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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abnormal Psychology
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area within psychology that deals with maladaptive behavior
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Stigma
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In medicine, a mark indicating a history of disease or abnormality. In general, some characteristic that leads to disgrace, reproach, or discrimination by others.
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Adaptation
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dynamic process by which an individual responds to his or her environment and the changes that occur within it; ability to modify one's behavior to meet changing requirements; influenced by ones' personal characteristics and the type of situation
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Maladaptive Behavior
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behavior that deals inadequately with a situation, especially one that is stressful
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Exorcism
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rituals designed to expel evil spirits that are believed to be causing illness or deviant behavior
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Shaman
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in traditional cultures, inspired priest of medium who can summon up and communicate with good and evil spirits
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Trephination
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process of making a circular hole in the skull. In early times this was done to allow evil spirits to escape.
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Organismic point of view
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Pertaining to the organism as a whole rather than to particular parts. Behavior is considerred an interrelated and interactive function of the integrated organism
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Humors
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The four essential bodily fluids-blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm-that were believed to cause various disorders from ancient times through the medieval period.
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Natural fool
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A term coined during the middle ages that pertained to a mentally retarded person whose intellectual capacities had never progressed beyond those of a child
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Non Compos Mentis
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A term coined during the middle ages that pertained to a person who did not show mental disability at birth. However, their deviant behavior was not continuous, and they might show long periods of recovery. (not of sound mind)
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Saint Augustine's Confessions
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revealed his innermost thoughts, temptations, and fears. demonstrated that introspection and exploration of the individual's emotional life could be valuable sources of psychological knowledge
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The Anatomy of Melancholy by Robert Burton
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focuses on the emotional core of depression and observed that depressed people tend to be very angry, not only with themselves, but with others as well.
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Physiognomy
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the art of judging human character or personality from facial features
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Phrenology
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obsolete theory that different psychological behaviors were related to different parts of the brain and that these could be assessed by touching the surface of the skull
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Baquet
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a tub filled with magnetized water used for treatment of emotional crises by Mesmer during the Age of Reason and Enlightenment
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Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind
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by Benjamin Rush; the first American textbook on psychiatry. during the Reform Movement
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A Mind That Found Itself
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by Clifford Beers who recorded his experiences as a mental patient. Lead to improvement of care and treatment of the mentally ill.
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Stress
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feeling or reaction individuals have when faced with a situation that demands action from them, especially action that may be beyond their capabilities; usually not a pleasant state
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Vulnerability
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how likely we are to respond to certain situations;
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Resilience
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the ability "bounce back" following significant stress
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Coping
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how people deal with difficulties and attempt to overcome them.
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Coping Skills
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the techniques available to an individual in making attempts to overcome difficulty
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Incidence
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the number of new cases of a specific condition that arise during a particular period of time.
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Prevalence
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the frequency of occurence of a given condition among a certain population at a particular point in time.
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Risk Factor
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a specific characteristic or condition whose presence is associated with an increased likelihood that a specific disorder is present or will develop at a later time
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Deinstitutionalize
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Movement whose purpose is to remove from caregiving institutions all those patients who do not present a clear danger to others or to themselves, and to provide treatment and sheltered living conditions for them in the community
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Clinical Psychologist
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psychologist, usually a Ph.D. or Psy.D., who has special training and skills in assessing and treatin maladaptive behavior
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Counseling Psychologist
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someone trained especially to work with clients who are experiencing current life stresses rather than more serious or long-lasting disorders; usually holds a Ph.D. or Ed.D.
