Abnormal Psychology

Front 1

What are the primary symptoms of schizophrenia?

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psychosis in the form of delusions and hallucinations

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What are the severe impairments of schizophrenia?

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social, occupation, educational functioning, resulting in poverty, poor housing

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Emil Kraepelin

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dementia praecox

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Eugen Bleuler

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schizophrenia

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What is the lifetime prevelence in the U.S.?

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1 percent

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_____ ______ is much rarer and is associated with poorer prognosis

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childhood onset

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The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis says that there must be the presence of at least TWO of the following symptoms for at least one month

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1. delusions
2. hallucinations
3. disorganized speech
4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. negative symptoms

Front 8

Schizophrenia occurs because of _______ from previous functioning

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deterioration

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Disorder lasted ___ months at some point in life

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6

Front 10

What must you rule out in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

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substance-induced, general medical condition, and mood disorders

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What are the three categorization of symptoms of schizophrenia?

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positive, negative, disorganized

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Different types of delusions

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- paranoid/persecutory
- delusions of referance
- somatic delusions
- delusions of grandeur
- delusions of thought broadcasting
- delusions of thought withdrawl
- erotomanic delusions
- capgras syndrome

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disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that a friend, spouse, or other close family member has been replaced my an identical-looking imposter

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capgras delusion

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refers to the strongly held belief that random events, objects, behaviors of others, etc. have a particular and unusual significane to to oneself

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delusions of reference

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A delusion that a part of one's body has been injured or altered in some manner

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somatic delusions

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These are the most common type of delusions and involve the theme of being followed, harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired against, spied on, attacked, or obstructed in the pursuit of goals. Sometimes the delusion is isolated and fragmented (such as the false belief that co-workers are harassing), but sometimes are well-organized belief systems involving a complex set of delusions ("systematized delusions

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paranoid/persecutory delusions

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delusional conviction of one's own importance, power, or knowledge or that one is, or has a special relationship with, a deity or a famous person.

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delusions of grandeur

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the false belief that the affected person's thoughts are heard aloud

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delusion of thought broadcasting

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the belief that an outside force, person, or group of people is removing or extracting a person's thoughts

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delusion of thought withdrawal

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is a rare disorder whereby the subject holds a delusional belief that another person is in love with him or her, the other person often being someone of higher status than the subject, for example, a celebrity or a boss

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erotomanic delusions

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sensory perceptions not directly attributable to environmental stimuli

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hallucinations

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schizophrenic activation in Broca's area; come from outside the head

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auditory hallucinations

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examples of auditory hallucinations

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- voices commenting upon the person's behavior
- voice talking to a person...telling them to do something

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negative symptoms of hallucinations

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affective flattening, alogia, avolition, anhedonia

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decrease in, or a low level of, an individual's emotion

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affective flattening

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or poverty of speech, is a general lack of additional, unprompted content seen in normal speech.

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alogia

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self-neglect,such as not bathing; person sits around and sleeps much more than normal

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avolition

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social withdrawal

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anhedonia

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disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia

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catatonia, thought speechand emotions,

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-stupor or motor immobility
- hyperactivity
- mutism or marked negativism
- peculiar behavior such as posturing
- echopraxia and echolalia

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catatonia

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childhood anxiety disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech is unable to speak in given situations, or to specific people

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mutism

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1. A habitual attitude of skepticism or resistance to the suggestions, orders, or instructions of others.
2. Behavior characterized by persistent refusal, without apparent or logical reasons, to act on or carry out suggestions, orders, or instructions of others

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negativism

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the involuntary repetition or imitation of the observed movements of another.

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echopraxia

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repetition of vocalizations made by another person

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echolalia

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speech may be tangential or irrelevant

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loosening of associatios

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newly coined word that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language; often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event

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neologism

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crying or laughing at inappropriate times

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disorganized affect

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schizophrenia subtypes

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paranoid, disorganized, catatonia, undifferentiated, residual

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- most common diasnosis for schizophrenia subtype characterized by frequent delusions or auditory hallucinations

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paranoid type

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- disorganized thought, speech, and flat innapropriate affect; typically self- absorbed

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disorganized type

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people who do not fit precisely in any one category of schizophrenia

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undifferentiated type

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symptoms of schizophrenia; duration < 1 month

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brief psychotic disorder

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duration between 1 and 6 months

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schizophreniform disorder

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a persistent belief that is contrary to reality in the absence of other characteristics of schizophrenia

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delusional disorder

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shared psychotic disorder

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delusions shared by two people

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mood disorder + psychotic symptoms for at least 2 weeks without prominent mood symptoms

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schizoaffective disorder

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course of schizophrenia

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prodromal phase, active phase, residual phase, cultural variation

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onset and buildup of symptoms

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prodromal phase

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symptoms are not longer as severe

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residual phase

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biological factors of schizophrenia

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-genetic contribution
- neurobiological influences

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genetic contribution

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family studies, twin studies, adoption studies

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neurobiological influences

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- dopamine
- brain structure (abnormal temporal and frontal lobe functioning)
- enlarged cerebral ventricles
- prenatal viral exposure

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psychosocial factors of schizophrenia

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-negative family environments
- expressed emotion

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communication style is contradictory

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double-bind theory

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I always say, "Why dont you pick up a book, do a crossword or something like that to keep your mind off of it." Thats even too much trouble

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example of HIGH expressed emotion

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"I know its better for her to be on her own, to get away from me and try to do things on her own"

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example of LOW expressed emotion

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"I just tend to let it go because I know that when she wants to speak she will speak"

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example of LOW expressed emotion

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Psychosocial theories of schizophrenia

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-stressful life events
- social class and schizophrenia

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concerning the relationship between mental illness and social class, is the argument that illness causes one to have a downward shift in social class

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downward drift hypothesis

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a social theory that focuses on developing a sociological view of institutions, the way they interact and the effects of institutions on society

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institutionalism

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- efforts to re-teach basic social skills
- focus on helping people take charge of their own care

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Milieu therapy

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Psychosocial therapies of schizophrenia

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institutionalism, Milieu therapy, token economy programs, behavioral family therapy, vocational rehabilitation