Ac Ii Exam 2

Front 1

a dose wherein no additional analgesia is produced regardless of further dose increases

Back 1

analgesic ceiling

Front 2

transient moderate to severe pain that occurs above the pain treated by current analgesic treatment protocol

Back 2

breakthrough pain

Front 3

a property of a drug in which increasing the dose beyond an upper limit provides no greater analgesia

Back 3

ceiling effect

Front 4

the areas of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single dorsal root of a spinal nerve

Back 4

dermatomes

Front 5

a dose of one analgesic that is equivalent in pain-relieving effects to another analgesic

Back 5

equianalgesic dose

Front 6

the activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or faciliatory effects on the transmission of pain

Back 6

modulation

Front 7

pain caused by damage to nerve cells or changes in spinal cord processing

Back 7

neuropathic pain

Front 8

activation of the primary afferent nerves with peripheral terminals (free nerve endings) that respond to noxious (tissue-damaging) stimuli

Back 8

nociception

Front 9

pain that is caused by damage to somatic or visceral tissue and occurs abruptly after an injury or disease, persists until healing occurs, and often is intensified by anxiety or fear

Back 9

nociceptive pain

Front 10

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage and described in terms of such damage; whatever the person experiencing the pain says it is, existing whenever the person says it does

Back 10

pain

Front 11

an analgesic delivery system that allows the patient to receive a bolus infusion of an analgesic on demand within the parameters programmed into the delivery system

Back 11

patient-controlled analgesia

Front 12

the state in which pain is recognized, defined, and responded to by the individual experiencing the pain

Back 12

perception

Front 13

the state of severe distress associated with events that threaten the intactness of the person

Back 13

suffering

Front 14

dose adjustment based on assessment of the adequacy of analgesic effect versus the side effects produced

Back 14

titration

Front 15

the conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action potential

Back 15

transduction

Front 16

movement of pain impulses from the site of transduction to the brain

Back 16

transmission

Front 17

a circumscribed hypersensitive area within a tight band of muscle that is caused by acute or chronic muscle strain

Back 17

trigger point

Front 18

a potent mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex that maintains extracellular fluid volume

Back 18

aldosterone

Front 19

a hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that regulates fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the renal tubules

Back 19

antidiuretic hormone

Front 20

a hormone produced by the thyroid gland in response to high circulating calcium levels; acts to reduce the blood level of calcium and to inhibit bone resorption

Back 20

calcitonin

Front 21

a sympathomimetic compound composed of a catechol molecule and an amine from the amino acid tyrosine; includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine; catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla are considered hormones; when released from nerve endings, they are considered neurotransmitters

Back 21

catecholamine

Front 22

any one of the glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, or androgen hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

Back 22

corticosteroid

Front 23

the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid

Back 23

cortisol

Front 24

a hormone synthesized and released from pancreatic alpha cells in response to low levels of blood glucose, protein ingestion, and exercise

Back 24

glucagon

Front 25

an anterior pituitary hormone that affects the growth and development of skeletal muscles and long bones affecting a person's size and height

Back 25

growth hormone

Front 26

a chemical substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and secreted directly into the blood, where it is circulated to specific target tissues

Back 26

hormone

Front 27

an anabolic hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that is the principal regulator of the metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Back 27

insulin

Front 28

the hormone-secreting portion of the pancreas that includes alpha, beta, and delta cells

Back 28

islets of Langerhans

Front 29

a hormone-regulating mechanism in which there is a decrease or increase in hormone synthesis and secretion in response to a stimulus

Back 29

negative feedback

Front 30

hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the blood level of calcium; acts to increase the blood level of calcium and to promote bone resorption

Back 30

parathyroid hormone

Front 31

a hormone regulating mechanism in which a high level of a substance stimulates hormone synthesis and secretion and a low level inhibits hormone synthesis and secretion

Back 31

positive feedback

Front 32

the body tissue or organ that the hormone affects

Back 32

target tissue

Front 33

the most abundant thyroid hormone; accounts for 90% of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland

Back 33

thyroxine (T4)

Front 34

the more active thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland; 10% is secreted from the thyroid gland and the remainder is obtained by peripheral conversion of T4

Back 34

triiodothyronine (T3)

Front 35

a hormone secreted by one gland that stimulates another gland to synthesize and secrete its hormones (i.e., thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete thyroid hormones)

Back 35

tropic hormone

Front 36

a condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone characterized by an overgrowth of the bones and soft tissues

