Abo

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Most important of all blood groups in transfusion practice

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ABO blood group system

Front 2

Discovered ABO blood group system. He was the 1st individual to perform forward and reverse grouping

Back 2

Karl Landsteiner

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Define as using known sources of commercial anti-sera (anti-a and anti-b) to detect antigens on an individuals RBCs

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Forward grouping (front type)

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Is defined as detecting ABO antibodies in the patient's serum by using known reagents RBC's (A1 and B cells)

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Reverse grouping (back type)

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Describe the theory of inheritance of ABO blood groups

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Bernstein

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Discovered blood type AB

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Alfred de Castello and Adriano Sturli

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Individuals normally produce antibodies directed against the A and/or B and antigens absent from their RBCs. These antibodies have been described as "Naturally occurring" because they are produced without any exposure to RBC's

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ABO antibodies

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-No exposure needed for production

-ABO antibody

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Naturally occuring antibodies

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Universal donor for pack RBC only because whole blood has plasma which contain antibodies

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Type O

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Production of ABO antibodies is initiated at birth by titers are generally too low for the detection until the individual is ____________ of age

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3 to 6 months

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Antibody production peaks when an individual is between ______ of age and declines later in life

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5 to 10 years

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______ is not a combination of anti-a and anti-b but is separate "cross-reacting" antibody that is usually IgG in nature

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Anti-A, B

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One position or locus on each chromosome __ is occupied by an A, B, or O gene

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Chromosome 9

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4 blue dyes in anti sera

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-bromphenol blue

-thymol blue

-patent blue

-typhan blue

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Yellow dyes in anti sera

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-acriflavin dye

-tartrazine yellow

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Color of anti-A anti-sera

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Blue

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Color of anti-B anti-sera

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Yellow

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Color of anti-D anti-sera

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Colorless

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Color of Anti A, B anti-sera

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Colorless

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Color if AHG

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Green

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Color of NSS and LISS

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Colorless

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-chemical preservative

-bacterial contaminant

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Sodium Azide (0.1%)

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The o gene is considered an ____ as no detectable antigen is produced in response to the inheritance of this gene

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Amorph

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AB and H and agents are formed from the same basic precursor material called ____ to which sugars are attached in response to specific enzyme transferases elicited by an inherited gene

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Paragloboside or glycan

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______ is the precursor structure on which a and B antigens are made

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H antigen

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The H and Se genes are closely linked and located on chromosome ____

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Chromosome 19

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ABO genes located on chromosome ____

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Chromosome 9

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______ must be inherited to form the ABO antigens on the RBC's

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H gene

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______ must be inherited to form the ABO antigens in the secretions

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Se gene

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The expression of A and B antigens on the RBCs is fully developed by _________ of age and remains constant throughout life

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2 to 4 years of age

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The H gene elicit the production of an enzyme called ________ which transfers the sugar L-fucose to an oligosaccharide chain on the terminal galactose type 2 chains

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a-2-L-fucosyltransferase

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The sugars that occupy the terminal positions of this precursor chain and confer blood group specificity are called ______

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Immunodominant sugars

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_______ is the sugar responsible for H specificity (blood group O)

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L-fucose

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The term _____ has been used to refer to the phoenotype that lacks the normal expression of the ABH antigens because of the inheritance of the hh genotype

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Bombay

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Their presence is dependent on the ABO genes inherited and on the inheritance of another set of genes called ______ that regulate their formation

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Sese (secretor genes)

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People who inherit the sese genotype are termed

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Nonsecretors

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Represent phenotypes that show weaker variables serologic reactivity with the commonly use human polychlonal anti-a, anti-b, and anti-AB the reagents

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ABO subgroups

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________ described 2 different A antigens based on the reactions between group A RBC's and anti-a and anti-a1

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1911 von Dungern

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Group A RBC's that react with the both anti-A and anti-A1 are classified as

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A1

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Those that react with anti-A and not anti-A1 are classified as

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A2

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Differentiation of A1 and A2 phenotypes can be determined by using a reagent made from the seeds of the plant __________ which serves as a source of anti-A1

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Dolichos biflorus

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_______ are seed extract that agglutinate human cells with some degree of specificity

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Lectins

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Agglutinates A1 or A1B

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Dolichos biflorus

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Agglutinates B cells

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Bandeiraea simplicifolia

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New name of Bandeiraea simplicifolia

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Griffonia simplicifolia

Front 46

Agglutinates O cells (H specificity) and other ABO blood groups depending on the amount of H antigen available

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Ulex uropaeus

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The bombay phenotype was 1st reported by ______ in Bombay India

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Bhende 1952

Front 48

It represents the inheritance of double dose of the h gene, producing the very rare phenotype hh

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Bombay phenotype

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Are those rare phenotypes in which the RBCs are completely devoid of H antigens or have a small amount of each H antigen present

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Para-Bombay phenotype

Front 50

Occurs when unexpected reactions occur in the forward and reverse grouping

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ABO discrepancies

Front 51

- Show weak reactions with anti-b antisera and is most often associated with the disease of the digestive tract (example cancer of the colon)

-Original blood type A

-seen in intestinal disease and colon cancer

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Acquired B phenomenon

Front 52

Blood group reagents of ___________ strongly agglutinates cells with the acquired B antigen

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Monoclonal anti-B clone (ES4)

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The presence of 2 cell populations in a single individual

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Chimerism

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Occurs in twins is rarely found, and the 2 cell populations will exist throughout the lives of the individual

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True chimerism

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If the patient or donor has no history of a twin then the chimera may be due to ______

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Dispermy

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Cord blood samples received in the laboratory can also pose a problem in ABO testing since cord blood may be contaminated with substance called ______

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Wharton's jelly

Front 57

Refers to the inheritance of both AB genes from one parent carried on one chromosome and an O gene inherited from the other parent

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Cis-AB