Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS |
:) |
|
|
Conversion disorders |
Involves the presentation of a neurological or physical illness; the cause is believed to be psychological |
|
|
Features of somatization (3) |
The experience of somatic symptoms A cognitive attribution as to the meaning of the symptom A behavioural action in response to the symptoms |
|
|
Patients who somaticize (6) |
Sensory amplification Abnormal illness behaviour Medically unexplained symptoms Symptoms are not better accounted for by another medical disorder Symptoms are not intentionally produced Challenge health care providers |
|
|
What causes somatoform disorders (2) |
Psychoanalytic model Behavioural model |
|
|
Hysterical conversion |
When powerful emotions are imprisoned by repression, they will express themselves as physical symptoms |
|
|
Somatic symptom disorder |
Patients complain of one or more physical distressing bodily symptoms, including pain |
|
|
Illness anxiety disorder |
Individuals convert anxiety into chronic preoccupation and unrealistic interpretation of bodily symptoms as evidence of having or requiring a serious disease |
|
|
Factitious disorder |
The individual presents him/herself to others as ill, impaired or injured |
|
|
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy |
Involves the deliberate feigning of physical or psychological symptoms in another individual; produced voluntary without secondary gain |
|
|
Categories of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (3) |
Person simply persisted upon reporting false convincing stories Person reported false stories, fabricated illness signs and altered illness investigation samples Person created stories as well as actively harmed their victim |
|
|
Malingering |
Faking; motivation is either trying to get out of something or attempting to gain something |
|
|
EATING DISORDERS |
:) |
|
|
Barriers to assessing eating disorders (7) |
Eating disorders are secretive Reluctance to report symptoms Don't want parents to know about symptoms Normal adolescent developmental milestones Focus on reporting other symptoms Family physicians as gatekeepers Eating disorders are ego syntonic |
|
|
Temperamental qualities of anorexia nervosa (4) |
Perfectionism Alexithymia Driven Obsessive compulsive traits |
|
|
Temperamental qualities of bulimia nervosa (4) |
Negative emotionality Affective instability Impulsivity Emotional dysregulation |
|
|
Rumination disorder |
People often spit out their food involuntarily |
|
|
Atypical anorexia nervosa |
All criteria except for significant weight loss |
|
|
Purging disorder |
Recurrent purging behaviour to influence weight gan or shape in absence of binge eating |
|
|
Binge episode associated with... (5) |
Eating much more rapidly than normal Eating until feeling uncomfortably full Eating large amounts when not feeling hungry Eating alone because of embarrassment over amount Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterwards |
|
|
Functional dysphagia |
Someone has a choking episode and then has a fear that they will have another choking episode and carefully chooses what they eat and may eventually not eat |
|
|
Pervasive food refusal symptom |
Refusal to eat with no typical eating disorder thoughts |
|
|
Selective eating |
Only choosing to eat certain types of food |
|
|
Comorbid disorders (7) |
Anxiety disorders Depression Body dysmorphia Self-harm Personality disorders Stress General medical conditions |
|
|
The difficult patient (3) |
High levels of emotion with the patient Difficulty understanding the patient Difficulty managing patient |
|
|
CBT (3) |
Thought Behaviour Emotion |
|
|
Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) |
Promotes metacognition (thinking about thinking) with emphasis placed on process rather than content |
|
|
Bulimia nervosa |
Out of control eating episodes (binges) are followed by self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, or other attempts to purge the food |
|
|
Anorexia nervosa |
The person eats nothing beyond minimal amounts of food, so body weight sometimes drops dangerously |
|
|
Non-purging type |
Exercise or fasting |
|
|
Restricting type |
Individuals diet to limit calorie intake |
|
|
Binge eating disorder |
Individuals who experience marked distress due to binge eating but do not engage in extreme compensatory behaviours and can therefore not be diagnosed with bulimia |
|
|
STRESS AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY |
:) |
|
|
Stress |
The physical, behavioural, and psychological reactions to a stressor |
|
|
Stressor |
An event or environmental stimulus that triggers stress |
|
|
Causes of Stress (3) |
Personal stressors Background stressors Cataclysmic events |
|
|
Personal stressors |
Significant life events that disrupt a person's life, causing change |
|
|
Background stressors |
The hassles of daily life that irritate us each day |
|
|
Cataclysmic stressors |
Occur suddenly and affect many people simultaneously |
|
|
Responses to stress (3) |
Physiological Behavioural Psychological |
|
|
Phases of General Adaptation Syndrome (3) |
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion |
|
|
Cognitive appraisal |
The extent to which you perceive a situation as threatening and believe that you will not be able to cope |
|
|