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Psychiatric Social Worker
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a person with a graduate degree in social work and specialized training in treating and giving practical assistance to patients with behavioral problems, and their families
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Psychiatric Nurse
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a registered nurse who has taken specialized training in the care of those with mental illness
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Self-observations
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records kept by the client or patient that detail the frequency of certain specified types of behavior, and usually include any specific environmental factors or personal thoughts that occurred just before, during, or after the behavior
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Case Studies
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detailed observations of a client's behavior, symptoms, and reported thoughts over a period of time, with inferences about cause and effect supplied by the clinician
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Correlation
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an association or linkage or two or more events
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Correlational Studies
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Type of research in which the relationship of two or more characteristics is measured. No statement about cause and effect can be made from correlational research
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Assessment Studies
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studies aimed at gathering information to describe a particular group in which variables are not manipulated. Such data can be used for prediction and are usually expressed in the form of correlations between variables
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Longitudinal Study
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research strategy based on observing people over periods of time. Involves obtaining measurements on the same people either continuously or at specific or regular time intervals
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Hypothesis-Testing Experiment
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evaluation of the correctness of an idea by experimental test
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Independent Variables
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variables that are manipulated by researchers in experiments
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Dependent Variables
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any observed changes in behavior due to manipulation of independent variables
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Behavior-Change Experiment
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the test of a therapeutic manipulation, used to determine whether the individual's maladaptive behvaior is lessened
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Clinical Trial
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The use of a research design that includes one or more experimental groups and a control group to test the usefulness of a particular approach in the treatment of patients
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Placebo
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inactive or inert substance that is presented as effective remedy for some problem in order to determine what role suggestibility plays in symptom change.
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Measures of Central Tendency
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provide descriptive numerical summaries of a groups behavior
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Measures of Variability
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measures of spread; SD, range
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Double-Blind Method
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experimental design used in drug research. Neither the subjects nor the experimenters know whether the medications given to different comparison groups are active or inert (placebos)
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Internal Validity
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a situation in which the results of an experiment can be correctly attributed to the experimental manipulation, and not to external factors, because the study was well controlled
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External Validity
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an experimental situation that is percieved to relate closely to a real world situation
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Null Hypothesis
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theory that groups do not differ; if the null hypothesis can be rejected, it is assumed to be unlikely that any observed differences are due to chance
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Correlation Coefficient
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numerical expression of the degree of correspondence between two variables; varies from -1 to 1
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Confounding
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the effect of one or more uncontrolled variables that results in a mistaken interpretation of the relations between dependent and independent variables
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Reactivity
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refers to changes in behavior that occur when subjects know they are being observed or studied; can lead to drawing false conclusions from experimental results
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Demand Characteristics
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aspects of research situation that give subjects clues about how they are expected to behave
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Expectancy Effects
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responses or behaviors that are function of what the subject or patient believes will be the result of an intervention, rather than of the actual consequences of whatever intervention took place
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Sampling
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process by which cases or subjects are drawn from a larger population; should be representative of entire population
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Thoughts
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ideas, concepts, and internal dialogue with one's self
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Feelings
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subjective emotional states
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Perceptions
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the products of the individual's processing, organizing, and interpreting sensory signals
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Skills
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basic abilities such as intelligence, memory, attention, and language
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Biological Perspective
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emphasizes the role of bodily processes
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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emphasizes the role of anxiety and inner conflict
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Behavioral Perspective
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examines how the environment influences behavior
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Cognitive Perspective
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looks to defective thinking and problem solving as causes of abnormal behavior
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Humanistic-Existential Perspective
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emphasizes our uniquenessas individuals and our freedom to make our own decisions
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Community-Cultural Perspective
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concerned with the roles of social relationships and the impact of socioeconomic conditions on maladaptive behavior; maladaptive behavior results from inability to cope effectively with stress
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Neural Plasticity
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the ability of the nervous system to change in response to stimulation, and the degree to which it can do so
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Psychic Determinism
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principle of causality, one of the basic assumptions of psychoanalysis, which states that all events, overt and covert, are determined by prior and often multiple mental events
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Conscious
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related to aspects of one's mental life of which one is aware at any particular time
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Preconscious
