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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The label given to psychological abnormality by classifying and categorizing the observed behavior pattern into an approved diagnostic system
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psychological diagnosis
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The experience of more than one disorder at the same time
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comorbidity
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When a genetic predisposition for a disorder requires the added factor of environmental stress to activate it
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vulnerability or diathesis-stress model
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Condition where one has moods or emotions that are extreme and unwarranted, and strong enough to intrude on everyday living
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mood disorder
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A mood disorder characterized by depressed mood for a majority of days over at least two years
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dysthymic disorder
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A mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities
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major depressive disorder
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Estimated percentage of Americans who will suffer from major depression at least once in their lifetime
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5-8%
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Depressive symptoms that occur during winter months when days are shorter, and the subject craves carbohydrates and excessive sleep
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
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Neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders
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norepinephrine and serotonin
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These portions of the brain are smaller in some people with chronic depression
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hippocampus and amygdala
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Cognitive factors believed to lead to depression
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Learned helplessness
Self-blame Low self-esteem Rumination |
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Interpersonal factors linked to depression
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Lack of social network
Loss of an important relationship |
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Environmental factors that can trigger depression
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Learned helplessness
Self-blame Low self-esteem Rumination |
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A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
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bipolar disorder
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A component of bipolar disorder characterized by periods of extreme elation, unbounded euphoria without sufficient reason, and grandiose thoughts or feelings about personal abilities
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manic episode
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Slightly more common patttern of less extreme mood swings than bipolar disorder
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cyclothymia
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A neurobehavioral developmental disorder marked by attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Characteristics of eating disorders
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Problematic eating patterns
Extreme concerns about body weight Inappropriate behaviors aimed at controlling body weight |
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An eating disorder in which an individual weighs less than 85 percent of her or his expected weight but still controls eating because of a self-perception of obesity
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anorexia nervosa
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Anemia, kidney and cardiovascular malfunctions, dental problems, and osteoporosis can be caused by this eating disorder
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anorexia nervosa
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Personality attributes common in people with anorexia nervosa
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They are often obsessive, rigid, neurotic, and emotionally inhibited
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An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by measures to purge the body of the excess calories
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bulimia nervosa
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Main observable difference between anorexic and bulimic patients
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People with bulimia nervosa typically have body weight in the normal range
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Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, dental problems, and gastrointestinal problems can be caused by this eating disorder
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bulimia nervosa
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Personality attributes common in people with bulemia nervosa
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Impulsive and oversensitive, with poor self-esteem
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Eating disorders are more common in this kind of country
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industrialized nations, where thinness highly valued
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Family factors in eating disorders
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insufficient autonomy and mothers who put too much emphasis on body weight
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Cognitive factor in eating disorders
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all-or-nothing thinking
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An intense emotional response caused by the preconscious recognition that a repressed conflict is about to emerge into consciousness
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anxiety
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Intense feelings of apprehension and anxiety that impede daily functioning
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anxiety disorders
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Percentage of adults in the U.S. affected by anxiety disorders
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8-15%
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A disorder in which an individual feels anxious and worried most of the time for at least six months when not threatened by any specific danger or object
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generalized anxiety disorder
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A disorder in which sufferers experience unexpected, severe panic attacks that begin with a feeling of intense apprehension, fear, or terror
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panic disorder
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Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations
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phobic disorders
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Fear of being in public places, often associated with panic disorders
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agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear in social situations
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social phobia
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A mental disorder characterized by obsessions-recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses that recur or persist despite efforts to suppress them-and compulsions-repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or in a ritualized manner
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Bioogical factors in anxiety disorders
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genetic predisposition
differing sensitivity neurotransmiters brain damage |
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Neurotransmitters considered to be a factor in anxiety disorders
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GABA and serotonin
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Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders
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Seeing threats in harmless situations.