Main components of cognitive appraisal (2) |
Perception of threat If they have the means to cope |
|
|
Primary appraisal |
The individual interprets the threat to his or her well-being |
|
|
Secondary appraisal |
The individual determines the coping mechanisms that are available and the likelihood that they can be employed successfully |
|
|
Behavioural reactions (4) |
Seeking social support Problem solving Withdraw from the stressor Using substances or other maladaptive behaviour |
|
|
Learned helplessness |
A state in which an organism concludes that unpleasant or aversive events can not be predicted or controlled and this belief becomes so engrained that they cease trying to remedy their circumstances |
|
|
Burnout |
A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations |
|
|
Self-efficacy |
The belief that one will perform behaviours that will produce desired effects |
|
|
Expectancy |
Subjective experience about the outcome of behaviour |
|
|
Optimism |
The belief that good things will happen |
|
|
Health psychology |
Investigates how psychological factors influence health and illness including their role prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of physical conditions |
|
|
Direct effects model |
Stress and psychological factors directly invoke a physiological response that impacts disease |
|
|
Interactive model |
Stress and psychological factors interact with one's predisposed vulnerability to disease to invoke a physiological response that impacts disease |
|
|
Indirect effects model |
Stress and psychological factors influence health related behaviours (eg. smoking, sleep) that impact on disease |
|
|
Hypertension risk factors (7) |
Black ethnicity Relatives with hypertension Constricted blood vessels Stress Too much salt in diet Loneliness, depression and lack of social support Anger and hostility |
|
|
Coronary heart disease risk factors (6) |
Hypertension Diabetes Obesity High cholesterol levels Lack of exercise Stress |
|
|
Type A Behaviour Pattern (3) |
Competitive achievement striving Exaggerated sense of time urgency Aggressiveness and hostility |
|
|
How to manage stress (3) |
Cognitive reappraisal Use relaxation techniques Seek social support |
|
|
Psychophysiological disorder |
Disorders that affect somatic function |
|
|
Behavioural medicine |
Knowledge derived from behavioural science is applied to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical problems |
|
|
Continuum of ability to cope: more to less (4) |
Excitement Stress Anxiety Depression |
|
|
Antigens |
Foreign materials that the immune system identifies and eliminates |
|
|
Autoimmune disease |
With too many helper T cells, the immune system may attack the body's normal cells rather than its antigens |
|
|
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) |
The object of the study is the psychological influences on the neurobiological responding implicated in our immune response |
|
|
Essential hypertension |
No specific physical cause of high blood pressure |
|
|
Pain catastrophizing |
An exaggerated negative response brought to bear during an actual or anticipated painful experience |
|
|
Phantom limb pain |
People who have lost an arm or a leg and feel excruciating pain in the limb that is no longer there |
|
|
Operant control of pain behaviour |
The behaviour seems to be under control of social consequences |
|
|
Chronic fatigue syndrome |
Lack of energy, marked fatigue, a variety of aches and pains and on occasion a low grade fever |
|
|
Biofeedback |
A process of making patients aware of specific physiological functions they would not notice consciously |
|
|
Progressive muscle relaxation |
People become acutely aware of any tension in their bodies and counteract it by relaxing specific muscle groups |
|
|
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION |
:) |
|
|
Sexual dysfunction |
Disturbance in interest and/or the sexual response cycle that causes personal distress, interpersonal difficulty and/or other impairment |
|
|
Subjective arousal |
How aroused people believe or say they are |
|
|
Physiological arousal |
Physiological responses, including in the genitals |
|
|
Sexual concordance |
The degree to which the two aspects of human sexual arousal correspond with one another |
|
|
Assessment of sexual arousal (4) |
Interviews Cognitive assessment Questionnaires Psychophysiological assessment |
|
|
Cognitive assessment |
Common procedures that test attention and interest to sexual stimuli |
|
|
Psychophysiological assessment (2) |
Penile plethysmograph Vaginal photoplethysmograph |
|
|
Penile plethysmograph |
Assesses changes in penile circumference as a man experiences an erection |
|
|
Vaginal photoplethysmograph |
Assesses vasocongestion (changes in blood flow) |
|
|
The Sexual Response Cycle (5) |
Desire Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution |
|
|
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) |
Persistent or recurrent deficit or absence of sexual thoughts or fantasies and/or desire for sexual activity |
|
|
Female sexual interest arousal disorder (6) |
No/reduced interest in sexual activity No/reduced sexual thoughts or fantasies No/reduced initiation of sexual activity No/reduced arousal or pleasure during sexual activity No/reduced interest/arousal in response to sexual cues No/reduced genital sensations during sexual activity |
