Abnormal Psychology: Ch1

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Actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior.

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abnormal behavior

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Sudden beginning of a disease or disorder

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acute onset

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Safe refuge; specifically, an institution to house mentally disordered people.

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asylum

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Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.

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behavior therapy

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Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

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behavioral model

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Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

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behaviorism

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Explanation of psychological dysfunction that primarily emphasizes brain disorder or illness as the cause.

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biological model

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Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses, emotional, or erratic)

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borderline personality disorder

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In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

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castration anxiety

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Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.

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catharsis

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Relative excess or deficit in brain chemicals, such as neurotransmitters, that may be implicated in some psychological disorders.

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chemical imbalance

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Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

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classical conditioning

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Details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.

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clinical description

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Person who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree (for example, Psy.D.) in psychology and is trained to conduct research into the causes and treatment of severe psychological disorders, as well as to diagnose, assess, and treat them.

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clinical psychologist

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Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

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collective unconscious

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Learned reaction, similar to the unconditioned response, elicited by a conditioned stimulus following classical conditioning.

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conditioned response (CR)

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Environmental event that acquires the ability to elicit a learned response as a result of classical conditioning associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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Process by which behaviors can be learned or modified through interaction with the environment.

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conditioning

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Person who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree in psychology and is trained to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues in relatively healthy people.

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counseling psychologist

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Psychoanalytic concept involving personal issues the therapist brings to professional relationships with clients.

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countertransference

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Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.

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course

Front 22

Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.

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defense mechanisms

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Study of changes in behavior that occur over time.

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developmental psychology

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Study of changes in abnormal behavior that occur over time.

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developmental psychopathology

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Current version of the official classification system for psychological disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)

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Defense mechanism in which a person directs a problem impulse toward a safe substitute.

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displacement

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Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

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dream analysis

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In psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives.

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ego

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Derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

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ego psychology

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In psychoanalysis, a young girl''s intrapsychic desire to replace her mother, possess her father, and acquire a penis. The resolution of this complex results in development of the superego.

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Electra complex

Front 31

Situation in which an emotional reaction spreads from one individual to others nearby.

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emotion contagion

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Condition of sharing and understanding the emotions of another person.

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empathy

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Pattern of a disorder alternating between recovery and recurrence.

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episodic course

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Religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.

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exorcism

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Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing.

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extinction

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In psychoanalysis, stopping or concentrating at a psychosexual stage because of a lack of appropriate gratification at that stage.

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fixation

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Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

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free association

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Ranking of human necessities from basic food to self-actualization, proposed by Abraham Maslow.

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hierarchy of needs

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Ancient belief that psychological disorders were caused by imbalances in bodily humors or fluids.

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humoral theory

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Bodily fluids (blood, black and yellow bile, and phlegm) that early theorists believed controlled normal and abnormal functioning.

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humors

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In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic drives.

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id

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Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period

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incidence

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Feeling of being inferior to others while striving for superiority.

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inferiority complex

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Legal rather than psychological or medical concept involving both a psychological disorder and an inability to know or appreciate the wrongfulness of criminal acts.

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insanity

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Development of a disorder that occurs gradually over an extended period

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insidious onset

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In psychoanalysis, recognition of the causes of emotional distress.

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insight

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Dangerous biological treatment involving the administration of large doses of insulin to induce seizures.

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insulin shock therapy

Front 48

In psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.

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intrapsychic conflicts

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In object relations theory, the process of incorporating memories and values of individuals who are important and close to the person.

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introjection

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Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

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introspection

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Tendency to be shy and withdrawn.

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introversion

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Edward L. Thorndike''s principle that behaviors are strengthened or weakened by the environmental events that follow them.

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law of effect

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In psychoanalysis, the energy within the id that drives people toward life and fulfillment.

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libido

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Study of psychological disorders over the entire age range.

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life-span developmental psychopathology

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Phenomenon in which people in groups share the same fear, delusion, abnormal behavior, or even physical symptoms as a result of psychological processes and suggestion.

