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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the general progression of developing anxiety. What are some psychological aspects of the response to anxiety?
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from acute anxiety over something, to psychotic thinking, vigilant and over-reactive, faulty generalizations, etc; excitement, overactivity, vigilance, behavioural invectiveness (faulty overgeneralization, response rigidity)
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What is the behaviouralist view of anxiety vs psychoanalytic?
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- behaviourist view- conditioned emotional response- anxiety is a disruption in ongoing behaviour
- psychoanalytic theory- anxiety is a warning there is a conflict- ego threatened |
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"Anxiety" comes from
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word Agustus meaning narrow- ridged point of view
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Describe Luria's study on arousal and disorganization
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- took students who were linened up for a final exam that determined if they were kicked out or not
- had them press a bulb in a rhythmic rate with their right hand that recorded - keep left hand steady - do word association test - these people vs control couldn’t press bulb in rhythmic way, couldn’t keep hand steady and had horrible association scores |
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What is Yerkes-Dodson Law?
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inverted u shape- performance has an optimal level between too low and too high arrousal
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How does anxiety happen (biological process)?
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sensory info---> Thalamus--->amygdala labels it as bad--->hippocampus and cortex tell it ok or not ok---> hypothalamus---> sympathetic nervous system signalled
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In GAD people____ is messed
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the unicate faciculus is a tract that runs from amygdala to frontal lobe and this is messed
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3 features of GAD; prevalence of GAD?
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- uncontrollable worry
- intolerance to uncertainty - ineffective problem solving prevalence 1 year 3% lifetime 5% sex ratio 2:3 female |
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Sources of GAD (2)
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genetic- 5HT genes alleles coding for serotonin transporter gene
- environment- early experiences- animals who were able to control their own food and water were less threatened and more exploratory. (gender difference studies in humans with mothers) |
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____% of depressives are also anxious. ___% of GAD are depressive
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48% of depressives also are anxious and 72% of GAD people are depressive
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Panic disorder named after..., prevalence?
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pan god of fertility used to scare travellers;
lifetime prevalent is 1.5%-3.5%, year 1-2% 2-3 times more likely in women - more prevalent in western cultures |
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How (6) can we induce a panic attack in a person who has them?
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- hyperventilation
- carbon dioxide - lactate sodium (lactate acid) - stimulants like caffeine - progesterone which is why women of childbearing age are more likely to have attacks - stressors (cold pressor, arithmetic task) |
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Describe the model of Panic disorder aetiology
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Generalized psychological vulnerability---> stress--->false alarm--->learned alarm---> specific psychological vulnerability---> anxious apprehension (focused on somatic sensations)---> (agoraphobia development) Panic disorder development
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GABA-a benxodiazepine receptor binding and panic; orexin?
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- these receptors inhibit brain function
- a PET of panic and controls shows that with panics there was a reduction of these receptors, and it was same in men and women. ; orexin involved in arousal and higher in panic patients |
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Best way to treat panic disorders?
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best way to treat it is exposure therapy - change the way they think about whats happening to them
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agoraphobia- definition, prevalence with Panic, DSM
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- related to panic attacks, fears or avoids using public transport, being in open spaces, lasts for more than 6 months
- 95% of agora patients have anxiety disorder and 50% of people with panic disorder have agora. - DSM doesn't have panic with and without agora, they are just combined |
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we fear...
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what history made us fear (selective association), what we cannot control, what is immediate, what is readily available in memory
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prevalence of specific phobias (4)
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-1 year 9%, lifetime 10-14%, social phobia 13%
-phobia of illness is most prevalent - they realize the fear is excessive and unreasonable and so most never seek treatment 65-80% - heribibility- MZ correlate higher |
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Phobias can be developed by... and they lead to ...
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chance bearing (only a third of people with phobias had a traumatic incident) which is accompanied by incidental learning and generalizaiton- case of nancy (found husband cheating). they then lead to avoidance learning which produces rigidity in response and negative reinforcement reinforces this response
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treatment for phobias (2)
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-flooding = forcing them to be in presence of phobias until they realize it won't hurt them
-systematic desensitization= develop two hierarchies- one where very relaxed and then bring in the stimulus gradually (can use virtual reality) - 85% improvement |
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what happens in the brain when we fear things? what is the psychoanalytic explanation for phobias?
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- when presented with a fear stimulus, activation moves from frontal lobe to the amygdala, hypo campus and lower areas
- Little Hans had a fear of horses- said he has fixation at Oedipal level wanted his mother, afraid horse would bite off penis |
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conversion and dissociative disorder used to be called...
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hysteria. now two separate disorders
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conversion disorder (definition and prevalence) (3)
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- looks like neurological disorder but it is somatoform
- has altered voluntary motor or sensory function, evidence of incompatibility between symptom and neurological condition, causes distress and impairment - prevalence .1-.3% in general pop |
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what is the problem with trying to diagnose conversion disorder?