Back 36

acromegaly

Front 37

a life-threatening emergency caused by insufficient adrenocortical hormones or a sudden sharp decrease in these hormones; also known as an Addisonian crisis

Back 37

acute adrenal insufficiency

Front 38

the condition that exists when hypofunction of the adrenal cortex leads to (primary) adrenocortical insufficiency; a lack of pituitary ACTH secretion results in secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, not Addison's disease

Back 38

Addison's disease

Front 39

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates growth of adrenal cortex and stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

Back 39

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 40

hypothyroidism that develops in infancy

Back 40

cretinism

Front 41

a spectrum of clinical abnormalities caused by excess corticosteroids, particularly glucocorticoids

Back 41

Cushing's syndrome

Front 42

a group of conditions associated with a deficiency of production or secretion of ADH or a decreased renal response to ADH

Back 42

diabetes insipidus

Front 43

protrusion of the eyeballs from the orbits caused by increased fat deposits and fluid in the retroorbital tissues

Back 43

exophthalmos (proptosis)

Front 44

steroid hormones, primarily cortisol, produced by the adrenal cortex that affect glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and response to stress

Back 44

glucocorticoids

Front 45

enlargement of the thyroid gland that may be associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or normal thyroid function

Back 45

goiter

Front 46

food or drug that inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones

Back 46

goitrogen

Front 47

an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology marked by diffuse thyroid enlargement and excessive thyroid hormone secretion

Back 47

Graves' disease

Front 48

excessive aldosterone secretion caused by an adenoma of the adrenal zona glomerulosa or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

Back 48

hyperaldosteronism

Front 49

a condition involving increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) resulting in increased serum calcium levels

Back 49

hyperparathyroidism

Front 50

a hypermetabolic state caused by excessive circulating levels of T4, T3, or both; also referred to as thyrotoxicosis, thyrotoxic crisis, or thyroid storm

Back 50

hyperthyroid crisis

Front 51

a clinical syndrome where there is a sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

Back 51

hyperthyroidism

Front 52

a condition associated with inadequate circulating PTH

Back 52

hypoparathyroidism

Front 53

a rare disorder that involves a decrease in one or more of the pituitary hormones

Back 53

hypopituitarism

Front 54

insufficient circulation of thyroid hormones resulting in a hypometabolic state

Back 54

hypothyroidism

Front 55

steroid hormones, primarily aldosterone, produced by the adrenal cortex that maintain extracellular fluid volume; synthesis and secretion are stimulated by angiotensin II, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia; inhibited by atrial natriuretic factor and hypokalemia

Back 55

mineralocorticoids

Front 56

the progression of the mental sluggishness, drowsiness, and lethargy of hypothyroidism to a notable impairment of consciousness or coma that is a medical emergency

Back 56

myxedema

Front 57

a rare condition characterized by a tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces excessive catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Back 57

pheochromocytoma

Front 58

adrenocortical insufficiency resulting from adrenal cortex dysfunction

Back 58

primary adrenocortical insufficiency

Front 59

adrenocortical insufficiency resulting from a lack of pituitary ACTH

Back 59

secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

Front 60

an abnormal production or sustained secretion of ADH despite normal or low plasma osmolarity that causes fluid retention, serum hypoosomolality, and dilutional hyponatremia

Back 60

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Front 61

a condition of neuromuscular hyperexcitability associated with sudden decrease in calcium levels

Back 61

tetany

Front 62

an inflammation of the thyroid gland that may cause hyperthyroid or hypothyroid manifestations

Back 62

thyroiditis

Front 63

a hypermetabolic state caused by excessive circulating levels of T4, T3, or both; also referred to as thyrotoxic crisis, thyroid storm, or hyperthyroid crisis

Back 63

thyrotoxicosis

Front 64

uptake of nutrients from the gut lumen to the blood stream

Back 64

absorption

Front 65

a pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin

Back 65

bilirubin

Front 66

audible abdominal sounds produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis

Back 66

borborygmi

Front 67

softening, fissuring, and cracking of lips at angles of mouth

Back 67

cheilosis

Front 68

the elimination of feces from the gastrointestinal tract through the rectum; involves a reflex action with voluntary and involuntary control

Back 68

defecation

Front 69

swallowing

Back 69

deglutition

Front 70

the physical and chemical breakdown of food into absorbable substances

Back 70

digestion

Front 71

the direct visualization of a body structure through a lighted instrument (scope)

Back 71

endoscopy

Front 72

vomiting of blood that indicates bleeding in the upper GI tract; may be bright red or of "coffee ground" character

