
poison
|
|
|
Why did Parcelsus study alchemy?
|
to find out what chemicals and shtuff could be used as medicine to aid the human body
|
no stone
|
|
|
What country was Paracelsus from?
|
germany
|
mazi propoganda
|
|
|
What coutnry was Ambroise Pare from?
|
france
|
|
|
|
Who was considered the master surgeon of the sixteenth century?
|
Ambroise Pare
|
french oil
|
|
|
In the 16th century, what was Paris' only public hospital?
|
Hotel-Dieu
|
vacation for god
|
|
|
After running out of scalding oil to treat bullet wounds at a battle in 1536, what did Pare create to treat them with?
|
a salve of egg yolks, turpentine, and rose oil
|
baby birds
paint thinner rose juice |
|
|
Pare also recognized the importance of good _____.
|
posture
|
spine
|
|
|
T or F: Physicians often hired artists to document their findings with detailed diagrams?
|
true
|
yea
|
|
|
What are tissues made out of?
What invention was used to discover this? |
cells
microscope |
oragnelle holders
kaleidascope without glass |
|
|
What is a histologist?
|
scientist who studies tissues
|
made out of cells
|
|
|
Name an artist who studied human bodies to satify his curiosty of physiology.
also drew quite a few diagrams of them. |
Leonardo Da Vinci
|
"father of the high renaissance"
|
|
|
How many corpses did Da vinci dissect throughout his lifetime?
|
more than 30
|
trente
|
|
|
What was Leonardo Da vinci's flaw in his anatomical studies?
|
saw anatomy in an emotional rather than a purely scientific way: this led him to project theories about how he felt the body should work onto his drawings. One example, which shows a couple having sex, bisected from head to toe, portrays semen as coming from the brain, along the spinal cord, and reaching the penis through a tube for which he would have had no physical evidence.
|
emo
|
|
|
why did Michelangelo disect corpses?
|
better knowledge of the human body for art
|
paint
|
|
|
Name two works by Michelangelo that show his superior knowledge of the human body.
|
The Creation of Adam
David |
Adam and david
|
|
|
What did Albrech Duere sutdy to get better at art?
|
geometry and anatomy
|
geo ana
|
|
|
Where did Gabriello Fallopio study?
|
Ferrara
|
fast car
|
|
|
What Gabriello fallopio credited with?
|
added much to what was known before about the internal ear and described in detail the tympanum and its relations to the osseous ring in which it is situated. He also described minutely the circular and oval windows (fenestræ) and their communication with the vestibule and cochlea. He was the first to point out the connection between the mastoid cells and the middle ear. His description of the lachrymal passages in the eye was a marked advance on those of his predecessors and he also gave a detailed account of the ethmoid bone and its cells in the nose. His contributions to the anatomy of the bones and muscles were very valuable.
|
stuff in head
|
|
|
What great discovery did G. Fallopio make concerning the reproductive system?
|
fallopian tubes
|
his name
|
|
|
What did Bartolomeo Eustachi(us) discover?
|
inner workings of ear, first who described the internal and anterior muscles of the malleus, as also the stapedius, and the complicated figure of the cochlea, anatomy of the teeth
|
grin from ear to ear ears
|
|
|
What is Hieronymus Fabricius known for studying?
|
formation of the fetus, the structure of the esophagus, stomach and bowels, and the peculiarities of the eye, the ear and the larynx
|
just look
|
|
|
What if H. Fabricius' main claim to fame?
|
discovery of the membranous folds, which he names valves, in the interior of veins
|
valves
|
|
|
When was Marcello Malpighi born?
|
1628
|
same year Harvey published his work on blood
|
|
|
What is Marcello Malpighi known for discovering?
|
capillaries
|
cap of veins and arteries
|
|
|
When was William Harvey around?
|
Jacobean England
|
jack and bean stalk
|
|
|
What is Harvey known for mapping out?
|
the entire circulatory system, except the capillaries
|
sangue
|
|
|
How old was Henry Gray, anatomist and surgeon, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society?
|
33
|
trente trois
|
|
|
What is Henry Gray famous for?
|
His book of drawings of the human body and compilation on how each of the systems work
|
encyclopedia
|
|
|
When was Gray's anatomy published?
|
1858
|
just look
|
|
|
At what age did Henry Gray die?
|
34
|
1 year after royal society
|
|
|
Where did Henry Gray teach/study anatomy?
|
St George's Hospital Medical School in London
|
|
|
|
What does anatomy mean when disected?
|
tomy =to cut
ana =apart |
emo kids
|
|
|
What does physiology mean when dissected?
|
physio = nature
ology= the study of |
tree study
|
|
|
Gross Anatomy
|
anatomy you can see with the naked eye
|
eye
|
|
|
Microscopic anatomy
|
anatomy you need a microscope to see
|
kaleidascope
|
|
|
Cytology
|
the study of cells
|
organelle holders
|
|
|
Histology
|
the study of tissues
|
kleenex
|
|
|
Radiological anatomy
|
anatomy only seen with non invasive machines: provides a molecular-based opital disection of the human body
aka electromagnetic imaging |
x rays
|
|
|
anatomical position
|
standing erect w/arms at side, palms facing forward
|
O-<-<
|
|
|
What are the three planes of anatomy?
