Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is fear |
Immediate, present orientated Fight/flight |
|
|
Anxiety |
Apprehensive, worry, future oriented Somatic symptoms = tension (muscle tension/tight and stressed) |
|
|
Panic attack |
Abrupt experience of intense fear (a fear response at an inappropriate time) Symptoms: palpitations, chest pain, dizziness |
|
|
Biological Causes of anxiety |
Genetic, neurotransmitters, limbic system (amygdala/ sends signals related to threat or overly reponsive amydala) |
|
|
Psychological causes of anxiety |
Behavioral - conditioning Cognitive - negative beliefs about future, sense of control, attention to threat |
|
|
Causes of anxiety social |
Stressful life events |
|
|
Generalized anxiety disorder |
Excessive anxiety and worry Six months A number of events or activities Difficult to control worry 3 of the following: Restlessness, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance |
|
|
Gad biological |
Genetic Autonomic restictors Heightened threat sensitivity Low gaba |
|
|
Gad cognitive |
Worry all the time/no end Worry it might happen/ don't think of it happening |
|
|
Gad treatment biological |
Benzodiazepines Relaxation Training Biofeedback (control over physiological reponses/ sweating) |
|
|
Treatments gad psychological |
Cognitive therapy Worry exposure (talking about worry) Coping skills |
|
|
Panic disorder criteria |
Recurrent At least a month Persistent concern ab. having attack Change in behavior Might have agoraphobia |
|
|
Agoraphobia criteria |
Marked fear or anxiety of two Using public transportation Being in open spaces Being in enclosed spaces Standing in line or being in a crowd Being outside the home alone At least 6 months |
|
|
Panic order causes biological |
Generalized vulnerability toward alarm responses Increased norepinephrine |
|
|
Panic disorder causes behavioral |
Conditioning |
|
|
Panic attacks causes cognitive |
Misperception /inaccurate assumptions Increased sensitivity of bodily sensation |
|
|
PD/A treatments biological |
Ssris |
|
|
PD/A Treatments psychological |
Cognitive restructuring Exposure |
|
|
Phobia criteria |
Marked fear of object or situation Actively avoids anxiety Fear is out of proportion to actual danger 6 months Impaired functionality |
|
|
Types of specific phobia |
Blood injury injection Situational Natural environment Animal type Other |
|
|
Specific phobias causes biological |
Inherited vulnerability Evolutionary |
|
|
Specific phobias causes psychological |
Traumatic exposure Conditioning Modeling Information transmission |
|
|
Specific phobia treatment |
Relaxation Exposure Systematic desensitization Fear hierarchy Tensing |
|
|
Social anxiety disorder criteria |
Anxiety of social situation exposed to possible scrutiny Fears will be negatively evaluated Social situations are avoided Fear is out of proportion 6 months Impairs functionality Performance only |
|
|
Social phobia causes biological |
Inherited vulnerability Evolutionary |
|
|
Social phobia causes psychological |
Traumatic exposure Conditioning Overly focused on negative self evaluation Social |
|
|
Social phobia treatment biological |
MAOIs (breaks down norepinephrine/ can cause stroke) SSRIs (increase serotonin) |
|
|
Social phobia treatment psychological |
Group CBT Social skills training |
|
|
Body dysmorphic disorder |
Overly emphasis on a part of their body |
|
|
Hoarding disorder |
Accumulate things |
|
|
Tricholtillomania |
Excessive hair pulling to relieve anxiety |
|
|
Excoriation |
Pick at skin excessively |
|
|
Acute stress disorder |
Ptsd but can be diagnosed soon/ dealing w/ for 3 daysbut less than a month |
|
|
Obsessions |
Persistent thoughts urges or images / intrusive and unwanted / cause anxiety for distress They attempt to ignore or suppress thoughts with another action |
|
|
Compulsion |
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that someone does to reduce anxiety Time consuming 1 hour per day Cause distress Specify awareness |
|
|
OCD Causes biological |
Generalized vulnerability Low serotonin activity |
|
|
OCD Causes psychological |
