Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
define values |
deeply held views that motivate and guide your behavior to live in a positive/socially and personally preferred way |
|
|
define norms |
standards, measuring stick for assessing behavior |
|
|
define morals |
principles that guide actions and behaviors. They reflect our values |
|
|
what is the difference between moral beliefs and moral convictions? |
moral beliefs are personal values moral convictions express an idea about what you value |
|
|
what does understanding someone's morals require |
an understanding of what they value and why |
|
|
what do morality and ethics have in common? |
They both provide rules to guide individuals |
|
|
what makes morality and ethics different? |
morality is more concerned with building relationships and how we ought to behave ethics is more concerned with analyzing scenarios and determining the best course of action |
|
|
What is ethics a combination of? |
morals, values, and social duties which vary from person to person |
|
|
what shapes our personal behavior and belief systems? |
our morals, values, and social duties |
|
|
are ethics constrained or defined by religion? |
no |
|
|
what our our beliefs shaped by? |
Our past, upbringing, schooling, and social structure. Beliefs continually change by experiences |
|
|
what are three things that are vital to our belief system? |
law, morality, and human rights |
|
|
what does human rights incorporate? |
moral rights, political rights, and legal rights |
|
|
what is law used to do? |
resolve conflict, protect the volunerable, and reinforce social cooperation |
|
|
what is law vital to? |
the enforcement of moral rules and the promotion of morality |
|
|
what are the two main types of ethics? |
normative ethics descriptive ethics |
|
|
what does normative ethics require? |
sound thinking |
|
|
what does descriptive ethics require? |
careful, factual consideration |
|
|
what does normative ethics encompass |
theoretical questions of right and wrong |
|
|
what is normative ethics used for |
to examine practical or applied issues |
|
|
why is normative ethics describes as "prescriptive"? |
because it's concerned with what should be done and not what is actually done |
|
|
how is normative ethics useful in healthcare |
allows for the development of procedure and policy on what ought to be done |
|
|
What is done in descriptive ethics? |
Analyses a group of individuals' beliefs regarding a particular moral issue by determining people's beliefs on a particular subject and why they hold that belief |
|
|
what is the goal of descriptive ethics |
to describe people's moral beliefs regarding a situation |
|
|
why does descriptive ethics belong to social sciences? |
because it compares moral beliefs amoung different cultures as well as reviewing beliefs of past events |
|
|
what kind of conflict will studying ethics help with |
internal and external (professional and personal) |
|
|
what is the earliest example of governing law |
The Code of Hammurabi (1727 BC) |
|
|
what was the first recorded professional code of ethics? |
Hippocratic Oath |
|
|
what are the two major ethical theories/principles? |
deontology and utilitarianism |
|
|
deontology is also known as _______ |
consequntialism |
|
|
who developed deontology? |
Immanuel Kant |
|
|
What is deotology |
an ethical theory that excludes consequences when forming moral decisions or carrying out moral acts |
|
|
what is the word deontology derived from |
the greek word for duty |
|
|
what does deontology focus on? |
the significance of action |
|
|
deontology is a _____ based approach focusing on __________ and _____ |
rules, obligation, duty |
|
|
what does deontology promote? |
mortality on the basis of reason guided by universal truths |
|
|
what are universal truths? |
truths applicable to all individuals in a similar situation |
|
|
how would a healthcare professional who follows deontology view their job? |
as their duty to help the individuals as opposed to just for the salary |
|
|
What is unacceptable in deotology? |
to tell a lie or half truth even if it is beneficial to the patient |
|
|
What aspect of deontology can lead to complex situations |
the presence of strict unnegotiable rules |
|
|
what it utilitarianism also known as? |
teleological theory |
|
|
who developed utilitarianism? |
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill |
|
|
what is utilitarianism driven by? |
consequence |
|
|
what makes a course of action acceptable for a utilitarian |
if it benefits the most individuals |
|
|
what does a utilitarian do when faced with an ethical decision |
weighs the options to choose the one ending in the most happiness and least pain |
|
|
what can utilitarianism be obscured by? |
an individuals views/values |
|
|
What is necessary in utilitarianism? |
everyone must be viewed as equals |
|
|
what are critisisms of utilitarianism |
it can spawn injustice the outcome of a situation can not be predicted "good" is immeasurable and means different things to different individuals |
|
|
what are the 4 patterns of humanity's dilemmas with ethical living |
truth vs loyalty individual vs community short term vs long term justice vs mercy |
|
|
what is the dowd model? |
a 6 step method using an individual's background knowledge |
|
|
what are the 6 steps of the dowd method? |
1) assess the problem 2)isolate the issues 3)analyse the data 4)development of a plan of action 5)institution of a plan 6)analysis of the outcome |
|
|
how do you analyse the problem |
you identify the problem and type of problem eg)ethical dilemma, injustice, or issue of suffering |
|
|
how do you isolate the issue |
differentiate the issues to see if they are pertinent to the context determine which values are important to the dilemma identify which ethical principles are being compromised, whether or not individuals rights are being compromised, what professional code of conduct is not being followed |
|
|
how do you analyse the data? |
separate relevant facts from the problem and remove assumptions |
|
|
what headings should you use when analyzing data? |
are ethical values supported are the individuals rights supported is professional code of conduct supported are policies of the institution supported |
|
|
what is a comprehensive approach influenced by? |
several moderators or values that influence choices |
|
|
what different types of moderators are there |
individual, based on relationship, or issue specific |
|
|
what are some individual moderators? |
ethical orientation level of moral development demographic profile |
|
|
describe ethical orientation |
it is the basis of your behavior the extent to which one focuses on the good behavior as opposed to the bad this is entirely determined by the ethical theory in which the individual believes |
|
|
what are some moderators based on relationships |
interpersonal interorganizational extraorganizational |
|
|
what are interpersonal moderators |
relationships with individuals around us which shape our perceptions and opinions |
|
|
what are interorganizational moderators? |
ideology and values of an organization or group which one belongs to contributes to ethical reasoning |
|
|
what are extraorganizational moderators |
include technology, economy, society, and power |
|
|
what is ethical intensity directly related to? |
the amount of intellectual demand required to solve the dilemma |
|
|
what are the 7 factors which add intensity of ethical consideration? |
normative consensus physical and psychological distance magnitude of consequences probability of effect concentration of effect immediacy strategy |
|
|
what does concentration of effect refer to |
the number of individuals which may be affected by the decision could be choosing between small harm to many people or a lot of harm to very few people |
|
|
what does strategy refer to |
an organization must manage strategic functions in order to function in both daily and long term aspects |
|
|
why do long term issues have more ethical intensity |
they impact the organization's ability to grow and prosper and require more intellectual demand than day to day operational decisions |
