Abnormal Psychology

Front 1

Define Anxiety

Physical Symptoms:
Emotional Symptoms:
Cognitive Symptoms:

Back 1

State of apprehension, tension, and worry

Muscle tension, heart palpitations, stomach pains, need to urinate
Fearfulness, watchfulness, irritability
Unrealistic worry, hypervigilance

Front 2

Define Adaptive

Back 2

Fear and anxiety are helpful responses when they:
- Are unrealistic or very unlikely to occur
- Are out of proportion to the situation
- Continue or persistent after the threat is no longer present, or is anticipatory and interfering with performance

Front 3

Anxiety Disorders in the DSM-IV-TR

Back 3

Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Front 4

Define Specific Phobias

Back 4

Fear of specific objects, places, or situations

Front 5

Five Subtypes (Categories of Phobias)

Back 5

1. Animal Type
2. Natural Environment Type
3. Blood-injury-injection Type
4. Situational Type
5. Other Type

Front 6

Define Prevalence

Back 6

While phobias are common, they are rarely serious enough to make warrant a diagnosis

Front 7

Specific Phobia DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria

Back 7

A. Marked or persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by object or situation
B. Exposure to phobic stimulus provokes an immediate anxiety response
C. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable
D. The phobic situation is avoided or endured with intense anxiety or distress
E. The avoidance, anticipation, or distress in he fear situation interferes with the persons normal routine or functioning
F. Duration is at least 6 months
G. The anxiety, panic attacks, or phobia avoidance are not better accounted for by another disorder

Front 8

Common:
Acrophobia
Clastrophobia
Triskaidekaphobia

Back 8

Fear of heights
Fear of enclosed spaces
Fear of the number 13

Front 9

Uncommon:
Chronomentrophobia
Podophobia
Venustraphobia

Back 9

Fear of clocks
Fear of feat
Fear of beautiful women

Front 10

Child VS Adult experiences
Adults
Children

Back 10

Typically realize the fear is irrational and/or illogical
May have more difficulty understanding their fears as irrational and illogical makes treatment more difficult

Front 11

Define Social Phobia

Physical Symptoms
Cognitive Symptoms
Behavioural Symptoms

Back 11

Fear of being judged by others or of embarrassing oneself infront of others
Trembling and shaking, dizziness, shortness of breath
"I'll look anxious and sound stupid"
Avoidance of social situations, hiding physical symptoms of anxiety

Front 12

Social Phobia - DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria

Back 12

A. Marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations
B. Exposure to feared situations provokes anxiety
C. Person recognizes the fear if excessive or unreasonable
D. Feared situations are avoided or endured with distress
E. Avoidance or anticipation interferes with the person's normal routine
F. Duration is at least Six months (under 18)
G. Fear of avoidance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or general medical condition
H. If a general medical condition or other mental disorder is present, the fear criterion is not related to it

Front 13

How Phobias can affect an individual's daily functioning

Back 13

- May interfere with certain occupations or work activities
- Often leads to a restricted lifestyle (avoidance of social activities)
- May have detrimental effects on health care
May be at an increased suicide ideation and attempts

Front 14

Define Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 14

Excessive anxiety and worry, and pronounced difficulty controlling the worry

Symptoms are typically lifelong and worsen during times of stress

Front 15

Generalized Anxiety Disorder DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria

Back 15

A. Excessive Anxiety and worry, more days than not, for at least 6 months
B. Difficulty controlling the worry
C. Anxiety and worry are associated with three or more of the following six symptoms
- Restlessness
- Being easily fatigued
- Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
- Irritability
- Muscle Tension
- Sleep disturbance
D. The focus of anxiety and worry is not confined to features of an Axis I disorder
E. Anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms case clinically significant distress or impairment
F. Disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or general medical condition

Front 16

Typical worries of Children and Adolescents

Back 16

+ Competence in school
+ Performance at sporting events
+ Catastrophic Events

Front 17

Define Realistic Anxiety

Back 17

Experienced when faced with a real threat or danger

Front 18

Define Neurotic Anxiety

Back 18

Experienced when we are repeatedly prevented from expressing ID impulses

Front 19

Define Moral Anxiety

Back 19

Experienced when we have been punished for expressing our ID impulses

Front 20

Psychodynamic Theories - Why we become generally anxious

Back 20

- Our defence mechanisms can no longer handle the impulses of the ID or the anxiety that results from those impulses
- Parent's cold, negative treatment of children can result in children feeling that others are hostile

Front 21

Humanistic and Existential Theories

Back 21

We become anxious because we do not receive unconditional positive regard and thus become overly critical ourselves

Front 22

Define Conditions of Worth

Back 22

Harsh standards that must be met to feel accepted

Front 23

Define Existential Anxiety

Back 23

Universal fear of the limits and responsibilities of existence

Front 24

Cognitive Theory

Back 24

We become anxious because our cognitions are focused on threat.
+ Automatic thoughts: Focused on negative outcomes
+ Hyper-Vigilant to potential threat

Front 25

Integrated Cognitive Theory

Back 25

Low Tolerance for uncertainty leads to greater worrying

Front 26

Biological Theories

Back 26

We become anxious because we have had an inherited predisposition and/or a deficiency in GABA or GABA receptors
+ GABA - Main inhibitory neurotransmitter

Front 27

General Anxiety Disorder - Treatments

Biological

Back 27

+ Benzodiazpines - Rarely used due to their addictiveness, general tranquilizer
+ Buspirone (Buspar) - Affects serotonergic and dopaminergic systems

Front 28

Define Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Back 28

Characterized by the presence of obsessions (thoughts) and compulsions (behaviours) that cause distress

- Individuals are aware of the fact that their thoughts and behaviours are irrational

Front 29

Define Obsessions

Back 29

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as instructive an inappropriate that cause significant and inappropriate and that cause significant anxiety or distress

- Are not simply excessive worries about real life problems.

Front 30

Define Compulsions

Back 30

Repetitive behaviours (such as hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (such as praying, counting repeating words silently) that the person feels driven to perform

- In response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly
+ Aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation

Front 31

OCD - DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria

Back 31

A. Either obsessions or compulsions
B. At some point, the person has recognized that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable
C. Obsessions or compulsions cause marked distress, are time consuming, or significantly interfere with the person's normal routine
D. If another Axis I diagnosis is present, the content of the obsessions and compulsions are not restricted to it
E. Disturbance is not a direct result of the use of the physiological effects of substances or a general medical condition

Front 32

OCD - Common Symptoms: Obsessions

Back 32

Feeling dirty and/or contaminated
Aggressive Impulses
Sexual Impulses
Repeated doubts

Front 33

OCD - Common Symptoms: Compulsions

Back 33

Washing. use of sanitizers
Hurting those around them
Acting sexually provocatively
Checking behaviours

Front 34

Psychodynamic Theories

Back 34

Obsessions and compulsions represent symbolic conflicts
- Individuals can only confront these feelings indirectly
- Contamination, sex, and aggression

Front 35

Cognitive-Behavioural Theories

Back 35

Intrusive thoughts are common but people with OCS are not able to "turn them off" because:
+ They tend to be chronically distressed such that even minor negative events invoke intrusive negative thoughts.
+ They have a tendency towards rigid, moralistic thinking
+ They mistakenly assume that they should be able to control all thoughts

Front 36

Biological Treatments of OCD

Back 36

Serotonin-enhancing drugs like Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft

Front 37

Cognitive-Behavioural Treatments of OCD

Back 37

Expose the clients to obsessions until anxiety about obsessions decreases
Prevent compulsive behaviours
Help the client manage anxiety