Abnormal Psychology Mid-Term

Front 1

The 4 D's

Back 1

used to assess a mental illness

deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger

Front 2

Naturalistic

Back 2

observation, letting it happen, watching things unfold naturally

Front 3

Case study

Back 3

focus on one case extensively, usually strange or unusual cases

Front 4

Surveys

Back 4

forms statistics about opinions,

Front 5

Independent variables

Back 5

the variable that is manipulated and controlled

Front 6

Dependent variables

Back 6

the variable that changes based on the independent variable

Front 7

Treatment group

Back 7

the group that is being medicated with the testing drug

Front 8

Control

Back 8

the placebo group

Front 9

Double blind

Back 9

neither the researcher or the patient knows if they are receiving a placebo or the real drug

Front 10

Placebo effect

Back 10

thinking something is working when it isn't

Front 11

Hysterical conversion disorder

Back 11

if you cannot deal with something, it manifests itself physically

Front 12

Id

Back 12

pleasure principle, immediate gratification, narcissism

Front 13

Ego

Back 13

reality principle, control

Front 14

Super-ego

Back 14

morality. If too much can cause guilt. If too low can cause sociopathy

Front 15

Repression

Back 15

putting something out of your mind and burying it in the unconscious

Front 16

Projection

Back 16

things you don't like about yourself you see in other people, accuse that person of that issue

ex. spouse accuses spouse of cheating because they are cheating

Front 17

Reaction formation

Back 17

expressing the opposite of how you feel

ex. homophobes are sometimes homosexuals

Front 18

Displacement

Back 18

direct harmful actions towards a safer object

ex. mad at your boss, kick your dog

Front 19

Rationalization

Back 19

making excuses for bad behavior.

ex. alcoholic: I'm a social drinker

Front 20

Regression

Back 20

to go back to old behavior or ways of thinking

ex. a child going to school may have an "accident" or start sucking their thumb

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Sublimation

Back 21

turning negative experiences and feelings into positive things.

ex. instead of acting violently, Paul makes art

Front 22

Psychosexual development

Back 22

Erik Erikson, development of children

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Oral

Back 23

0-2 years, id, trust and independence

children who are abused during this stage have problems with substance abuse, depression, needy, vulnerable, dependent

Front 24

Anal

Back 24

2-3 years, cleanliness, self control, delayed satisfaction

can cause OCD, hoarding, OCPD, anal retentive, uptight, particular, rigid, inflexible, stingy, unemotional

Front 25

Phallic

Back 25

3-5 years, exploration, discovery of self

can cause Oedipus and Electra complex. Lustful feelings for parent of opposite sex, see same sex parent as competition

Front 26

Latency

Back 26

6-12, sexual feelings repressed, same sex friendships

Front 27

Genital

Back 27

12+, sexual relationships

Front 28

Erik Erikson

Back 28

8 psychosocial stages

Front 29

Stage 1

Back 29

Trust vs. mistrust, sets stage for future relationships, the world is safe, predictable/unsafe, unpredictable

Front 30

Stage 2

Back 30

Autonomy vs. Shame, giving children space to develop independently. Shame is guilt children feel if their parent is upset about the outcoming

Front 31

Stage 8

Back 31

Ego integrity vs despair, before death; are you happy with the way you lived your life?

Front 32

Psychoanalysis

Back 32

"free association"- say whatever comes to your mind.

"dream analysis"- wish fulfillment

"manifest content"- what you remember

"latent content"- the underlying meaning

Front 33

Object relations

Back 33

focuses on current relationships and shows connections to first relationships (parents, siblings, etc)

Front 34

Positive/negative reinforcement

Back 34

Positive>reward, praise

Negative>remove something to promote behavior

Front 35

Positive/negative punishment

Back 35

positive>yelling, insulting, criticizing

negative>remove something to decrease behavior

Front 36

Social learning theory

Back 36

observational learning, modeling

Front 37

Cognitive model

Back 37

What drives us to react is what we tell ourselves about the situation

Front 38

Humanistic

Back 38

people are more than their thoughts. You need to look at the whole person

Maslow and Rogers

Front 39

Biological model

Back 39

relationship between brain and body; abnormal behavior is linked to a disease, or chemical imbalance

Front 40

Frontal lobes

Back 40

personality, decision making, planning, "executive functions", controls impulses

right frontal controls left side of body and vise versa

Front 41

Temporal lobes

Back 41

smell, taste, hearing, hippocampus (storage of short term memory into long term);

seizure disorders often occur here

Front 42

Parietal lobes

Back 42

controls sensory, touch, pain, pressure, spatial awareness; on top of head

Front 43

Neurons

Back 43

basic communication element

Front 44

SSRI

Back 44

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor

Front 45

Seratonin

Back 45

mood, appetite, sleep, compulsive behavior

Front 46

Dopamine

Back 46

pleasure/reward, doing something you enjoy; too much can cause psychosis (hallucinations and hearing voices)

