Abnormal Psychology Test

Front 1

Definition of abnormal behavior

Back 1

Social deviance
Subjective distress
disability
statistical rarity

Front 2

epidemiology

Back 2

study of frequency and distribution of disorders in a population

Front 3

prevalence

Back 3

proportion of a population with a disorder at a given time

Front 4

lifetime prevalence

Back 4

proportion of a population with a disorder at any point in their lives

Front 5

incidence

Back 5

number of new cases in some period (years)

Front 6

loss of income and disability adjusted life years

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depression most major cause of disability

Front 7

Midtown Manhattan Study

Back 7

NYC
1600 people
Looked at prevalence rate of symptoms
Most show symptoms
18% symptom free, 2.7% totally impaired
20 year follow up 40% same, 60% better or worse
more psychological problems in poor

Front 8

NIMH

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19% suffer from a psychological disorder

Front 9

National Comorbidity Study

Back 9

46% lifetime prevalence

Front 10

Center for Disease Control and Prevention Study

Back 10

47.8 million ambulatory visits

Front 11

religious explanations set forth to account for abnormal behaviors

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800-400 BC
Demonology, exorcism
King Saul of Israel- behavior attributed to demons
given to care of priests-doctors
Purgatives
no biological or psychological explanations
Greek tragedies

Front 12

Greece- Hippocrates- Somatogenic theory 460-377 BC

Back 12

priest, trained in exorcism, father of medicine
stands against religion, believes in natural causes
described major disorders we have today: paranoia, depression, epilepsy

Front 13

Dycrasia- Hippocrates- Somatagenic theory

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4 humors (phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, blood)
abnormal behavior caused by an inbalance of humors
melancholia= depression

Front 14

witchcraft as an explanation

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decrease in art and medicine
church takes over, get rid of devil
Malleus Maleficarum- how to exterminate witches, heresy
2 witnesses
chose to let devil in

Front 15

Renaissance

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return of medicine
increase in culture, no inquisition, humane treatment

Front 16

Psychogenic theory
Mesmer's universal magnetic fluid

Back 16

Obstruction of universal magnetic fluid getting in way of functioning, influenced by moon, planets, and tides. Need balance to be healthy.
tub with iron filing and iron rods, father of hypnosis

Front 17

psychogenic theory
Charcot

Back 17

neurologist, physical reasons
hysteria brought on by neurological dysfunction
hypnotizability= symptom of hysteria
hysteria= epilepsy= neurological conditions caused by the genitals

Front 18

Breuer
psychogenic theory

Back 18

Anna O. with hysteria
talk and feel better (catharsis)
past having an effect
bring problems to consciousness helps
birth of unconscious

Front 19

how social, political, and religious climates throughout history influenced people's conceptualizations of abnormal behavior

Back 19

at first, regarded as supernatural, gods and demons. Then with Hippocrates, biological explanation, but church gained influence during dark ages, returned to supernatural causes (witches)

Front 20

Bethlehem

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chained with criminal, pay to see them

Front 21

La Salpetriere

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brutal care, flooding of Sen= eaten by rats

Front 22

Classification becomes possible because of patients in...

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insane asylums

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moral treatment

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Pinel- difficult to manage due to terrible conditions, restore reasoning and give self-control
William Turk's retreat at York- people need esteem and work in order to do well, people were able to leave and get better

Front 24

Psychoanalytic Model (Freud)

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results from unconscious conflicts
id- basic needs
ego- deal with reality= symptoms
superego- person's conscious
Conflict between id and superego creates anxiety= expression of conflict

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Behavioral Model

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Watson, Skinner
operant and classical conditioning
modeling
focus on observable

Front 26

cognitive-behavioral model

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Bandura
Beck- cognitive therapy
thoughts, attention, distorted thinking
thinking has role in problems

Front 27

uses of diagnoses

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science progresses through classification
allows things to be easily identified and described
predicts

Front 28

assumptions of the medical model

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aberrant is a symptom-the symptom isn't the problem, there is an underlying problem
time of onset-moment from being well to being sick
specific etiology- there is a specific cause of the disease

Front 29

Szasz

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no evidence of brain pathology= no illness?
problems in living
tied to social context, subjective
mental illness takes away responsibility from the individual for their dilemmas

Front 30

Ausubel

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defect not necessary to be an illness
all symptoms involve subjectivity
problems in living are a manifestation of a disease

Front 31

Usefulness of the model in the discovery of syphillis

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1st major time they actually found cause of mental disorder
Haslam- delusions of grandeur and dementia. identified the group of people later diagnosed with syphillis
Esquirol- inevitability of outcome. identified the typical progression of it
Fournier- cricual experiment. asked patients if they were diagnosed with syphillis.
ebbing- discovery of cell. injected syphillis into patients to see if they would get it but they already had it
Schalinn- found it in specific part of brain

Front 32

early systems in mental illness (Kraeplen)

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contributor to diagnostis classification of mental disorders
manic depression- changes in mood, exaggerated mood, sudden onset, spontaneous recovery, periodic
dementia praecox- thought and mood disorder, gradual increase