Operant Conditioning Yedasentience (lack of knowing when enough is enough) Enhance thought action fusion (some thoughst are unacceptable) |
|
|
OCD Treatments biological |
SSRIs |
|
|
OCD Treatments psychological |
Exposure woth reponse prevention Cognitive restructuring |
|
|
PTSD Criteria |
Exposed to actual or threatened death Presence of one or more intrusive symptoms Recurrent Involuntary distressing memories Recurrent distressing dreams of the trauma Dissociative reactions Distress at exposure Marked physiological reaction to trauma cues |
|
|
PTSD Criteria pt. 2 |
Negative alterations in cognition 2 or more is needed Inability to remember trauma Persistent or exaggerated megative beliefs about self, others and world Persistent negative emotional state Lack of interest in activities Feeling detached from others Inability to experience positive emotions |
|
|
PTSD Criteria pt 3. |
Marked alterations in arousal or reactivity 2 or more needed Irritable behavior w/ angry outburst Reckless or self destructive behavior Hypervigilance Exaggeration startle response Problem with concentration Sleep disturbance Longer than a month |
|
|
PTSD Causes features of trauma |
Intensity of exposure/ proximity Duration of exposure Extent of threat posed Natural vs Man made |
|
|
PTSD Causes features of person |
Pretrauma psychological adjustments Family history Cognitive and coping styles Feelings of guilt |
|
|
PTSD Causes features of the post trauma environment |
Availability and quality of social support Additional major stressors |
|
|
PTSD Treatments biological |
SSRIs |
|
|
PTSDs Treatments psychological |
Exposure technique Cognitive techniques |
|
|
Major depressive disorder |
Episodes of depression |
|
|
Persistent depressive disorder |
Depression for at least 2 years |
|
|
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder |
Mood swings right before period |
|
|
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
Extreme outburst / temper tantrums |
|
|
Cyclothymic disorder |
Episode of depression and hyper mania over 2 years |
|
|
Major depressive episode |
At least 5bfor at least 2 weeks. Must have one of the first symptoms. Depressed mood most of day everyday Loss of interest and pleasure in activities Significant appetite/ weight changes Sleep problems Psychomotor agitation or retardation Fatigue, loss of energy Feeling of worthlessness, inappropriate guilt Can't concentrate or make decisions Recurrent thoughts of death |
|
|
Manic episode |
Period of abnormally and elevated mood At least 3 symptoms Inflated self esteem Decreased need for sleep Talkative Racing thoughts Distractible Agitation Risky activity |
|
|
Major depressive disorder |
Presence of a major depressive ep Never been a manic or hypomanic ep Specifiers Single episode or recurrent |
|
|
Hypomanic episode |
Elevated, expansive irritable mood for at least 4 days Same type of symptoms as manic Not severe |
|
|
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) |
Depressed mood for at least 2 years Two or more of the following Poor appetite or overeating Insomnia or hypersomnia Low energy Low self esteem Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions Feeling of hopelessness Symptoms absent for no more than 2 months Lasts for at least 2 years Never manic, mixed or hypomanic ep |
|
|
Bipolar 1 disorder |
Presence of a manic, hypomanic, or major depressive epç history of a manic ep Significant distress or impairment |
|
|
Bipolar 2 disorder |
At least one or more hypomanic ep past or present One or more major depressive ep past or present Never been a manic ep Cause significant impairment |
|
|
Cyclothymic disorder |
At least 2 years, numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for full ep Symptoms absent for no more than 2 months No major depressive, manic, or hypomanic ep Causes significant impairment |
|
|
Cyclothymic disorder specifiers |
Seasonal pattern Rapid cycling Mood congruent psychotic features Mood incongruent psychotic features Mixed features Catatonic features Melancholic features Atypical features Postpartum onset With anxiety Suicide risk severity |
|
|
MDD biological perspective |