|
sagittal
transverse frontal |
sag
tans fron |
|
|
Sagittal
|
imaginary line that divides the body into left and right parts
|
gauche et droit
|
|
|
midsagittal cut
|
midline(median) divides the body in to two equal parts
|
equal
|
|
|
Transverse
|
divides the body horizontally, top and bottom, creates a cross section
|
cross section
|
|
|
Frontal
|
divides the body into front and back, anterior and posterior aka coronal section
|
coronal section
|
|
|
bilateral symmetry
|
right half of the body is symetrical to the left half
|
butterfly
|
|
|
superior
|
higher/ closer to the skull
|
skull
|
|
|
inferior
|
below another/closer to the feet
|
feet
|
|
|
anterior
|
toward the front of the body
|
tummy
|
|
|
posterior
|
toward the back of the body
|
bum
|
|
|
medial
|
imaginary midline dividing the body equally into left and right halves. body part closer to midsaggital line is medial to another part
|
middle
|
|
|
lateral
|
closer to the sides, rather than the midsagittal plane
|
outside
|
|
|
proximal
|
closer to the point of attachment or origin
|
origin
|
|
|
distal
|
further away from the point of attachment or origin for that body part
|
fingers
|
|
|
How many major body cavities are there?
|
four
|
quatre
|
|
|
Cranial cavity
|
encases the brain
|
|
|
|
spinal cavity
|
from cranial cavity to base of spine, encases spinal cord
|
cord
|
|
|
thoracis cavity
|
upper compartment: heart, esophagus, organs of respiratory system
|
chest
|
|
|
abdominal cavity
|
lower compartment, organs of digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems
|
abdomen
|
|
|
What is the human body composed of at the smallest level?
|
atoms
|
adam
|
|
|
Aggregates of chemical combinations form cellular compositions called ____
|
organelles
|
baby systems
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
98.6 : temperature your body must be at to work properly
|
yeah
|
|
|
metabolism
|
sum of reactions between getting energy and using it
|
sum
|
|
|
cells
|
smallest building blocks of life (tissues, braincells, blood)smallest stuctures known to exhibit the characteristics of life
|
block
|
|
|
How many cells are in the human body?
|
100 trillion
|
shiza load
|
|
|
tissues
|
aggregates of similar cells that perform a function (ie nervous tissue stimulates muscle cells tissue to get theh eart to contract)
|
what cells make
|
|
|
Organs
|
composed of several different tissues that work together to form a structure that performs a specific function (ie heart, liver, kidney)
|
what tissues make
|
|
|
systems
|
composed of two or more organs that work together to perform a more complex function
|
what organs make
|
|
|
anabolic
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constructive part of metabolism
|
tool belt wearers
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|
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catabolic
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destructive part of metabolism
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wrecking ball
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What are muscle tissue's compromised of?
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muscle fibers
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grain
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What is nervous tissue comprimised of?
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neurons or nerve cells and neuroglia
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neur----s
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where is nervous tissue located?
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brain
spinal cord peripheral nerves |
mushy grey
cord eye |
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What can nervous tissue do?
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generate and transmit electrical signals that convey sensory information
stimulate movemnt integrate information |
yadda yadda yadda, just look
|
|
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In percentage, about how much of the human body is composed of water?
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75%
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100-15
|
|
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What type of tissue may have Pseudostratified Columnar arrangement of cells?
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E Science pithelial tissue
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|
|
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All connective tissue types contain an extracellular matrix that includes what two main components?
|
fibers and ground substance
|
|
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Epithelium described as keratinized, stratified-squamous epthelium is found wherei n the body?
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skin
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epidermus
|
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An epithelium that changes its shape from cuboidal to squamous when it becomes distended, such as occurs in the urinary bladder as it fills with urine, is called?
|
transitional epithelium
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trans
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|
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Pproduced by fibroblasts, the most abundant connective tissue fiber, and in fact the most common protein in the body is?
|
collagen
|
face lift
|
|
|
Name the connective tissue cell type that stores fat
|
adipocyte
|
add
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|
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the connective tissue fiber type that allows your skin to return to its normal configuration after it is scrunched up or stretched
|
elastin
|
waistband
|
|
|
Bones that are found embedded within tendons of some muslces (like the patella for example) are called
|
sesamoid bones
|
sesame street
|
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the central canals of the osteons within compact bone, where one finds small blood vessels and nerves, are
|
haversian canals
|
|
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the components in spongy bone that are arranged in irregular honeycomb patterns are called
|
trabeculae
|
|
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What hormone causes calcium extraction from bone in order to raise blood levels when they become too low?
|
parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
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inflammation of bone and bone marrow is called
|
osteomyelitis
|
bone
|
|
|
Bone marror tansplant in cnacer patients is often necessary to replace what important cell type?
|
stem cells
|
abotion
|
|
|
decrease inb one density in the elderly related tot housands of bone fractures a year is called
|
osteoporosis
|
|
|
|
average life span of a red blood cell
|
120 days
|
12810
|