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thoughts that are not held in a person's mind at a particular time but which can easily be brought into awareness
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Unconscious
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out of awareness; mental contents that can be brought to awareness only with great difficulty (or not at all)
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Libido
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Freud's term for the emotional or psychic energy he believed to be originated by the innate drive for sexual pleasure
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Id
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in psychoanalysis, that division of the psyche that is a repository of all instinctual impulses and repressed mental contents. Represents the true unconscious, or the "deepest" part of the psyche
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Ego
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in pschoanalytic theory, the part of the psyche that makes up the self or the "I." The part of the psyche that is conscious and most closely in touch with reality, and that functions as the "effective officer" of the personality
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Superego
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represents the person's moral code and reflects social values as imposed by parents, schools, etc; uses guilt to keep the id in line
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Primary Process Thinking
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thinking characterized by inability by inability to discriminate between the real and the unreal, between the "me" and the "non-me" as well as by inability to inhibit impulses
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Pleasure Principle
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the immediate satisfaction of needs and desires without regard for the requirements of reality
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Secondary Process Thinking
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a reality-oriented is characteristic of older children and adults and is dependent on the development of the ego
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Anxiety
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generally, an unpleasant emotional state accompanied by physiological arousal and the cognitive elements of apprehension, guilt and a sense of impending disaster. distinguished from fear
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Defense Mechanisms
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psychoanalytic term for various psychic operations used by the ego to avoid awareness of unpleasant and anxiety-provoking stimuli/
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Repression
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psychoanalytic defense mechanism tht involves a "stopping-thinking" or "not-being-able-to-remember" response; actively fores traumatic events, intolerable and dangerous impulses and other undesirable mental affects out of consciousness into the less accessible realm of the unconscious
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Free association
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basic technique of the psychoanalytic method by which a patient expresses his or her thoughts as freely and uninhibited a manner as possible; provide a natural flow of though processes unencumbered by interruptions or explanations
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Collective Unconscious
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Jung's idea that each person's unconscious life concerns both a personal unconscious made up of past personal experiences that have been forgotten or repressed, and the collective unconscious, an inherited structure that is common to all humankind and that symbolizes universal situations (such as having parents, finding a mate, confronting death, and so on).
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Ego Psychology
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a later development in psychoanalytic theory that focuses increased attention on rational processes or ego functions. Erik Erikson's theoretical work is an example of ego psychology
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Object Relations
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the psychoanalytic approach that focuses attention on the emotional bonds between persons rather than on a person's view of him or herself
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Splitting
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term used to describe the inability of a person with borderline personality disorder to integrate positive and negative experiences with another individual into a coherent relationship; term used by object relations theorists
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Self Psychology
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a theory used by Kohut that considers the individual's self-concept as the central organizing factor in psychological development
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Determinism
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The philosophical idea that all acts are the inevitable result of what has happened before, and that human choice or free will plays no role in what happens
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Reinforcement
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any event that, if contingent upon response by an organism, changes the probability that the response will be made again; may be positive or negative, and may be presented according to a prescribed schedule
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Classical Conditioning
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where the response that an organism automatically makes to a certain stimulus is transferred to a new stimulus through an association between the two stimuli
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus that does not elicit a response prior to training
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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in classical conditioning, the response that occurs automatically, before training, when the unconditioned stimulus is presented
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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in classical conditioning, the stiumulus that automatically elicits the desired response before training has taken place
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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in classical conditioning, the response that occurs after training has taken place and after the conditioned stimulus has been presented
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Avoidance Response (escape response)
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attempt to leave a situation in which an aversive stimulus is expected to occur
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Extinction
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weakening or a response following removal of reinforcement
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Systematic Desentization
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a therapeutic procedure whose goal is to extinguish a conditioned response
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Operant Conditioning
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form of conditioning in which a desired response occurs and is subsequently reinforced to increase its probability of more frequent occurrence;aka instrumental conditioning
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Reinforcer
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a consequence of behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again
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Postive Reinforcer
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achieves reinforcement by provoking a reward or pleasure
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Negative Reinforcer
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stimulus that ceases when the desired behavior is performed
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Shaping
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basic process of operant conditioning that involves the reinforcement of successively closer approximations to a desired behavior
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Schedule of Reinforcement
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the pattern in which reinforcements are administered
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
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every response of a particular type is reinforced
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Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule
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only some of the responses are reinforced
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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reinforcement varies around an average number of responses (e.g. it might be required that on avg 10 responses must be made before a reinforcement is given).
