Abnormal Psychology 5,6,,7

Front 1

Cognitive restructuring (p 57) –

Back 1

Therapy techniques that focus on changing irrational and problematic thoughts.

Front 2

Dissociation (p 246):

Back 2

A significant disruption in one’s conscious experience, memory, sense of identity, or any combination of the three, without a physical cause.

Front 3

Repression (p 153, 264):

Back 3

A defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content.

Front 4

Splitting (p 264):

Back 4

A defense mechanism in which one views oneself or others as all-good or all-bad in order to ward off conflicted or ambivalent feelings.

Front 5

Identification (p 264

Back 5

Taking on the traits of someone else; sometimes used as a defense mechanism.

Front 6

Posttraumatic Model (PTM) of DID (p 257):

Back 6

A theory of dissociative identity disorder that argues that it results from traumatic childhood experiences.

Front 7

Sociocognitive Model (SCM) of DID (p 257):

Back 7

A theory of dissociative identity disorder that argues that it is iatrogenic (a disorder unintentionally caused by a treatment) and/or the disorder results from socially reinforced multiple role enactments.

Front 8

Comorbidity (p 240):

Back 8

The presence of two or more disorders in one person, or a general association between two or more different disorders.

Front 9

Major Depressive Episode (p 166):

Back 9

A two-week or longer period of depressed mood along with several other significant depressive symptoms.

Front 10

Manic Episode (p 166):

Back 10

Abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least one week and impairs social and occupational functioning.

Front 11

Hypomanic Episode (p 166):

Back 11

A less severe version of a manic episode, lasting four days or more, that does not impair functioning.

Front 12

Hysteria (p 256):

Back 12

A term once used to describe what are now categorized as dissociative or somatoform disorders.

Front 13

Melancholia (p 165):

Back 13

An early historical term for depression.

Front 14

Monoamines (p 182):

Back 14

A class of neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

Front 15

Negative cognitive triad (p 191):

Back 15

Irrationally negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future.

Front 16

Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia (p 463, 464):

Back 16

Disorganized speech, thought, or behavior, e.g., loose associations (a sequence of logically disconnected thoughts); neologisms (made-up words); clang associations (nonsense sequences of rhyming or like-sounding words); echolalia (repeating verbatim what others say); word salad (seemingly random collection of disorganized words); catatonic symptoms (bizarre motoric behaviors including rigidity and stupor) to purposeless flailing, pacing or spinning

Front 17

Catatonia (p 464):

Back 17

Psychomotoric symptoms ranging from extreme immobility and unresponsiveness to extreme agitation.

Front 18

Delusions (p 455):

Back 18

Fixed, false, and often bizarre beliefs.

Front 19

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (p 460):

Back 19

Type 1 symptoms of schizophrenia are symptoms that represent pathological excesses, exaggerations, or distortions from normal functioning, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech, thought or behavior

Front 20

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia (p 460):

Back 20

Type II symptoms are that which represent pathological deficits, such as flat affect, loss of motivation, and poverty of speech.

Front 21

Brief Psychotic Disorder (p 468):

Back 21

diagnosis involving a psychotic episode that has all the features of schizophrenia but lasts less than one month.

Front 22

Schizophreniform Disorder (p 468):

Back 22

diagnosis involving a psychotic episode that has all the features of schizophrenia but has not lasted six months.

Front 23

Schizoaffective Disorder (p 468):

Back 23

DSM-IV-TR diagnosis involving symptoms of both a mood disorder and schizophrenia.

Front 24

Shared Delusional Disorder (p 469):

Back 24

DSM-IV-TR diagnosis involving delusions that develop in the context of a close relationship with a psychotic person.

Front 25

Psychosis (p 455):

Back 25

A state of being profoundly out of touch with reality.

Front 26

ECT (p 188):

Back 26

Electroconvulsive therapy. A biological intervention for severe depression involving sending electric current through the skull to produce seizures.

Front 27

Neologisms (p 463):

Back 27

Made-up words, like “headvise” for headache.

Front 28

Downward drift (p 466):

Back 28

The decline in socioeconomic status of individuals with schizophrenia relative to their families of origin.

Front 29

Word Salad (p 463):

Back 29

A seemingly random collection of disorganized words.

Front 30

Echolalia (p 463):

Back 30

A speech abnormality in which a person mimics what he or she has just heard.

Front 31

What goes on Axis I?

Back 31

Symptom Disorders : Disorders characterized by the unpleasant and unwanted forms of distress and/or impairment

e.g., Somatoform Disorders; Mood Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, Schizophrenia

Front 32

What goes on Axis II?

Back 32

Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation

Personality Disorders: Disorders characterized by extreme and rigid personality traits that cause distress or impairment

Front 33

What goes on Axis III?

