Abnormal Psychology / Chapter 10 Terms

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substance-related disorder

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One of a range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way they think, feel, and behave. These are extremely costly in human and financial terms.

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impulse-control disorder

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A disorder in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse.

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polysubstance use

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The use of multiple mind and behavior altering substances, such as drugs.

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psychoactive substances

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Substances, such as drugs, that alter mood or behavior.

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substance intoxication

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A physiological reaction, such as impaired judgment and motor ability, as well as mood change, resulting from the ingestion of a psychoactive substance.

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substance abuse

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A pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations.

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substance dependence

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A maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects.

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tolerance

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The need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount.

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withdrawal

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A severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance.

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depressant

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A psychoactive substance that results in behavioral sedation; such substances include alcohol and the sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs.

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stimulant

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A psychoactive substance that elevates mood, activity, and alertness; such substances include amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine.

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opiate

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An addictive psychoactive substance such as heroin, opium, or morphine that causes temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction).

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hallucinogen

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Any psychoactive substance, such as LSD or marijuana, that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception.

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alcohol use disorders

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A cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problem associated with alcohol use and abuse.

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withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens/DTs)

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The frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinkers withdraws from alcohol.

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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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A pattern of problems, including learning difficulties, behavior deficits, and characteristic physical flaws, resulting from heavy drinking by the victim's mother when she was pregnant with the victim.

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alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

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An enzyme that helps humans metabolize alcohol. Different levels of its subtypes many account for different susceptibilities to disorders such as fetal alcohol syndrome.

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barbiturates

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A sedative (and addictive) drug such as Amytal, Seconal, or Nembutal that is used as a sleep aid.

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benzodiazepines

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An antianxiety drug such as Valium, Xanax, Dalmane, or Halcion also used to treat insomnia. Effective against anxiety (and, at high potency, panic disorder), these show some side effects, such as some cognitive and motor impairment, and may result in substance dependence. Relapse rates are extremely high when such a drug is discontinued.

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amphetamine use disorders

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Psychological, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with amphetamine use and abuse.

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cocaine use disorders

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of cocaine.

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nicotine use disorders

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of nicotine.

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caffeine use disorders

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of caffeine.

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opioid use disorders

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of opiates and their synthetic variants.

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hallucinogen use disorders

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of hallucinogenic substances.

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marijuana

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The dried part of the hemp plant; a hallucinogen that is the most widely used illegal substance.

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LSD

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The most common hallucinogenic drug; a synthetic version of the grain fungus ergot.

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agonist substitution

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A replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup, an agonist. Used as a treatment for substance dependence.

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antagonist drug

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The medication that blocks or counteracts the effects of a psychoactive drug.

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controlled drinking

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An extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, in which severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation.

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relapse prevention

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The extending therapeutic progress by teaching the client how to cope with future troubling situations.

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intermittent explosive disorder

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The episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property.

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kleptomania

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A recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value.

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pyromania

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An impulse-control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires.

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pathological gambling

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A persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior.

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trichotillomania

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People's urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows and arm.