|
|
Psychological factors for HSDD/SIAD (5) |
Relationship problems or desire discrepancy Stress and fatigue Major depression Negative sexual attitudes May co-occur with other sexual problems |
|
|
Erectile disorder (3) |
Marked difficulty obtaining an erection Marked difficulty maintaining an erection Marked decrease in erectile rigidity |
|
|
Physical factors in erectile disorder (6) |
Smoking Alcohol use Drugs Obesity Medical conditions Trauma to genitals |
|
|
Psychological factors in erectile disorder (3) |
Stress Anxiety Depression |
|
|
Female orgasmic disorder (3) |
Marked delay in, infrequency, or absence of orgasm Causes problems in relationships or causes distress Marked reduce intensity of orgasmic sensations |
|
|
Male orgasmic disorder (MOD) |
Persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following a normal period of sexual activity |
|
|
Premature ejaculation |
Persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring during partnered sexual activity within one minute following vaginal penetration and/or before the individual wishes |
|
|
Premature ejaculation treatment techniques (2) |
Stop and start technique Squeeze technique |
|
|
Vaginusmus |
Recurrent or persistent involuntary spasm of the outer third vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse |
|
|
Physical factors affecting PVD (3) |
History of chronic vaginal infections Other chronic pain conditions Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction |
|
|
Psychological factors affecting PVD (3) |
Physical/sexual abuse and/or couple marital distress Higher rates of depressive symptoms or anxiety Higher pain catastrophizing and hypervigilance |
|
|
Cycle of PVD (6) |
Trigger Pain Increases protective response Increases tension Increases pressure at vestibule Increases pain |
|
|
Psychological treatment for PVD (3) |
Cognitive behavioural therapy Desensitization therapy Counselling or sex therapy |
|
|
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) |
If a child is born with characteristics of both sexes, or if there is an accident, then gender may be reassigned surgery and hormone replacement required |
|
|
Gender dysphoria |
Distress or impairment that arises in some individuals when their expressed/experienced gender is not congruent with their natal sex |
|
|
Retrograde ejaculation |
Ejaculatory fluids travel backward into the bladder rather than forward |
|
|
Erotophobia |
Many people learn early that sexuality can be negative and somewhat threatening and the responses they develop reflect this belief |
|
|
Sensate focus |
Couples are instructed to refrain from intercourse or other genital pleasuring and enjoy other forms of touch |
|
|
Squeeze technique |
The penis is stimulated to nearly full erection, at this point the partner firmly squeezes the penis which quickly reduces arousal |
|
|
Gynescosmastia |
Development of breasts |
|
|
PARAPHILIC DISORDERS |
:) |
|
|
Paraphilia |
Any persistent and intense sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human participants |
|
|
Paraphilic disorder |
A paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or a paraphilia whose satisfaction has entailed personal harm or risk of harming others |
|
|
The paraphilias (8) |
Voyeuristic disorder Exhibitionist disorder Frotteuristic disorder Fetishistic disorder Transvestic disorder Sexual masochism disorder Sexual sadism disorder Pedophilic disorder |
|
|
Voyeuristic disorder |
The practice of observing an unsuspecting individual undressing or naked in order to become aroused |
|
|
Exhibitionist disorder |
Achieving sexual arousal and gratification by exposing ones genitals to unsuspecting strangers |
|
|
Frotteuristic disorder |
Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching and rubbing against a non-consenting person |
|
|
Fetishistic disorder |
Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the use of non living objects or a highly specific non-genital body part |
|
|
Transvestic disorder |
Sexual arousal is strongly associated with the act of or fantasies of dressing in clothes of the opposite sex or cross-dressing |
|
|
Autogynephelia |
Sexually aroused by the idea or thoughts of oneself as female |
|
|
Sexual sadism disorder |
Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the psychological or physical suffering of another person |
|
|
Sexual masochism disorder |
Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise made to suffer |
|
|
Pedophilic disorder |
Recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviours involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children |
|
|
Pedophilic disorder specifiers (3) |
Exclusive/non-exclusive type Male, female or both Limited to incest |
|
|
Physiological measures of male sexual preferences (3) |
Volumetric measures of sexual arousal Circumferential measures of sexual arousal Phallometric assessment of pedophilia in males |
|
|
Physiological measures of female sexual arousal (2) |
Photo-plethysmography Laser doppler imaging |
|
|
Psychosocial treatment of the paraphilias (7) |
Covert sensitization Masturbatory satiation Orgasmic reconditioning and fading Aversion therapy Relapse prevention Risk needs responsivity model Good life model |
|
|
Covert sensitization |