Back 33

Medical Conditions

Front 34

What goes on Axis IV?

Back 34

Psychosocial & Environmental Factors

E.g., occupational; problems with primary support group

Front 35

What goes on Axis V?

Back 35

Global Assessment of Function

GAF (1-100)

Front 36

The 6 Core Concepts:

Back 36

Context

Continuum between normal and abnormal behavior

Cultural and historical relativism

Advantages and limitations of diagnosis

Principle of multiple causality

Connection between mind and body

Front 37

Context:

Back 37

the situational context in which the abnormal behavior occurs, i.e., life history; life events; demographic context variables such as age, gender culture and class

Front 38

Continuum between normal and abnormal behavior:

Back 38

a range from mild to severe used to help distinguish normal from abnormal behavior

Front 39

Advantages and Limitations of Diagnosis:

Back 39

categorizing and classifying help create a system that can facilitate treatment, research, and teaching.

same system can also oversimplify complex problems and the diagnosis of a mental illness can be stigmatizing to the person be diagnosed.

Front 40

Historical Relativism:

Back 40

abnormal behavior must be considered within the time period and culture in which it occurs. we cannot make absolute and universal statements as a result.

Front 41

Principle of Multiple Causality:

Back 41

psychology has moved away from reductionism and now favors a more integrated approach which is open to the use of several different theoretical approaches in order to explain and provide treatment for abnormal behavioral. it is recognized that abnormal behavior can be caused by any individual or combination of the following causes - predisposing, precipitating, psychological, biological, environmental..

Front 42

Mind Body Connection:

Back 42

the appreciation of the connection between mind and body. Brain abnormalities can cause emotional distress an emotional distress can cause physical symptoms

Front 43

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Paranoid:

Back 43

Prominent delusions or auditory hallucinations

Front 44

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Disorganized:

Back 44

Prominent disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect

Front 45

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Catatonic:

Back 45

Prominent psychomotoric symptoms, such as rigid physical immobility, and unresponsiveness or extreme behavioral agitation, muteness, echolalia, and echopraxia

Front 46

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Undifferentiated:

Back 46

Active schizophrenic symptoms that do not fit the paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic subtypes.

Front 47

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Residual:

Back 47

Following at least one episode of schizophrenia, a state in which there are no prominent positive symptoms of schizophrenia but some negative symptoms and milder positive symptoms remain.

Front 48

Diagnostic Criteria for Schizophrenia:

Back 48

Two or more of the following 5 symptoms for at least 6 months:
-Delusions
-Hallucinations
-Disorganized speech
-Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
-Negative symptoms (such as lack of emotion, speech, or motivation)

Causes social/occupational dysfunction and decline

Front 49

Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Episode:

Back 49

Five of the following symptoms (with one of the first two) for at least 2 weeks.

-Depressed mood
-Diminished interest or pleasure
-Weight loss or gain
-Insomnia or hypersomnia
-Fatigue or loss of energy
-Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
-Difficulty thinking, concentrating, deciding
-Suicidality

Front 50

Diagnostic Criteria for Manic Episode:

Back 50

Over 1 week of abnormally elevated mood, impaired functioning, and >3 symptoms

-Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
-Decreased sleep
-Excessive talking or pressured speech
-Racing thoughts
-Distractibility
-Increased activity
-Pursuit of activities with painful consequences

Front 51

Diagnostic Criteria for Hypomanic Episode:

Back 51

-4+ days of elevated mood

-Presence of at least 3 symptoms of a manic episode

-The episode is not severe enough to cause impairment in functioning

Front 52

Name 5 Mood Disorders :

Back 52

Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
Dysthymic Disorder
Cyclothymia

Front 53

Diagnotic Criteria for MDD:

Back 53

Five or more symptoms over a 2-week period

-Depressed mood most of the day (irritability in children)
-Greatly reduced sense of pleasure/interest in almost all activities, most of the day
-Significant (>5% body weight/ month) loss/gain of weight w/o dieting; or fluxuating appetite
-Daily insomnia or hypersomnia
-Excessive agitation/slowed movement
-Fatigue or loss of energy
-Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
-Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Change from previous functioning

Clinically significant impairment

Front 54

Dysthymic Disorder

Back 54

Depressed mood most days for 2 years + 2 other symptoms:

-poor appetite or over-eating
-Insomnia or hypersomnia
-Low energy or fatigue
-Low self-esteem
-Poor concentration or indecisiveness
-Feelings of hopelessness

Front 55

Cyclothymic Disorder

Back 55

For at least 2 years, numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms

The depressive symptoms are not severe enough to meet criteria for a Major Depressive Episode

Front 56

Dopamine Hypothesis:

Back 56

The hypothesis that excess dopamine transmission causes the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia