• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/117

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

117 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anorexia-Symptoms of starvation
-Languo (thin, downy hair)
-Constipation
-Cold tolerance.
Major organ failures: cardiovascular problems (bradycardia and arrhythmia, and kidney failure.
-osteoperosis and bone related fractures, and impaired immune functioning.
Facts of AN
-OCD and AN are comorbid
-AN, depression, and anxiety are cormorbid
-AN people are very egocentric (they keep their goals and beliefs, which is part of the type of person that they are.
-AN most deadly psychological disorder-most deaths are suicide, rather than starvaton or medical complications. High rate of death b/c of dangerous combo- low self of belonging+ feeling like a burden + learned fearlessness.
Treatment of AN
-There is no empirically supported treatment, but family therapy works well.
-CBT may work (but not enough studies to know)
-hopsitalization may be needed if their life is in danger.
Bulimia-Key Diagnostic features
A. This is recurrent binge eating that is characterized by: Eating within a 2hr period an amount of food that is much larger than most people would eat. After you eat, it is accompanied by a sense of loss of control.
B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent gaining weight.
C. On average, binge eating, and compensation occur 2x/week for 3 months.
D. self-evaluation is unduly infuenced by body shape and weight.
E. Does not occur exclusively during episodes of AN. Bulimic people usually have negative emotions that will intensify their binge eating. They are usually very impulsive (negative urgency) which leads them to binge or purge.
-CBT is the BEST treatment for BN, also SSRIs work for BN
Associated physical problems with Bulimia
-The person is mostly likely normal weight or slightly overweight.
-They have significant medical problems: erosion of dental enamel, hypersensitive gag reflex, enlarged salivary glands (face looks puffy), electrolyte imbalance, ruptured esphoagus, and ruptured stomach.
Causes of Eating Disorders
-Biological, psychological and social factors contribute to people developing and eating disorder, most dramatic factors are cultural and social.
- AN and BN are the most culturally specific psychological disorders.
Dependent personality disorder
these people rely on other people for major and minor decision making, they have very unreasonable fear of abandomnet, they are clingy, submissive, timid, passive, have feelings of inadequency,sensitive to criticism, and they have a high need for reassurance.
-There are no gender differences.
DPD-Causes & treatment
-There is little research to know what the causes are. Early experiences may be the cause (death of a parent, rejection, attatchment probes-lack of security)
-there is limited empirical support on treatment. Treatment is hard bc person may become dependent on the therapist.
-Treatment needs to include independence, personal responsiblity, and confidence.
Obsessive-Compuslive Personality Treatment
These people have a fixation of doing things the "right way"
-Most people with OCPD do not have OCD
Schizophrenia
-This is a type of psychiatric behavior.
-Most common psychotic behavior.
-Literal translation 'split mind'
-No gender differences found
-most crippling of the psychiatric disorders.
-life expectancy is 10 years less, have higher rates of infectious or circulatory diseases.
Psychotic Behavior
Used to characterize many unusual behaviors.
-defined by the presence of hallucinations and/or delusions, may be present in a number of different disorders.
Phases of Schizophrenia
1. promodal phase
2. acute/progressive phase
3. residual phase