Genetic vulnerability - 37 Decreased sensitivity in serotonin receptors Norepinephrine not as effective Dopamine non sensitive reward sensation Brain activation abnormalities Increased amygdala and anterior cingulate responces (not feel good) Decreased hippocampus (ability to manage emotion) High cortisol (stress hormone) |
|
|
MDD Behavioral |
Lewinsohn's operant Conditioning paradigm: Behaviors we engage in an reinforced Mastery vs. Pleasure reinforcers Absence of reinforcers lead to extinction of behaviors |
|
|
3 reasons for lack of reinforcement |
Environment (divorce etc) Skill deficit inhibits obtainment (not able to do something) R available but person cannot enjoy (anxiety stops people ) Maintenance of depression |
|
|
MDD Cognitive |
Learned helpless (they can't do anything about it) Hopelessness (it's not going to change) Attributes Internal/external Global/specific Stable/unstable |
|
|
Beck's cognitive theory of depression |
Core of depression is distorted cognitions Develop negative schemas as children Upsetting situations trigger negative thinking Negative view of self Negative view of world Negative view of future Errors of thinking |
|
|
Artifact theory |
Women are more likely to be diagnosed |
|
|
Hormone theory |
Hormonal shifts |
|
|
Quality of life |
More likely to experience a trauma |
|
|
Lack of control |
Less control of their life |
|
|
Reaction to stress |
Women ruminate on a stressful situation |
|
|
MDD Biological treatments |
Antidepressants MAO inhibitors (increase norepinephrine) Tricyclics (can get addicted and die) SSRIs Electroconvulsive therapy Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
|
|
MDD Behavioral treatments |
Increase individuals rate of reinforcement Decrease depressive behaviors Social skills training |
|
|
Cognitive therapy for MDD |
Behavioral activation Thought records Hypothesis testing Alter basic beliefs Situations Emotions Automatic thoughts Rational response Outcome |
|
|
Social cultural treatment fo MDD |
Interpersonal therapy Identify core problems Interpersonal loss Interpersonal role disputes Interpersonal role transition Interpersonal deficits Develop strategies for resolving the problem |
|
|
Bipolar treatment biological |
Mood stabilizers Lithium |
|
|
Bipolar treatment psychological |
Cognitive therapy and psycho education |
|
|
Death seekers |
Really want to commit suicide / violent ways |
|
|
Death initiators |
Do it to rush nature |
|
|
Death ignorers |
Ritualistic suicides / suicide bombers |
|
|
Death darers |
Don't actually want to die |
|
|
Suicide risk factors |
Demographics Stressful events Mood and thought changes Alcohol Having a disorder Modeling |
|
|
Suicidal assessment |
Suicidal ideation Specific plan Means of carrying out plan Life in order Previous attempts Presence of model Drinking Impulsivity Hopelessness Protective factor |
|
|
Suicide intervention |
Validate feelings No suicide contract Take away means Get support Hotlines Psychotherapy Medications Hospital |
|
|
Anorexia nervosa |
Restrict energy intake Low body weight 85% or below fixed body weight Fear of gaining weight Restricting Binging and purging small amount 3 months |
|
|
Bulimia nervosa |
Recurrent episodes on binge eating 2 hours of eating more Inappropriate compensatory behavior Once a week for 3 months |
|
|
Reactions to bulimia |
Salivary gland enlarged Erosion of teeth Scarring on fingers Kidney failure |
|
|
Binge eating disorder |
Recurrent binging, no purging 3 or more of the following Eat rapidly Eating until uncomfortable Eating when not hungry Eating alone Feeling disgusting Once a week for three months |
|
|
Biological components |
Genetic History of being overweight Parental obesity Low serotonin Increase dopamine |
|
|
Psychological factors |
Stress Conditioning Can't tolerate negative emotion Enmeshment Overprotective parents Modeling of perfection Interparental conflict |
|
|
Social cultural factors |
Society and being thin Stigma against being overweight Unrealistic body type |
|
|
Treatment for anorexia |
No effective drugs Hospitalization Family therapy Cognitive behavior |
|
|
Treatment for bulimia |
Antidepressants Plan and monitor eating schedule Change attitudes and beliefs Coping skills |