Back 72

hematemesis

Front 73

liver cells

Back 73

hepatocytes

Front 74

taking in food

Back 74

ingestion

Front 75

macrophages found in the liver that remove bacteria and toxins from the blood

Back 75

Kupffer cells

Front 76

black, tarry stools that indicate slow bleeding from an upper GI source

Back 76

melena

Front 77

a discharge of purulent material

Back 77

pyorrhea

Front 78

burning in epigastric or substernal area; heartburn

Back 78

pyrosis

Front 79

bulky, foul-smelling, yellow-gray, greasy stools with puttylike consistency

Back 79

steatorrhea

Front 80

spasmodic contraction of the anal sphincter with pain and persistent desire to empty the bowel

Back 80

tenesmus

Front 81

a maneuver that involves contraction of the chest muscles on a closed glottis with simultaneous contraction of the abdominal muscles

Back 81

Valsalva maneuver

Front 82

minute, finger-like projections in the mucous membrane that are the functional units of the small intestine

Back 82

villi

Front 83

an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas

Back 83

acute pancreatitis

Front 84

accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal or abdominal cavity as a result of portal hypertension

Back 84

ascites

Front 85

flapping tremor (liver flap) commonly affecting the arms and hands that is a manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy

Back 85

asterixis

Front 86

digestion of tissues by their own secretions

Back 86

autodigestion

Front 87

Severe pain that is produced from spasms of the biliary ducts when gall stones are lodged in or move through the ducts

Back 87

biliary colic

Front 88

inflammation of the biliary ducts

Back 88

cholangitis

Front 89

surgical removal of the gallbladder

Back 89

cholecystectomy

Front 90

inflammation of the gallbladder

Back 90

cholecystitis

Front 91

calculi in the common bile duct

Back 91

choledocholithiasis

Front 92

stones in the gallbladder

Back 92

cholelithiasis

Front 93

progressive destruction of the pancreas with fibrotic replacement of pancreatic tissue

Back 93

chronic pancreatitis

Front 94

chronic, progressive disease of the liver characterized by extensive degeneration and destruction of the liver parenchymal cells

Back 94

cirrhosis

Front 95

distended, tortuous, fragile veins at the lower end of the esophagus that result from portal hypertension

Back 95

esophageal varices

Front 96

a musty, sweet odor of the patient's breath that occurs in some patients with hepatic encephalopathy

Back 96

fetor hepaticus

Front 97

a clinical syndrome that results in severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells and potential liver failure

Back 97

fulminant viral hepatitis

Front 98

Changes in neurologic and mental function resulting from high levels of ammonia in the blood that a damaged liver cannot detoxify

Back 98

hepatic encephalopathy

Front 99

inflammation of the liver

Back 99

hepatitis

Front 100

a serious complication of cirrhosis characterized by functional renal failure with advancing azotemia, oliguria, and intractable ascites

Back 100

hepatorenal syndrome

Front 101

term referring to jaundice

Back 101

icteric

Front 102

symptom of yellowish discoloration of body tissues that results from an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood

Back 102

jaundice

Front 103

a large fluid-containing cavity within the pancreas resulting from extensive necrosis in the pancreas

Back 103

pancreatic abscess

Front 104

a cavity continuous with or surrounding the outside of the pancreas, filled with necrotic products and liquid secretions

Back 104

pancreatic pseudocyst

Front 105

a procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a cavity of the body

Back 105

paracentesis

Front 106

increased venous pressure in the portal circulation caused by compression and destruction of the portal and hepatic veins and sinusoids resulting in splenomegaly, large collateral veins, ascites, systemic hypertension, and esophageal varices

Back 106

portal hypertension

Front 107

enzyme produced by the pancreas that causes hydrolysis of proteins

Back 107

proteolytic enzyme

Front 108

small, dilated blood vessels with a bright-red center point and spider-like branches

Back 108

spider angiomas

Front 109

metabolic product resulting from bacterial conversion of conjugated bilirubin in the bowel that gives the characteristic brown color to feces

Back 109

stercobilinogen

Front 110

a tube placed in the common bile duct during surgery when a common bile duct exploration is part of the surgical procedure; maintains patency of the duct until edema produced by the exploration subsides

Back 110

T-tube

Front 111

metabolic product resulting from bacterial conversion of conjugated bilirubin in the bowel, a very small amount of which is normally excreted in the urine

Back 111

urobilinogen

Front 112

inflammation of the liver caused by a variety of infectious viruses

Back 112

viral hepatitis