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mass hysteria

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Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

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mental hygiene movement

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Psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.

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moral therapy

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Obsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from unconscious conflicts and the anxiety they cause.

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neurosis

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Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

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object relations

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In psychoanalysis, the intrapsychic struggle within a young boy between his lust for his mother and his fear of castration because of it. The resolution of this complex results in development of the superego.

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Oedipus complex

Front 61

Fundamental behavioral learning process in which responses are modified by their consequences (reinforcers, punishers, extinction, and so on).

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operant conditioning

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Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

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person-centered therapy

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Enduring tendency to behave in particular predisposed ways across situations.

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personality trait

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Psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

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phobia

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Tendency to seek pleasure and minimize discomfort.

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pleasure principle

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Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist.

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presenting problem

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Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

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prevalence

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In psychodynamic theory, the id''s characteristic mode of thinking, which is emotional, irrational, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, and envy.

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primary process

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Predicted future development of a disorder over time.

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prognosis

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Person with nursing training who specializes in care and treatment of psychiatric patients, usually in a hospital setting.

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psychiatric nurse

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Person who has earned a master of social work (M.S.W.) degree or, occasionally, a doctor of social work (D.S.W.) degree and is trained to work with social agencies to help psychologically disordered clients and their families.

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psychiatric social worker

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Person who has earned an M.D. degree and then has specialized in psychiatry during residency training. Such a person is trained to investigate primarily the biological nature and causes of psychiatric disorders and to diagnose and treat them.

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psychiatrist

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Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud.

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psychoanalysis

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Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.

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psychoanalyst

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Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.

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psychoanalytic model

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Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

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psychodynamic psychotherapy

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Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.

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psychological disorder

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Explanation of human behavior and its dysfunction that emphasizes the influence of the social environment and early experience.

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psychological model

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Scientific study of psychological disorders.

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psychopathology

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In psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.

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psychosexual stages of development

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Group of severe psychological disorders, including schizophrenia, featuring delusions and hallucinations.

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psychosis

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Treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

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psychosocial treatment

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More commonly known as reserpine, an early medication derived from the snakeroot plant that helps control the agitation and aggressiveness of some psychotic patients.

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rauwolfia serpentina

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In psychodynamic theory, the logical reasoning style of the ego that ensures actions are practical and realistic.

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reality principle

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In operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

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reinforcement

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In psychoanalytic theory, a process that forces unwanted material from the conscious to the unconscious.

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repression

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Instance of mass hysteria in which groups of people experienced a simultaneous compulsion to dance and shout in the streets. Also known as tarantism.

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Saint Vitus's Dance

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In operant conditioning, the pattern of consequences following a behavior based on the number of responses emitted or the time intervals between them.

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schedules of reinforcement

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Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.

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scientist-practitioners

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Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

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self-actualizing

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Percentage of men and women with a disorder.

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sex ratio

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In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.

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shaping

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Branch of mathematics concerned with gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data from research.

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statistics

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Psychodynamic defense mechanism in which the person redirects energy from conflict and anxiety into more constructive outlets, such as work.

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sublimation

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In psychoanalysis, the psychical entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society.

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superego

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Explanation of human behavior and its dysfunction that posits important roles for spirits, demons, grace, sin, and so on.

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supernatural model

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Psychodynamic assertion that if overt problem behavior (the symptom) is treated without eliminating the underlying conflict thought to be causing it, that conflict will reemerge in the form of new, perhaps worse, symptoms.

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symptom substitution

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Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

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systematic desensitization

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Freudian concept of a human drive toward death and destruction.

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thanatos

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Condition in which a disorder improves on its own in a relatively brief period.

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time-limited course

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Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

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transference

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Acceptance by the counselor of the client's feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

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unconditional positive regard

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In classical conditioning, the natural or unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.

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unconditioned response (UCR)

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Environmental event that would elicit a response in almost anyone and requires no learning. In classical conditioning, it is paired with a neutral stimulus that, after training, may become a conditioned stimulus.

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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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Part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.

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unconscious