Focusing too much attention on situations that they perceive to be threatening. Recalling threatening information better than nonthreatening information. |
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Personality trait associated with higher rates of anxiety
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neuroticism
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A persistent disturbing preoccupation with an often-unreasonable idea or feeling
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obsession
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An irresistible impulse to perform an irrational act
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compulsion
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A disorder characterized by the persistent reexperience of traumatic events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, or dissociative flashbacks; develops in response to rapes, life-threatening events, severe injuries, and natural disasters
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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A personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the integration of identity, memory, or consciousness
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dissociative disorder
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Inability to remember important personal information, usually about something traumatic or painful
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dissociative/psychogenic amnesia
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A condition of reversible amnesia, where one loses the memories, personality and other identifying characteristics of individuality and may take on a new identity
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dissociative/psychogenic fugue
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A dissociative mental disorder in which two or more distinct personalities exist within the same individual; formerly known as multiple personality disorder
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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A general condition of soundness and vigor of body and mind; not simply the absence of illness or injury
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health
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The pattern of specific and nonspecific responses an organism makes to stimulus events that disturb its equilibrium and tax or exceed its ability to cope
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stress
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Who first coined the terms stress and stressor?
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Endocrinologist Hans Selye (1930s)
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The pattern of nonspecific adaptational physiological mechanisms that occurs in response to continuing threat by almost any serious stressor
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
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1 - Alarm (flight or fight)
2 - Resistance or adaptation 3 - Exhaustion |
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What can stop the progress of General Adaptation Syndrome?
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Removal of the stressor
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In stress research, the measure of the stress levels of different types of change experienced during a given period
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Life-change units (LCUs)
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The process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived to be threatening or overwhelming
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coping
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Efforts made in advance of a potentially stressful event to overcome, reduce, or tolerate the imbalance between perceived demands and available resources
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anticipatory coping
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The belief that one has the ability to make a difference in the course or the consequences of some event or experience; often helpful in dealing with stressors
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perceived control
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A response to stressors that is hypothesized to be typical for females; stressors prompt females to protect their offspring and join social groups to reduce vulnerability
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tend-and-befriend
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How personality disorders are classified
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into 3 clusters, based on their similarities
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Diagnostic cluster containing paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
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Cluster A—disorders of odd/eccentric reactions
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Diagnostic cluster containing antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder
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Cluster B—disorders of dramatic, emotional, or erratic reactions
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Diagnostic cluster containing avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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Cluster C—disorders involving anxiety and fearfulness
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Patterns of traits that are long-standing, maladaptive, and inflexible, keep a person from functioning properly in society, and often disrupt social relationships
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personality disorders
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A disorder where a person is callous in relationships with others, is impulsive, and lacks a conscience, but may appear outwardly charming
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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What was once called sociopathy and psychopathy is now classified under this diagnosis
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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What do some theorist think could prevent people with antisocial personality disorder from feeling anxiety in stressful situations and learning to avoid behavior that has negative consequences?
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central nervous system abnormalities
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Type of brain injury that could play a factor in antisocial personality disorder
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inuries to the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in planning and impulse control
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Genetic trait that people with antisocial personality disorder might have inherited
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inability to control impulses
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Environmental factors that can play a part in antisocial personality disorder
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family abuse or dysfunction
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A disorder marked by social withdrawal, low self-esteem, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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A disorder that leads a person to have trouble maintaining reationships, and has wide fluctuations in both self image and emotional behaviors
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Theorized early-development trigger for borderline personality disorder
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errors in early bonding and separating experiences
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A personality disorder in which a person depends too much on others to meet his or her emotional and physical needs
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Dependent Personality Disorder
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A personality disorder where a person acts very emotional and dramatic in order to get attention while having shallow emotions
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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A disorder where a person requires undue praise and admiration, is pre-occupied with fantasies of success, accomplishment, and recognition, feels entitled to special treatment, and lacks empathy for others
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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A personality disorder where the person is extermely suspicious and distrustful, but not delusional
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Paranoia and Paronoid Disorders
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A personality disorder marked by a lifelong pattern of indifference to others and social isolation
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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A personality disorder that leads to difficulty with interpersonal relationships and disturbances in thought patterns, appearance, and behavior
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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Severe mental disorders in which a person experiences impairments in reality testing manifested through thought, emotional, or perceptual difficulties
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psychoses
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False or irrational beliefs maintained despite clear evidence to the contrary
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delusion
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False perceptions that occur in the absence of objective stimulation
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hallucinations
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Type of hallucinations most common in schizophrenia
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auditory
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Severe form of psychopathology characterized by the breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, and symptoms of psychosis
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schizophrenic disorder
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A type of schizophrenia typically involving delusions of grandeur and persecution
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paranoid schizophrenic
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A false belief that one is important or famous