Criteria: Schizoaffective and mood disorder exclusion.
Prodromal Phase
The symptoms are present before the full criterion of schizophrenia is met
Acute/Progressive Phase
The is active psychosis. This is full clinical presentation/severe/ and un-medicated.
Residual Phase
This is when the symptoms of schizophrenia present after the acute phase.
Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
Type I: Includes hallucinations and delusions.
-Characterized by the presence of unusual perceptions, thoughts or behaviors.
-Positive refers to the fact that symptoms ar salient, added experiences.
-Less disabiling compared to negative symptoms.
Delusions
(Positive symptom)
-When people think that things are much different than what they really are.
-Seen by most members of society as a misrepresentation of reality.
-Many different desluisons are intertwined together- they do not occur alone, always with another delusion.
3 ways in which delusions are different from normal lies
1. Bizarrness
2. Preoccupation: all encompassing, takes up alot of time.
3. resistance: marked by heavy resistance that may not confirm the delusion
Bizarre Delusion
-Involves a phenonmen that the persons culture would regard as totally implausible.
-Considered by the persons culture as being implausibe or delusional-which is the only way we can consider a person to be having delusions.
-Whether a person is having delusions or not, depends on their culture
Types of delusions
1. persecutory
2. reference
3. grandiose
4. guilt or sin
5. Somatic
6. Being controlled
7. Broadcasting
8. insertion
9. withdrawal
Persecutory delusions
the person feels as though they are being persecuted, watched or conspired against.
Reference Delusions
Person feels as though random events are directed at them
Grandiose Delusions
The person feels as though they have great power, knowledge, talent, or is a famous/powerful person
Guilt or sin Delusions
The person is committed to a terrible act or responsible for a terrible event that happened
Somatic Delusions
The person's appearance or part of their body is diseased or altered.
-This may be present with non-psychotic disorders
Being Controlled Delusions
The person feels as though their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are being imposed or controleld by an external force
Broadcasting delusions
The person feels as though their thoughts are being broadcasted from one person's mind for others to hear.
Insertion delusions
The person believes that another person or an object is inserting thoughts into their head.
Withdrawal delusions
The person feels as though their thoughts are being removed.
Hallucinations
(Positive Symptoms)
These are unreal preceptual experiences.
-Hallucinations in schizophrenia are much more bizarre and are extremeley distressing and impairing.
Types of hallucinations
1. Auditory hallucinations
2. Visual hallucinations
Auditory hallucinations
-The person is hearing things that are not there.
-most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia, more common in women.
-the voices talk to each other and they can be aggressive, threatening, and/or giving orders.
-The voices may be a product of their own thinking-The person is listening to their own thoughts/voices and can't tell the difference.
Broca's Area
(Auditory Hallucinations)
-This is the speech production area of the brain.
- This area is most active during hallucinations.
-Wernicke's area is also involved, but not as much. It is the hearing/language comprehension area of the brain.
Visual Hallucinations
These can be pleasent but are often quite distressing
Negative Symptoms
-Characterized by losses or deficits in certain domains.
-negative refers to teh absence of behaviors, feelings or experiences.
-these are less obvious/weird.
-associated with more impairment, and are less responsive to medication.
-more disabling than positive symptoms.
Affective Flattening (blunted affect):

(negative symptom)
This is a severe reduction in or complete absence of overt emotional responses.
-difficulty in expressing emotions.
Alogia

(negative symptom)
poverty of speech.
This could be a lack of thinking or a lack of motivation
Avolition

(Negative emotion)
This is the inability to persist at common, goal-directed activites.
disorganized symptoms
Disorganized: unpredictable and untriggered.
-can be emotional, behavioral, socially unacceptable, and literally trouble organizing.
-Can explain dishelved appearances, inappropriate hygiene/clothing, shouting, swearing, pacing, and even public masturbation
Loosening of Associations or derailment

(disorganized symptoms)
The person has a tendency to slip from topic to a seemingly unrelated topic with little coherent transition.
Word Salad

(disorganized symptom)
The person talks much disorganized, totally incoherent speech
Neologisms

(disorganized symptoms)
When the person makes up words
Disorganized or catatonic behavior
Catatonia/Catatonic: group of disorganized behaviors that range from wild agitation to complete immobility.
-The person may stand in one position, becuase they feel as though if they move something bad will happen
Schizoaffective Disorder