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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reinforcement follws the first response that occurs after a certain time interval
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Vairable-Interval Ratio
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reinforcement occurs after a variable interval of time.
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Social-Cognitive theory
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says thatinternalized beliefs, perceptions, and goals influence the impact that experiences associated with conditioning and reinforcement have on behavior and thoughts
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Modeling
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behavior learned or modified as a result of observing the behavior of others. Learner does not have to make the observed response, or be reinforced for making it; aka observational learning
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Systematic Desentization
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a therapeutic procedure whose goal is to extinguish a conditioned response
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Operant Conditioning
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form of conditioning in which a desired response occurs and is subsequently reinforced to increase its probability of more frequent occurrence;aka instrumental conditioning
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Reinforcer
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a consequence of behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again
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Postive Reinforcer
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achieves reinforcement by provoking a reward or pleasure
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Negative Reinforcer
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stimulus that ceases when the desired behavior is performed
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Shaping
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basic process of operant conditioning that involves the reinforcement of successively closer approximations to a desired behavior
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Schedule of Reinforcement
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the pattern in which reinforcements are administered
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
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every response of a particular type is reinforced
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Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule
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only some of the responses are reinforced
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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reinforcement varies around an average number of responses (e.g. it might be required that on avg 10 responses must be made before a reinforcement is given).
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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reinforcement follws the first response that occurs after a certain time interval
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Vairable-Interval Ratio
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reinforcement occurs after a variable interval of time.
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Social-Cognitive theory
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says thatinternalized beliefs, perceptions, and goals influence the impact that experiences associated with conditioning and reinforcement have on behavior and thoughts
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Modeling
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behavior learned or modified as a result of observing the behavior of others. Learner does not have to make the observed response, or be reinforced for making it; aka observational learning
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Role Playing
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in psychotherapy, practing behavior shown by a model
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Implicit Learning
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takes place when an individual arranges memories of experiences into new patterns of thought
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Schemata
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the expectations people have as to the way others behvae and the appropriate behaviors for various types of situations; important in addition to what actually occurred in determining the way that a person wil respond to particular types of situations
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Self-efficacy
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concept originated by Bandura that beliefs about personal efficacy or ability to successfully carry out a task are important determinants in whether it will be attempted and completed successfully
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Cognitive Therapy
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a form of psychotherapy that is focused on changing conditions that lead to maladaptive behavior, by restructuring thinking so that maladaptive thoughts are replaced with thoughts that lead to more effective coping
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Social Learning Theories
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refers to several similar theoretical viewpoints, which hold that social behvaior and inner thoughs and feelings are learned through social interactions
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Self-actualization
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aka self-fulfilment; process by which the development of one's potentials and abilities is achieved
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Man's Search for Meaning
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by Viktor Frankl; decribed his experiences as a concentration camp prisoner; argued that behavior is driven by the meanings, values, and purposes that characterize a person's life
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Logotherapy
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term Frankl used to descrive his existential, humanistic approach to treatment
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Community Psychology
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concerned with modifying both individuals' behavior and the structure of the social system to produce optimal benefits for both society and the individual
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Social Causation Theory
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theory that maladaptive behavior is a result of poor economic circumstances, poor housing, and inadequate social services
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Social Selection Theory
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idea that low SES contains many people who drifted there from higher classes because of their poor functioning. Higher incidence of maladaptive behavior in the lower class is explained in this way
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Social Roles
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the function a particular person plays in society, which is determined by the particular role he or she fills. Most people have oberlapping social roles
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Labeling
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cognitive device by which a person classifies his or her own emotional responses as a way of controlling behavior, especially in stress-producing situations
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Interactional Approach
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what we think about and how we behave usually depend on interactions among several factors; these factors combine in giving direction to our lives
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Mediators
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a link (ex. between a stimulus and the resulting behavior); does not make an independent contribution to an outcome, rather its influence is due to another variable related both to it and to the outcome
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