Abnormalities Ch. 14

Front 1

inward turning of the eye

Back 1

esotropia

Front 2

outward turning of the eye

Back 2

exotropia

Front 3

lids are swollen and puffy lid tissues are loosely connected to excess fluid is easily appret thi occurs with local infetions; crying; and systemic condition such as congestive heart failure, renal failure, allergy, hypothyroidism (myxedema.)

Back 3

Periorbital edema

Front 4

is forward displacement of the eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures. lid lag in which upper lid rests well above the limbus and white sclera is visible. acquired bilateral exophthalmos is associated with thyrotoxicosis

Back 4

exophthalmos (protruding eyes)

Front 5

a look of narrowed palpebral fissures shows in which the eyeballs are recessed.

Back 5

enophthalmos (sunken eyes)

Front 6

is caused by loss of fat in theorbits and occurs with dehydraton and chronic wasting illnesses.

Back 6

bilateral enophthalmos

Front 7

occurs from neuromuscular weakness myasthenia gravis with bilateral fatigue as the day progresses, oculomotor cranial nerve 3 damage (horner's syndrome) or congenital.

Back 7

ptosis (drooping upper lid)

Front 8

the lower lid is loose and rolling out, does not approximate to eyeball. puncta cannot siphon tears effectively, so excess tearing result. eyes feel dry and itchy because the tears do not drain correctly over the corner and toward the medal canthus exposed palpebral conjunctiva increase risk of inflammation.

Back 8

ectropion

Front 9

considered normal in many children, when combined with epicanthal folds, hypertelorism large spacing between eyes and brushfield spots light colored areas in outer iris indicates down syndrome

Back 9

upward palpebral slant

Front 10

the lower lid rolls in because of spasm of lids or scar tissue contracting. constant rubbing of lashes may irritate cornea. The person feels a foreign body sensation

Back 10

entropion

Front 11

red, scaly, greasy flakes and thickened, crusted lid margins occur with staphylococcal infection or seborrheic dermatitis of the lid edge. symptoms include burning, itching, tearing, foreign body sensations and some pain.

Back 11

blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids)

Front 12

a beady nodule protruding on the lid, is an infection or retention cyst of a meiboian gland. it is non tender firm discrete swelling with freely movable skin overlying the nodule if is becomes inflamed, it points inside and nt on lid margin

Back 12

chalazion

Front 13

is a localized staphylococcal infection of the hair follicles at the lid margin. it is painful, red, and swollen a pustule at the li margin. rubbing the eyes can cause cross contamination and development of another eye.

Back 13

hordeolum (stye)

Front 14

is infection and blockage of sac and duct. pain warmth, redness, and swelling occur below the inner canthus toward nose. tearing is present. pressure on sac yields purulent discharge from puncta

Back 14

dacryocystitis (inflammation of the lacrimal sac)

Front 15

is rare, but it occurs most often on the lower lid and medial canthus it looks like a papule with an ulcerated center

Back 15

basal cell carcinoma

Front 16

is an infection of the lacrimal gland pain, swelling, and redness occur in the outer third of the upper lid it occurs with mumps, measles, and infectious mononucleosis or from trauma

Back 16

dacryoadenitis

Front 17

unequal pupil size, considers central nervous system disease

Back 17

anisocoria

Front 18

enlarged pupils occur with stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, reaction to sympathomimetic drugs, use of dilating drops, acute glaucoma, or past or recent trauma. also they herald central nervous system injury, circulatory arrest or deep anesthesia

Back 18

mydriasis dilated and fixed pupils

Front 19

no reaction to light pupil does constrict with accommodation small irregular bilaterally. occurs with central nervous system syphilis, brain tumor meningitis and chronic alcoholism

Back 19

Argyll Robertson pupil

Front 20

unilateral, small, regular, pupil does react to light and accommodation. a lesion of the sympathetic nerve. also note ptosis and absence of sweat anhidrosis on same side

Back 20

horner's syndrome

Front 21

when light is directed to the blind eye no response occurs in either eye wen light is directed to the normal eye both pupils constrict (direct and consensual response to light)

Back 21

monocular blindness

Front 22

sluggish reaction to light and accommodation. is usually unilateral a large regular pupil that does react, but sluggishly after long latent time no pathologic significance.

Back 22

tonic pupil (adie's pupil)

Front 23

unilateral dilated pupil with no reaction to light or accommodation occurs with oculomoter nerve damage. may also have ptosis with eye deviating down and laterally

Back 23

cranial nerve 3 damage.

Front 24

macula central blind area example: diabetes

Back 24

retinal damage

Front 25

blind spot (scotoma) corresponding to particular area

Back 25

localized damage

Front 26

decrease in peripheral vision (glaucoma). starts with paracentral scotoma early stage

Back 26

increasing intraocular pressure

Front 27

a shadow or diminished vision in one quadrant or one half of visual field

Back 27

retinal detachment

Front 28

injury yields one blind eye, or unilateral blindness

Back 28

lesion in globe or optic nerve

Front 29

injury to crossing fibers only yields a loss of nasal part of each retina and a loss of both temporal visual fields bitemporal (heteronymous)hemianopsia

Back 29

lesion at optic chiasm (pituitary tumor)

Front 30

lesion of outer uncrossed fibers at optic chiasm aneurysm of left internal caroid artery exerts pressure on uncrossed fibers