Criteria
Axis I condition the criteria for which include a mix of schizophrenia and mood disorder symptoms.
- schizophrenic symptoms must be presnet wen mood symptoms are absent. It is not a mood disorder with psychotic features.
Schizophrenic subtypes
1. Paranoid Type
2. Disorganized type
3. Catatonic Type
4. Undifferentiated type
5. Residual Type
Paranoid Type
-A preoccupation with 1+ delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations.
-None of the following is prominent: disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaior, and flat or inappropriate affect.
Paranoid Type Symptoms
- Associated features: include anxiety, anger, aloofness, and argumentivness.
-Persecutory themes predispose the individual to suicidal and violent behaviors.
-Onset is later in life, compared to other subtypes.
-Prognosis is better regarding occupational functioing and indepedent living.
Disorganized type
-All of the following are prominent: disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate behavior.
-Criteria not met for catatonic type.
Disorganizd Type Symptoms
-Associated features: these include inappropriate affect (laughing at sad things), word salad, and odd stereotyped mannerisms.
-Behavioral disorganization: This can be lead to disruptions in daily activities.
-Onset is early and insidious
-Most disabiling subtype
Catatonic Type
When people stand in odd positions for a long period of time.
-very rare, least studied.
Some risks include malnutrition, self-harm, and harming others.
Undifferentiated Type
Symtoms met for schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms), but criteria not met for paranoid, disorganized or catatonic.
Residual Type
One or more past episodes.
-No major symptoms
-persistant less extreme symptoms (negative or bizarre beliefs, social withdrawal, and inactivity)
Biological treatments to schizophrenia
1. neuroleptics: revoultionized treatment for schizophrenia
2. dopamine antagonist- effective in reducing positive symptoms.
Neuroleptic Side effects
-Grogginess, dry mouth, blurred vision, drooling, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, depression.
-Akinesia: slowed motor acitivty, monotone speech, and lack of facial expressions.
-Tardive dyskinesia: involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth or jaw; chewing movements.
-irreversible-long term side effects of neuroleptics use
Genain Sisters
-Same genetics and same enviroment. All four sisters had schizophrenia but there were many differences in each sisters case.
-Age of onset was different
- Symptoms were different
-Diagnosis
-Courses
-Outcome
Structed brain abnormalities-schizophrenia
schizophrenai is said to be a neuro-developmental disorder.
-enlarged ventricles (fluid spaces in the brain)
-abnormalities in the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is less active in people with schizophrenia
Alcohol abuse
People are considered alcohol abusers if they..
Recurrent....
-drinking in dangerous situations
-drinking resulting in failure to meet important obligations
-drinking-related legal problems
-drinking related rational problems
Alcohol Dependence
People are considered dependent on alcohol if they have all of the issues of abuse and...
-tolderance, withdrawal, and drinking to avoid withdrawal.
-They organize their life around drinking
-Social, occupational, medical or legal problems.
Prevalence-Alcohol abuse
Alcohol dependence and abuse are the MOST common disorders in the US
Course of Alcohol Abuse and dependence
-most people have their first episode in their late 30s
-chronic,characterized by cycles of relapse.
Alcohol effects on the brain
1. lose doses: self-confident, more relaxed, slightly euphoric, disihibitory effects, sexual dysfunction.
2. high doses: symptoms of depression (fatigue, lethargy, decreased motivation, sleep disturbances, depressed mood, and confusion)
Psychological theories of alcohol abuse
-Biological theories
substance abuse is modeled by parents
cognitive theories-alcohol abuse
expectations about side effects and beliefs about appropriateness affect coping and motives in use of alcohol (using more alcohol will allow you to have more fun)
personality trait theories-alcohol abuse
behavioral under control
impulsivity
sensation-seeking
anti-social behavior increases risk
Hallucinogens
-these drugs change the way that user percieves the world.
marijuana-hallucinogens
-Also known as canabis sativa
-most routinely used illegal substance.
-contains more than 80 chemicals called cannabinoids
LSD-hallucinogens
-reffered to as acid, most common hallucinogen drug
Stimulants
caffeine, nicotine, ampthetamines, cocaine.
-make you more energetic and alert.
-activate the CNS
-activate the flight or fight- including increases in metabolism, body temperature, and blood pressure
Disease model
-The goal of this model is complete abstinence-which is the approach of AA and NA.
-views disorders as incurable physical diseases.
-person has no control over their substance abuse problem
-substance as a whole must be avoided.
harm-reduction model:
treatment issues: this model assumes psychological, personality, and sociocultural factors. the individual can gain control through behavioral and cognitive interventions
Set point for happiness
the set point for happiness may be genetic.
-marriage, loss of spouse may lead to temporary increases/decreases in happiness, though levels return to baseline after a few years.
Things that ARE associated with happiness:
-having high self esteem (in individualistic countries) or acceptance (in communal countries)
-having a sense of control over your life, being optimistic, outgoing and agreeable, and being an extraversion.
-having close friendships, or a satisfying marriage.
Things that ARE NOT associated with happiness
age, gender, race, physical attractivness, marriage, education, living in a big or small town, part of the country that you live, or frequent periods of ecstasy
Happiness increasing interventions
-write down three good things that go well each day and their causes (thankful exercise)
-write and deliver in person letters of gratitude
- use one of your signature strenghts in a new way everyday.
*All show significant long term increase in happiness*
AN restricting subtype
(AN-R)
A restriction in the person's food intake.
-do not reguarly engage in purging or binging behavior
AN purge/binge subtype
(AN-BP)
-these people engage in binging or purging behavior.
-women tend to have more psychopathy problems, be older, and have worse outcomes
Purging (BN-P)
These people self-induce vommitting, misuse laxatives/diruetics
Non-purging (BN-NP)
-these people exercise and restrict.
-less common than the purging subtype
EDNOS (eating disorder not otherwise specified)
People who are not AN or BN