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you're trying to prove a negative - you must demonstrate that this isn't a medical neurological condition even though it looks like one... lots of times people with hysteria are diagnosed with medical problems and people with medical problems like seizures are diagnosed with hysteria
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symptoms of conversion disorder (3 and subcategories)
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- anesthesia- can’t feel certain limbs (i.e. glove anesthesia can’t feel hand, hyperesthesia- excess of sensation, paresthesia- burning of skin)
- visual symptoms like blindness, tunnel vision - motor problems (i.e. paralysis (yet can still have reflexes and lack of atrophy!), aphonia can't speak, dyskinesia impaired movements, convulsions) |
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history of dissociative disorder
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- Billy milligan found not guilty of rape because of personalities
- added to DSM 3 in 1980 - between 1985 and 1995 there were thousands of cases, became popular (movie 3 faces of Eve) - then in 1993-1998 there was a huge decline, courts no longer accept it as an excuse |
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what are the three types of dissociative disorders
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dissociative amnesia- inability to recell important autobiographical material, causes significatnt distress, not atributable to other disorders
depersonalization or derealization: 1 deprersonalization- experiences of unreality, detachment or being obersver on ones own life 2 derealization- experiences of unreality with respect to ones surrounding- things look strange like they don’t belong **reality testing intact Dissociative Identity Disorder- 2 or more distinct personality states, gaps in recall of everyday events |
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two models of dissociative identity disorder
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- disease model: childhood trauma--> compartmentalization of experiences (REPRESSION)---> dissociated identities
- Socio-cognitive Model: premorbid personality traits--> Iatrogenic and sociocultural factors-->reinforce the traits-->dissociated identities (explains why when it became less popular the prevalence dropped |
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Rind et al. Study on sexual abuse. However severely abused children show...
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- meta analysis of childhood sexual abuse survey
- those sexually abused were generally only ‘slightly less well adjusted than controls’ - this paper resulted in the US congress arguing that the paper cannot be true - children severely abused show: altered limbic development, decreased blood flow to cerebellum, less development of left cortex than right - more emotional |
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History of hysteria (Egyptians, hippocrates, renaissance, mesmer, Jean Charcot and his students)
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- Egyptians described it as displacement of uterus and Hippocrates names it hysteria 'wandering of the womb' because it had dried up and was looking for moisture
- treatment was marriage, sex and masturbation - renaissance treatments were ovarectomies - Mesmer, father of hypnosis - said these peoples polarity was messed up put them in tubs with iron rods- super effective! -Jean Charcot had two students- Janet who thought that hysteria was when exhaustion caused thoughts and actions to be separated and Freud who took Janets thinking and made it the basis for hysteria and unconscious! |
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learned behaviour theory of hysteria
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can explain in terms of negative reinforcement- think Anna O. and secondary gain. Avoidance response is reinforced
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describe people with histrionic personality disorder
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- persuasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, uncomfortable unless centre of attention, sexually seductive, use physical appearance, speech shallow, see relationships as more intimate than are, suggestible
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What is Mass hysteria/ how does it start?
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- NOT in DSM, happens to the masses
- follows sequence of events: a false-exaggerated belief that comes together with a contagion, where this common false belief replaces reality, conversion. - Shrinking Penis in Singapore |
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what are somatic symptom (somatization) disorders? What about Illness Anxiety Disorder? how are these disorders related?
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Somatization: one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing, excessive thoughts or behaviours about symptoms that are disproportionate and persistent and cause anxiety/take up energy
Illness Anxiety: preoccupation with having or acquiring a disorder, somatic symptoms are not present or mild, high anxiety about health, preforms excessive health behaviour *JEAN AND JOE While in somatization you have symptoms and in anxiety you don't, they both show reduced activity, limited/ single focus, and avoidance without coping (doctors can diagnose- distrust system, worry more..) |
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Pihl study on anti-anxiety drugs
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Sampled women using anti-anxiety drugs on daily basis vs non regularly vs never. They had to listen to an audio tape in which problems were happening, people were arguing. They had to define the problem, provide solutions. The women who heavily used anti anxiety drugs couldn’t even name the problem. So they were marching of to doctor with problems they couldn’t identify and so physicians gave them drugs
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prevalence of somatic disorders
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unknown really... but slightly more in women, low SES
there is a great deal of overlap between somatiziation, panic, and depression, and one study showed that sexual abuse people were more likely to develop symptoms |
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Neuasthenia
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- fatugue- not in DSM
- in the 1800s, there were only two disorders: hysteria and neurasthenia - more prevalent in people with a history of maltreatment |
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Fatigue vs Dysthymia...
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both have depressed mood, poor sleep and eating and fatigue. Fatigue commonly comes with fever and headaches. Dysthymia has a wider range of symptoms like self esteem, feelings of hopelessness, overeating, lack of concentration
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What are some examples of mood disorders?
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- MDD: common cold of mental disorders
- Dysthymic disorder - bipolar disorder - cyclothymic disorder |