Back 30

injury yields left nasal hemianopsia

Front 31

lesion r optic tract or r optic radiation visual field loss in r nasal and L temporal fields loss of same half of visual field in both eyes is

Back 31

homonymous hemianopsia

Front 32

infection of the conjunctiva pink eye has red beefy looking vessels at periphery but usually clearer around iris this is common from bacterial or viral infection allergy or chemical irritation. purulent discharge accompanies bacterial infection preauricular lymph is often swollen and painful with a history of upper respiratory infection

Back 32

conjunctivitis

Front 33

deep dull red halo around the iris and cornea. pupil shape may be irregular from swelling of iris person also has marked photophobia constricted pupil blurred vision and throbbing pain warrants immediate referral

Back 33

iritis (circumcorneal redness)

Front 34

acute narrow angle glaucoma shows a circumsorneal redness around the iris with a dilated pupil pupil is oval dilated cornea looks steamy and anterior chamber is shallow occurs with sudden increase in intraocular pressure from blocked out flow from anterior chamber

Back 34

acute glaucoma

Front 35

person experiences a sudden clouding of vision sudden eye pain and halos around lights this requires emergency treatment to avoid permanent vision loss

Back 35

acute glaucoma

Front 36

a red patch on the sclera looks alarming but is usually not serious the red patch has sharp edges lie a spot of paint although here it is extensive it occurs from increased intraocular pressure from coughing vomiting weight lifting labor during childbirth, straining at stool or trauma

Back 36

subconjunctival hemorrhage

Front 37

a triangular opaque wing of bulbar conjunctiva overgrows toward the center of the cornea. looks membranous translucent and yellow to white usually invades from nasal side and may obstruct vision as it covers pupil occurs usually from chronic exposure to hot dry sandy climate

Back 37

pterygium

Front 38

this is the most common result of a blunt eye injury but irregular ridges usually visible only when fluorescein stain reveals yellow green blanching top layer of corneal epithelium removed from scratches or poorly fitting or overworn contact lenses

Back 38

corneal abrasion

Front 39

a light directed across the eye from temporal side illuminates the entire iris evenly because the normal iris is flat and creates no shadow.

Back 39

normal anterior chamber

Front 40

the iris is pushed anteriorly because of increased intraocular pressure because direct light is received form the temporal side only the temporal part of iris is illuminated the nasal side is shadowed the shadow sign can be a acute angle closure glaucoma

Back 40

shallow anterior chamber

Front 41

iris looks bulging because aqueous humor cannot circulate

Back 41

acute angle closure glaucoma

Front 42

blood in anterior chamber is a serious result of herpes zoster infection also occurs with blunt trauma (a fist or a baseball) or spontaneous hemorrhage. suspect scleral rupture or major intraocular trauma

Back 42

hyphema

Front 43

purulent matter in anterior chamber occurs with iritis and with inflammation in the anterior chamber

Back 43

hypopyon

Front 44

shows as an opaque gray surrounded by black background as if forms in the center of lens nucleus. looks like a black center against the red reflex

Back 44

central gray opacity nuclear cataract

Front 45

cortical cataract shows as asymmetric radial white spokes with black center black spokes are evident against the red reflex this forms in outer cortex of lens progressing faster than nuclear cataract

Back 45

star shaped opacity cortical cataract

Front 46

is a white or gray color of the disc as a result of partial or complete death of the optic nerve. this results in decreased visual acuity decreased color vision and decreased contrast sensitivity

Back 46

optic atrophy disc pallor

Front 47

increased intracranial pressure causes venous stasis in the globe, showing redness, congestion and elevation of the disc blurred margins hemorrhages and absent venous pulsations serious sign of intracranial pressure visual acuity is not affected

Back 47

papilledema (choked dis)

Front 48

with primary open angle glaucoma the increased intraocular pressure decrease blood supply to retinal structures. the physiologic cup enlarges to more than half of the disc diameter vessels appear to plunge over edge of cup the vessels are displaced nasally. decreased vision or visual field defects in late stages of glaucoma

Back 48

excessive cup disc ratio

Front 49

happens when vein is occluded it dilates distal to crossing has disc edema and hard exudates in a macular star pattern that occur with acutely elevated hypertension

Back 49

arteriovenous crossing (nicking)

Front 50

this is a generalized decrease in arteriole diameter the light reflex also narrows it occurs with sever hypertension and with occlusion of the central retinal artery and retinitis pigmentosa

Back 50

arrowed (attenuated) arteries

Front 51

are round punctate red dots that are localized dilations of a small vessel their edges are smooth and discrete the vessel itself is too small to view with the ophthalmosocope only the isolated red dots are seen their occurs with diabetes

Back 51

microaneurysms

Front 52

dot shaped hemorrhages are deep intraretinal hemorrhages that look splattered on they may be distinguished from microaneurysms by the blurred irregular edges flame shaped hemorrhages are superficial retinal hemorrhages that look linear and spindle shaped. occur with hypertension

Back 52

intraretinal hemorrhages

Front 53

are arteriolar micronifarctions that envelop and obscure the vessels. they occur wth diabetes hypertension subacute bacterial endocarditis lupus and papilledema of any cause are normally soft cotton wool

Back 53

soft exudates

Front 54

are numerous small yellow white spots having distinct edges and a smooth solid looking surface they often form a circular pattern clustered around a venous microinfarction they also may form a linear or star pattern

Back 54

hard exudates