1. Binge eating disorder
2. purging disorder
Binge eating disorder
EDNOS
-the person binge eats but does not induce vomitting or use laxatives.
-occurs in overweight people and less gender diff. among this
Purging Disorder
EDNOS
-eat normal amounts of food and then vomit. They do not binge eat an excessive amount of food.
Anorexia- key diagnostic features
-refusal to maintain body weight (less than 85%)
-intese fear of gaining weight, disturbance in appearance of body weight, have a bad influence on their self-evaluation, or the denial of the seriousness of their low weight.
-amenorrhea (no more periods)
-have the personsonality trait of perfectionism, therefore restrict themselves, also common with people with OCD and low self-esteem
Insomnia
-difficulty initiating or maintaing sleep or non-restorative sleep for at least 1 month & significant distress or impairment
-2x more likely in women
-total sleep time decreases with depression, sub. abuse and anxiety disorders
Harvey's 2002 CBT model- Insomnia
-ppl with insomnia are overly worried about getting to sleep and their daytime consequences of not getting to sleep.
-the worry triggers arousal, and an anxious state.
-over attention to internal (physical sensations) and external (clocks) sleep related threat cues, and vicious spiral thoughts.
5 rules of good sleep hygiene
1. maintaine same sleep schedule
2. no napping
3. do not lie in bed awake, if awake get up and do something boring until you are tired again.
4. no tv, reading or eating in bed
5. dont go to bed, until you are sleepy
personality disorders
long standing patterns of maladaptive behavior, thoughts and feelings.
-highly cormorbid with Axis I disorders, rarely occur alone, considered and Axis 2 disorder
-problem with diagnosis is that people don't see themselves as having a problem
Personality
all the ways of acting, thinking, believing, and feeling
personality trait
a complex pattern of behavior, thought and feeling
Cluster A: Odd centric (3)
1. paranoid PD
2. Schizoid PD
3. Schizotypal PD
*These are all on the schizophrenia spectrum.
-similiar to schizophrenia or paranoid psychotic disorders, except the person does not have delusions, hallucinations, or other severe symptoms.
Paranoid PD

prevalence and course
2.37% of general population
3x more women then men in treatment, on a chronic course, contributes to other disorders, almost always with an Axis I disorder
Paranoid PD
Criteria
-pervasive distrust and suspicousness of others, motives interpreted as malevolent, onset is by early adulthood and is present in many contexts.
-always paranoid and feel as though other people are out to get them.
-paranoid of something stable.
-symptoms lead to withdrawal from others.
-symptoms are unwarrented and chronic
-more common in families with schizophrenia, twin and adoption studies have not been done with this.
Paranoid PD
cognitive theory and treatment
-results from a belief that others are out to get you.
-lack of self confidence, about being able to depend yourself.
-hard to treat because they see their beliefs as rational,
-no empirically supported treatment
Schizoid Personality Disorder

Criteria
*The withdrawal disorder*
-cut off from others and lacks interest in human kind.
-pervasive detatchment from social relationships, restrictive range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, onset by early adulthood, and present in a variety of contexts
Schizoid PD

prevalence and biology
-most common among homeless men.
-indirect evidence of relationship to schizophrenia
-twin studies show that personality traits that are associated with schizoid PD are heritable.
Schizoid PD
treatment and characteristics
-psychosical treatments focus on social skills, social contacts, and affective awareness
-treatment is difficult bc they do not want to be around others
-no empirically supported treatment
-they are comfortable in their social isolation
-childhood shyness is a precurser-abuse and neglect ar risk factors
-parents of autistic kids are more likely to have SPD
affective awarness
keeping track of your emotions
Schizotypal PD
criteria
*Most studied PD in cluster A-studied alot in the college population. people with schizophrenia also meet the criteria for this disorder
-they think alot of things have a personal feel to them
Schizotypal PD
prevalence, biology and treatment
assess- magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, and paranoid suspicousness.
-no gender differences in prevalence
-may be a milder form of schizophrenia
-to treat use the same drugs as for schizophrenia
-increase social contact, social skills training, community support, and group therapy
Cluster B: Dramatic -Emotional Personality Disorder
1.antisocial PD
2. histrionic PD
3. Borderline PD
4. Narcissistic PD
*key features include behaviors that are dramatic and impulsive, lack of concern for others
*antisocial and borderline are very impulsive, have externalizing behaviors-cutting or self-abusive behaviors
Psychopathy-ASPD