Pairs realistic and unpleasant outcomes with unhealthy urges and fantasies |
|
|
Masturbatory satiation |
Make the inappropriate fantasy boring |
|
|
Orgasmic reconditioning and fading |
Masturbate to appropriate themes |
|
|
Aversion therapy |
Pairs noxious stimuli with inappropriate stimuli |
|
|
Low risk sex offender treatment (3) |
Family integration Intimacy deficits Shame |
|
|
Phases of FBS program (4) |
Why change Understanding my behaviours The old me The new me |
|
|
SMART principle (5) |
Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-line |
|
|
ABC model (3) |
Activating event Beliefs Consequences |
|
|
CPR (3) |
Consequences Personal standards Reality check |
|
|
Partialism |
A source of attraction to a part of the body |
|
|
Hypoxiphilia |
Involves self-strangulation to reduce the flow of oxygen to the brain and increase sensation of orgasm |
|
|
SLEEP DISORDERS |
:) |
|
|
Characteristics of sleep (3) |
Closed eyes, reduced mobility, muscular activity Reduced awareness and interaction with the environment Partial or complete absence of voluntary behaviour and consciousness |
|
|
Main components of PSG (3) |
Brain activity (EEG) Eye movement (EOG) Muscle tension (EMG) |
|
|
The sleep stages (5) |
Sleep wake Stage 1: transition to sleep Stage 2: light sleep Stage 3 and 4: deep sleep Stage REM |
|
|
Circadian rhythm |
A biological rhythm that fluctuates over the course of a single day, particularly affected by light exposure |
|
|
Dysomnias |
Something wrong with the sleep itself; disorders of timing, amount, quality of sleep and/or excessive sleepiness |
|
|
Parasomnias |
The sleep itself is normal but disorders involve abnormal behaviour during sleep |
|
|
Somnambulism (sleep walking) |
A deep sleep phenomenon, the individual is not acting out dreams |
|
|
Night terrors |
A deep sleep disorder with signs of intense arousal where person often engages in loud piercing scream expressing fear |
|
|
Nightmares |
A frightening dream that awakens the sleeper |
|
|
Nightmare disorder |
Nightmares must cause significant distress and rule out all other medical causes |
|
|
Insomnia (4) |
Insufficient and non-restorative sleep manifested by: Problems falling asleep Problems staying asleep Early morning awakenings |
|
|
Insomnia treatment (2) |
Improving sleep hygiene CBT |
|
|
Stimulus control therapy |
The goal is to retrain the individual to associate the bed/bedroom with falling asleep |
|
|
Periodic limb movements (PLMs) |
Legs or arms jerk or twitch during sleep, causing arousal in sleep and poor sleep quality |
|
|
Narcolepsy |
A rare chronic disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and often involving partial or complete loss of muscle tone |
|
|
Sleep apnea |
Sleep disorder involving the cessation of effective breathing during sleep |
|
|
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) |
The soft upper airway full (apnea) or partially (hypopnea) collapses during sleep |
|
|
OSA symptoms (5) |
Loud snoring, gasping, choking sounds Breathing may actually stop for some time and then resume Breathing episodes cause frequent awakenings and restlessness during the night Sleep disruption results in EDS and impaired daytime functioning Exacerbated by obesity, supine sleeping position and alcohol consumption |
|
|
OSA treatment (6) |
Weight loss and practice good sleep hygiene Not drinking alcohol Changing sleep position Dental appliances Surgery CPAP machine |
|
|
Sleep efficiency |
The percentage of time spent actually asleep |
|
|
Daytime sequlae |
Behaviour while awake |
|
|
Fatal familial insomnia |
A degenerative brain disorder where total lack of sleep eventually leads to death |
|
|
Rebound insomnia |
Occurs when the medication is withdrawn |
|
|
Hypersomnolence disorders |
Involving too much sleep |
|
|
Breathing related sleep disorders |
Sleepiness during the day or disrupted sleep at night has a physical origin, problems with breathing while asleep |
|
|
Hypoventilation |
Breathing is constricted a great deal and may be very laboured |
|
|
Sleep attacks |
Episodes of falling asleep during the day |
|
|
Sleep related hypoventilation |
A decrease in airflow with a complete pause in breathing |
|
|
Surprichiasmic nucleus |
In the hypothalamus, where our biological clock is located |
|
|
Delayed sleep phase type |
People who wake up late and stay up late |
|
|
Irregular sleep wake type |
People who experience highly varied sleep cycles |
|
|
Non-24-hour sleep wake type |
Sleeping on a 25 or 26 hour cycle with later and later bedtimes ultimately going through the day |
|
|
Melatonin |
Production is simulated by darkness and ceases in daylight |
|
|
Phase delays |
Moving bedtime later |
|
|
Phase advances |
Moving bedtime earlier |
|
|
Sleep hygiene |
Lifestyle changes that can be relatively simple and help avoid sleep problems for some people |
|
|
Bad dream |
Those that do not awaken a person experiencing them |
|
|
Scheduled awakenings |
Parents of children with chronic sleep terrors are instructed to wake their children briefly approximately 30 minutes before a typical episode |
|
|
Nocturnal eating syndrome |
When individuals rise from their beds and eat while they are asleep |
|
|
Sexsomnia |
Acting out sexual behaviour such as masturbation and sexual intercourse with no memory of the event |
|
|
DONE |
WOO |