Front 47

Norepinephrine

Back 47

arousal, alertness, blood pressure

Front 48

MMPI-2

Back 48

567 true/false questions to score you in 10 clinical scales

Front 49

L-scale

Back 49

Lie scale on the MMPI-2

Front 50

Hypochdriasis

Back 50

scale 1; reporting more physical symptoms than someone actually suffering a physical condition

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Depression

Back 51

scale 2; suicide, hopelessness, worthlessness, low energy

Front 52

Hysteria

Back 52

scale 3, when under stress physical pain is felt

Front 53

Psychopathic deviate

Back 53

scale 4, more likely to commit crimes

Front 54

Masculinity/Femininity

Back 54

scale 5, how strongly you associate yourself with your biological gender

Front 55

Paranoia

Back 55

scale 6, suspicious, distrustful, always getting the bad end of the stick, sensitive to criticism

Front 56

Psychoasthenia

Back 56

scale 7, worry, obsess over things, higher levels of anxiety

Front 57

Schizophrenia

Back 57

scale 8, loner, feels like an outsider, feels unique, not many friends, identity issues

Front 58

Hypomania

Back 58

scale 9, restlessness, high energy, high self esteem, linked to bipolar disorder

Front 59

Social introversion

Back 59

scale 10, a high score indicates introversion, shyness, less comfortable socially

Front 60

DSM-5

Back 60

diagnostic and statistical manual

Front 61

Types of interviews

Back 61

structured set questions everyone is asked

semi-structured set questions that are elaborated on

Front 62

Behavioral observation

Back 62

before speaking to the patient, notice how they dress, do they make eye contact, their body language

Front 63

Cognitive testing

Back 63

IQ (Wecholer), memory, and attention concentration

Front 64

Personality tests

Back 64

objective (answering questions about themselves MMPI-2)

projective (based on interpretations, ink blot, sentence completion)

Front 65

Anxiety disorders

Back 65

triggered by the autonomic nervous system being overactive; widely spread, 1 in 4 adults, more common in women

can be seen often in people suffering from asthma, thyroid conditions, and cardiac conditions

Front 66

Phobias

Back 66

irrational, excessive fear of an object or situation.

specific phobias: phobia of any specific thing, numbers colors etc

agoraphobia: fear of large spaces (panic disorder)

social phobia- social anxiety disorder, afraid of embarrassment

Treatment: relaxation, breathing exercises, and exposure therapy

Front 67

Panic disorder

Back 67

unexpected recurrent panic attacks; palpitations, sweating, trembling, chest pain, nausea, dizziness. And at least one of these:

1.persistent concern for additional attacks

2. significant maladaptive change in behavior

Development: early 20s, rare after 45. rare in children

Environmental: reports of childhood sexual and physical abuse.

Treatment: panic control therapy, anti-depressants,

Front 68

Agoraphobia

Back 68

fear of two or more of; public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, alone in a crowd, outside of the home alone

prevalence: 1.7% of adolescents and adults. Females twice as likely

development: majority of people with this disease also experience signs of panic disorder

Front 69

OCD

Back 69

Obsessions- repetitive intrusive thoughts Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are hard to control

prevalence- 3-5%, men and women about the same. starts younger in males. mid to late 20's in women

risk factors- physical and sexual abuse

causes- genetic and physiological, twice as common if a family member is effected.

suicide risk- 7% will commit, 25% will attempt

treatment- antidepressants, cognitive and behavioral therapy, ERP (exposure with response prevention)

Front 70

GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)

Back 70

chronic worriers about health, money, employment causing nervousness, tense, easily distracted, sleeplessness

prevalence- 5% of the population. women it is more common, 7% in African American women

treatment- catastrophic thinking, relaxation methods, anti-depressants

Front 71

Hoarding

Back 71

difficulty discarding possessions regardless of their value. perceived need to keep things, causes significant problems in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning.

prevalence- 4% of the population

development- emerges around 11-25, interferes with functioning mid 20's, bad by mid 30's

environment- report stressful and traumatic life events

genetics- many report having relatives who hoard, could be inherited

Front 72

Excoriation (skin picking)

Back 72

recurrent skin picking causing lesions, repeated attempts to stop, not attributable to substance abuse.

prevalence- 1.4%, majority women

development- onset during adolescence. can be brought up by a skin condition like acne

Front 73

Chronic PTSD

Back 73

symptoms lasting longer than 6/m. recognized in 1980 in the DSM 3

diagnosis- must experience trauma in nightmares, intrusive thoughts; hyper arousal; avoidance of reminders of trauma; numbing/detachment; depersonalization

can suffer- amnesia about parts of the trauma, memory problems and concentration; reckless behavior; and guilt

environment- more likely to develop PTSD if you do not have a support group

treatment- systematic desensitization, EMDR, antidepressants because anxiety medication can be abused easily

Front 74

Adjustment disorders

Back 74

losing a loved one/job can effect your mood, behavior, and daily functioning.

must last at least 3 months but no longer than 6.

signs- out of proportion distress; everyday functioning issues (social, occupational)

prevalence- common, 5-20% (5%)