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usefulness of diagnosis in present

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communication, etiology, treatment, research

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Axis I

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Clinical Disorders

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Axis II

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Developmental and personality disorders

Front 36

Axis III

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Medical conditions, may influence disorders

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Axis IV

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psychosocial and environmental problems
may contribute to problem

Front 38

Axis V

Back 38

global functioning scale, takes everything into account, assess function before and after treatment, way to communicate

Front 39

advantages of DSM-IV over earlier versions

Back 39

descriptive, atheoretical, multiaxal
no theories so everyone can agree on a diagnosis
diagnose on observables

Front 40

Critiques of DSM

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classification makes it sound like qualitative differences
illusion of explanation
effects of labeling= stigma

Front 41

DSM-5 proposed changes

Back 41

additional of dimensional ratings- severity scale
reorganized by cause vs symptoms, etiology, OCD=biological
more emphasis on cultural and ethnic considerations
a few new diagnoses
diagnoses combined

Front 42

primary labeling theory

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we create the disorder by labeling it

Front 43

secondary labeling theory

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creates stigma

Front 44

Rosenhan experiment

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12 stable people to try and get them admitted to a psych hospital
admit to hearing voices (thud, empty, hollow)
each admitted 11/12 schizo 1/12 manic depressive
assumptions of disturbed behavior
av. 19 days in hospital

Front 45

Scheff

Back 45

False negative better than a false positive

Front 46

aims of assessment

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diagnosis
aid in intervention and planning
understand problems and strengths
gather data on causes and correlates of abnormal behavior (research)

Front 47

clinical interview

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leeway in how person responds
how person interprets problem
nonverbal info
depends on theoretical orientation

Front 48

psychological testing

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a systematic procedure for observing a person's behavior with the aid of a numerical scale or categorical system
standardized test- all get same procedure, get norms to compare

Front 49

Intelligence tests

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IQ- assess current mental ability
memory, attention, problem-solving, reasoning
appropriate place in school, can change

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI

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statements indicative of mental problems
people with disorders and no disorders took test, created scales
MMPI-2- increase in validity and acceptability
correction scales- lie and infrequency

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Thematic Apperception Test

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TAT
telling stories to describe pictures

Front 52

Rorschach

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10 inkblots
how you see it, how you perceive blots is how you perceive the world

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behavioral observations

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functional assessment, before during after
ABC- antecedent, behavior, consequences
self-monitoring

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Psychophysiological assessment

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bodily changes along with physiological conditions
EKG EEG skin conductance heart rate lie detector tests

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Neurobiological assessment

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CAT- detects differences in tissue density
MRI- magnetic force
fMRI- brain structure and function
PET- brain structure and function

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neuropsychological assessment

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pinpoint dysfunctions in brain by looking at how people function
stimulate different parts of the brain

Front 57

neuropsychological assessment

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Halstead-Reitan- TAT, time memory test
Luria Nebraska

Front 58

assumptions of developmental approach

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continuum
past influences present and future
continuity depends on development

Front 59

RAD

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markedly disturbed or developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most contexts

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inhibited type RAD

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persistent failure to initiate or respond in a developmentally appropriate fashion

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uninhibited type RAD

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inability to exhibit appropriate selective attachment. Failure to thrive, baby does not grow properly, low in weight and stature.

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Spitz's 1945 study: what differentiated the Foundling babies from the others?

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less toys, little movement, more personnel, no moms

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Spitz: what happened to the babies whose mothers were removed?

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depressed, recovers rapidly after 3 months, after 3 cannot sit or stand and psychiatric disturbances

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hospitalism

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deterioration of body due to long-term confinement in hospital

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anaclictic depression

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separation after bonding

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mechanisms of growth failure (Gardner)

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secrete when sleeping, but they don't sleep well so not getting it

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mechanism of growth failure: food intake (Widdowson)

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malnourishment, metabolizing food differently as a result of affective climate

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Evans, Reinhardt, Succop on RAD

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unwanted and unplanned
irritable and difficult early
management problems later
little support from family
little support from father
profiles

Front 69

3 profiles

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14/40, mother depressed, attained, unsure, loss (of own mother), gained skills in hospital and babies began to thrive
15/40, multi-problematic, low resources, got better at hospital but at home got worse
11/40, mothers angry, distorted relationships, lack of trust

Front 70

Developmental timeline from birth to 3 years

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homeostasis- 2-3 mo. baby needs to get regulated to be alert and learn about the world
attachment- to 12 mo. around 6 or 7 mo. gain sense of object permanence, able to miss, attachment to a specific person, vulnerable to loss
differentiation- to 18 mo. baby is trying out his affect on the world, wants to share things with parents
Individualization- to 2 years, baby realizes what it wants isn't what everyone else wants
Internalization- 2-3, develops moral sense

Front 71

Developmental Crises

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trust vs. mistrust- up to 18 mo.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt- 18mo. to 2
initiative versus guilt= 2 on

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etiology of RAD

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improper care

Front 73

autism

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begins in childhood, deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted and repetitive behaviors