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delusions of grandeur
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A false belief that others seek to harm you
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delusions of persecution
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A type of schizophrenia involving disorganized speech or behavior and inappropriate emotional responses
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disorganized schizophrenic
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Diagnosis of a person who has had a prior episode of schizophrenia but currently is not displaying major symptoms
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residual schizophrenia
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A type of schizophrenia marked by odd motor activity; either purposelessly agitated and active or immobile
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catatonic schizophrenic
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Schizophrenic symptoms classified as altered behaviors, such as delusions, paranoia, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior
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positive symptoms
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Schizophrenic symptoms such as emotional flatness, social withdrawal, spare or uninflected speech, and lack of motivation
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negative symptoms
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Schizophrenic symptom where thought appears logically unconnected
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loose associations
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A jumble of words that are spoken that do not make sense
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word salad
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A condition where a person puts their limbs in some position and leaves them tehre for long periods of time
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waxy flexibility or catalepsy
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Senselessly repeating what other people have just said
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echolalia
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Senselessly repeating other people's movements
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echophraxia
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A type of schizophrenia that may have attributes of other types, but does not meet the specific criteria for them
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undifferentiated schizophrenia
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Biological factors in schizophrenia
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genetic predisposition
overabundance of dopamine brain structure abnormalities brain injury |
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Theory that schizophrenia occurs when there is ecess activity in those areas of the brain using dopamine to transmit nerve impulses
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dopamine hypothesis
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Type of brain abnormalities that may contribute to schizophrenia
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brain lateralization
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Examination of the brains of schizophrenics indicate that whatever went wrong in their brains happened at this point
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second trimester of pregnancy
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The idea that schizophrenia can be a learned behavior, consisting of a set of inappropriate responses to sical stimuli
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learned inattention theory
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Theory that if the fetal inherits a suseptability to be disrupted by the flu virus and is then exposed in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, schizophrenia can develop
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two-strike theory
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A mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that mimic physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause
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somatoform disorders
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Occurrence of somatoform disorder in the general population
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About 1 person in 300
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A condition where patients present with neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, or fits, but to which psychological factors could be attributed
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conversion disorder
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Losing the ability to see after witnessing a violent event, or speak after being traumatized, can indicate this disorder
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conversion disorder
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An out-dated term desribing a state of mind of unmanageable fear or emotional excesses
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hysteria
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Physical disorders aggravated by or primarily attributable to prolonged emotional stress or other psychological causes
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psychosomatic disorders
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A diagnosis applied to patients who chronically and persistently complain of varied physical symptoms that have no identifiable physical origin
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Somatization disorder
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What is the typical profile of a patient with somatization disorder?
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Female, onset before 30, and continues for many years
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An excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness
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Hypochondriasis
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Why are patients with hypchondriasis not considered delusional?
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Because they can acknowledge that their worries might be excessive
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Term for self-focused, excitable people who are highly open to suggestion, very emotional, dramatic, and who like being the center of attention
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hystrionic
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A somatoform disorder in which the affected person is excessively concerned about and preoccupied by a perceived defect in his or her physical features
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Body dysmorphic disorder
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When a patient experiences chronic pain in one or more areas, and is thought to be caused by psychological stress
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Pain disorder
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A disorder characterized by a disturbance in consciousness & change in cognition that develops quickly
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a delirium
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Triggers for a delirium
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medical conditions, drugs, substance withdrawal
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Multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment
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a dementia
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Examples of dementia
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Alzheimer's type, vascular dementia, dementia due to HIV disease
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Mutliple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment without delirium or dementia
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an amnestic disorder
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Condition in which individuals have IQ scores 70 to 75 or below and also demonstrate limitations in the ability to bring adaptive skills to bear on life tasks
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mental retardation
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Level of mental retardation for an adult with an IQ of 50-70, who may complete 6th grade work, learn vocational skills and hold a job, and live independently as an adult
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mild
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Level of mental retardation for an adult with an IQ of 35-49 who may complete second grade work, can learn social and occupational skils, and may hold a job in a sheltered worshop
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moderate
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Level of mental retardation for an adult with an IQ of 20-34, who may learn to talk or communicate, may learn basic health habits through repetition, and often needs help for simple tasks
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severe
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Level of retardation for an adult with an IQ less than 20, who has little to no speech, may learn limited self-help skills, and requires consant help and supervision
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profound
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Percentage of mentally retarded adults with mild retardation
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80%
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Percentage of mentally retarded adults with severe retardation
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7%
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Having an intelligence of 120 to 130 or higher (or in the upper 2 - 3% of the population)
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giftedness
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Condition where one continues to use a drug despite persistent physical or psychological costs
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substance dependence
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The gradual need for more and more of the drug to get the same effect
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tolerance
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What type of alcoholism is believed to link to a genetic predisposition?
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The type that begins in adolescence and that is associated with impulsive, antisocial, and criminal behavior
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High levels of what neurotransmitter may influence the susceptibility to alcoholism?
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dopamine
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The pattern of drug dependence in different countries varies according to what?
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cultural norms
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What kind of governmental policy increases rates of alcoholism?
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prohibition
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Drug withdrawal symptoms can be influenced on an individual basis by this
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expectation and context
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Approach to psychopathology that focuses on physiological and biological reasons
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medical approach
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Common medical explanations for psychopathology
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drugs, toxins, brain injury, genetics
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Approach to psychopathology looks at maladaptive defenses against unconscious conflicts
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psychodynamic approach
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Approach to psychopathology that focuses on anormal patterns of thinking as the cause
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cognitive approach
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The approach that psychopathology represent learned behaviors that have been conditioned or reinforced in some way
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behavioral approach
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Model that states that psychological disorders result from an interaction between biological and environmental factors
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vulnerability-stress model
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Type of classification used by the DSM-IV
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multi-axial system
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Axis I of the DSM-IV
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records the patient’s primary diagnosis
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Axis II of the DSM-IV
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records long-standing personality problems or mental retardation
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Axis III of the DSM-IV
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records any medical conditions that might affect the patient psychologically
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Axis IV of the DSM-IV
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records any significant psychosocial or environmental problems experienced by the patient
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Axis V of the DSM-IV
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records an assessment of the patient’s level of functioning
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Cause or origin of a disorder
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etiology
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The process of distinguishing among disorders
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diagnosis
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A prediction about the probable course and outcome of a disorder
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prognosis
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Disorders that are limited to specific cultural contexts, such as found in India, China, and Sri Lanka
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culture-bound disorders
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Use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to improve behavior
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behavior modification
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The process of prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus
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flooding
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What is the goal of flooding in therapy?
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For the client to realize over time that the consequences they've been fearing don't actually occur
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A technique used in therapy to substitute a new response for a maladaptive one by means of conditioning procedures
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counterconditioning
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What specific behavioral approach is designed to treat patients with severe phobias?
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systematic desensitization
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A form of conditioning where the subject is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort, creating a negative association with the stimulus
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aversion therapy
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A behavioral therapeutic technique that exposes a client to anxiety-provoking stimuli, through his or her own imagination, in an attempt to extinguish the anxiety associated with the stimuli
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implosion therapy
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The use of electroconvulsive shock as an effective treatment for severe depression
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Controversy over ECT centers around this
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Whether it is effective and causes long-term cognitive problems
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Types of anti-depressives
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tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRIs
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Most commonly used type of anti-depressant today
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SSRIs
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Common drug used to treat bipolar disorder
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Lithium
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Anti-anxiety drugs
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benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
barbiturates (Miltown) hypnotics (Hacion, Dalmane) |
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Other terms for anti-psychotic drugs
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neuroleptics or major tranquilizers
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Commonly prescribed anti-psychotics
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phenothiazines (Mellaril, Thorazine)
butyrophenones (Haldol) |
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Condition of involuntary movements of hands, feet, or face, which can be caused by anti-psychotics
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tardive dyskinesia
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Why do many patients stop taking anti-psychotics?
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unpleasant side effects
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Psychosurgery
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surgical procedure designed to change psychological or behavioral reactions
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Most common psychosurgery used in the past (but not today)
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prefrontal lobotomy
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Statistical definition of psychological disorders
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deviation from average
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Problem with classifying disorders based on deviation from average
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Not all rare behaviors are abnormal
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Valuative approach to defining abnormal behavior, basing it on deviation from the norm OR what most peope do
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deviation from idea
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Defining behavior as abnormal if it produces distress or anxiety in an individual
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subjective discomfort
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Phenomenological model of classifying abnormal behavior as a failure to fulfill's one self-potential (emphasizing effects of a faulty self-image)
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humanistic-existential model
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Describing psychological disorders as faulty or negative thinking that can cause depression or anxiety
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cognitive model
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