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asperger's disorder

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social relationships poor and stereotyped
rigid behavior
language and development intact
not in DSM-5

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Rett's disorder

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normal 1st year
growth of head decelerates
loses hand movement
becomes stereotyped and uncoordinated
poor speech and relatedness that does not progress
removed from DSM-5
mutation in gene- girls

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childhood disintegrative disorder

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normal 1st 2 years then loss of social play, language, and motor skills
not in DSM-5
no specific genetic etiology

Front 77

prevalence of autism

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1/88, 3-10 fold increase

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theories on the increase in autism

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MMR vaccine and thimerosal. Mercury in vaccines? take out but still increase in autism
diagnostic criteria and measurement tools. DSM-IV more inclusive, broader
Increased awareness

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changes for DSM-5 for autism

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everything combined into autism spectrum

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Kanner's ideas of autism

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11 children
mutism or delayed speech
noncommunicative speech- echolalia, reverse pronouns, issues with abstraction
lack of relatedness- want to be alone
insistence on sameness
repetitive and stereotyped play
rood rote memory- savant skills not common
normal appearance

Front 81

Prognosis for Autism (Kanner)

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11 kids
2 died before adulthood
5 institutionalized
3 in community
1 on farm
2 employed

Front 82

prognosis on autism (Rutter)

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63 children
32 speech at 5
31 no speech at 5
speech early on= better prognosis

Front 83

psychogenic theory of autism

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parents emotionally rigid, lacked warmth (Kanner)
Bettleheim's theory- survivor of concentration camp, children are survivors of their insensitive parents, treatment is to leave homes
Singe and Wynne- parents of autistic children were more passive and cynical
Koegel et al.- marital relations, biological patterns, stress level, more stress about child

Front 84

genetic theories of autism

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children with autism have more neurons in prefrontal cortex, too much disorganization, not noticing whole

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cognitive theories of autism

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not pulling everything together into a whole
hutt and hutt-modulation of sensory input. normal and autistic kinds in empty room or room with blocks or room with woman and blocks
Metz-stimulation through machine, autistic kinds overestimated themselves
Kolko=overselectivity, presented with stimulus, ed light or puff of air or white noise. autistic children can only respond to one stimulus at a time

Front 86

ADHD

Back 86

individuals who have difficulty attending, controlling their impulses, and organizing behavior
impairs function

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prevalence of ADHD

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3-7% in U.S. 3x boys
maybe more girls, but quieter due to societal expectations

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ADHD inattention

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fails to give close attention to details, careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, doesn't listen, fails to complete tasks, disorganized, no sustained mental effort, loses things, distracted, forgetful

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ADHD hyperactive/ impulsive

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fidgets, restless, can't be quiet, driven by motor, talks excessively, blurts out answers, can't wait turn, interrupts

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biological findings

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isn't as much activity in certain parts of brain (attention)
runs in families
pre and post natal complications-low birth weight, lead, lack of O2, problematic parenting

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diagnostic controversies

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overdiagnosed

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treatment for ADHD

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stimulants- Ritalin, focuses attention, double blind study=effective, but not learning just helping behavior
therapy-teaching how to cope, helping parents
brain training

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conduct disorder

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violating basic rights of other or societal norms
stealing, lying, destroying property
genetic component, parent aggressiveness,
family intervention and multisystematic treatment promising
3X boys, 3-7% children

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ODD

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loses temper, temper tantrums, argues with adults, defy requests, annoy others
more in boys, disappears when older
more tied to environment

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developmental tasks

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taking on responsibility
own beliefs
values
physical changes
sexuality/relationships
vocational issues
challenges with peers

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normative levels of distress

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adolescents-okay
professional-more distressed than they actually are
parents-thinks adolescents are negative towards them

Front 97

Erikson's concept of identity

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task that adolescents are doing, called moratorium
problems if unresolved crisis: incapacity for intimacy, diffusion of time perspective, diffusion of industry, choice of negative identity

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identity statuses and their outcomes in Marcia's study

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interviews about occupation, politics, and religion
achievement- crisis then commitment. little conflict or distress, mature, self-directed, confident, intimacy
foreclosure- never had a crisis. low self-esteem, conforming, rigid, dependent, low anxiety, stereotyped
diffusion- no commitment. directed, low anxiety, apathy, impulsive
moratorium-still struggling in crisis. self-directed, high self-esteem, anxious, ambivalent, intimacy

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identity disorder

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perception of severe distress with uncertainty about a variety of issues related to identity formation including at least 3 of: long-term goals, career choice, sexual orientation and behavior, religion, moral values, friendship patterns, group loyalties
at least 3 months impairment in function

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cognitive control

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executive functioning such as planning, reasoning, impulse control
located in prefrontal cortex

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socioemotional control

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high arousal=lack of control mechanism. sensitive to social and environmental stimuli
located in limbic areas-amygdala

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hot and cold recognition

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differential development creates differences for adolescents and peers
hot- I hate school lets skip it. lose knowledge, impulses, influence of peers
cold- probably should plan for the future. as same rate as adult