prevalence and correlates
-the person is very charming and superficial, living 2 lives at once
-Psychopathy is a clinical concept that is related to ASPD
-usually pathological liars, lack remorse
-men more likely than women, related to low levels of education and 60% are substance abusers
ASPD-psychopathy theory
*theory on genetic presdisposition is very controversial*
inrease levels of testosterone in untero promotes aggresiveness
-low levels of serotonin, ADHD + social rejection and punishment = ASPD.
-person may have deficits in areas of the brain that is involved in planful behavior and self-monitoring (frontal lobe)
-they have low arousability-fearlessness, stimulation seeking behavior.
ASPD-pschopathys

integrative theory
-Dodge and Pettit
-all levels intertwine with each other and work with academic and social problems
-the person has (-) incluences aroundt hem, which results in violent behavior-which is reinforced by peers around them
ASPD-psychopathy
treatment
-do not see themselves as having a problem
-lack remorse-always blame other people
-most treatment attempts to control anger and impulsive behaviors.
-no empirically supported treatment has demonstrated effectiveness
-As children when they show signs of ASPD, the conduct disorder must be treated then to prevent remergence later on in life.
ASPD-psychopathy
genetic influences
-there is a genetic influence
-genes and the environment mixed together create a higher chance of ASPD
ASPD-psychopathy
neurobiological influences
-arousal theory-
-underarousal hypothesis: psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal- which is the primary cause of their anti-social and risk taking behaviors, they seek stimulation to boost their chornically low levels of arousal
ASPD- psychopathy
neurobiolgical influences
-Yerkes-dodson curve-
-this suggests that people with either high or low levels of arousal tend to experience (-) affect and perform poorly in many situations.
-whereas people with intermediate levels of arousal tend to be relatively content and perform satisfactory in most situations.
ASPD-psychopathy
neurobiological influences
-fearlessness hypothesis-
-psychopaths poses a higer threshold for experienencing fear that most other people
-things that frighten most people do not frighten them and they seek more.
borderline PD
prevalence and course
-*research the most! 126 possible combos of the symptoms
-more commonly diagnosed in women and hispanics.
-self injurious behavior is very common
BPD causes (environmental and biological)
-evidence of genetic transmission is mixed
-very active mygdale, impulsivity is related to low levels of serotonin
BPD theory
Marsh Linehan
*Only empirically supported treatment for BPD
-theory: people have deficits in the ability to regulate emotions, extreme emotional reactions lead to impulsivity.
-they feel as though their emotional experiences are being discounted and criticized.
-support from other people is necessary to cope, and people who lack self-confidence become manipulative
BDP treatment
Marsha Linehan-Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
-focuses on emotional regualtion, identifying emotions and ways to control emotions, mindfulness (being more aware of internal experiences, and more accepting of attitudes towards thoughts and emotions)
-interpersonal skills training
*only empirically supported treatment for reducing self-injurious behaviors
-very long and extensive treatment 20-40 weeks
Histrionic personality disorder

prevalence, theory and treatment
-overdramatic people, always must be the center of attention
-not alot of info is known
-more common among women, people are more likely to be seperated or divorced, they present exaggerated medical conditions
-Axis I disorder
-no empirically supported treatment
Narcissistic PD
criteria
-very closely related to histronic, very obsessed with themselves and think others should be too.
-person requires excessive admiration, sense of entitlement, they use others (interpersonally exploitative), lack empathy, very arrogane, very haughty behaviors and attitudes.
NPD prevalence, theory, treatment
-no empirically supported treatment, but treatment may include: focusing on the persons gradiosity, their hypersensitivity to criticism, and their empathy towards others.
-they do not recognize that they have a problem, so hard to treat
-very resistant to neg. criticism, or neg feedback
-very insecure
Cluster C: Anxious-fearful PD
1.dependent PD
2. Avoidant PD
3. Obsessive-compulsive PD
Avoidant PD
axis 2 disorder
extreme sensitvity to opinions, they avoid most relationships, interpersonally anxious and are fearful of rejection.
-highly cormorbid with depression and social anxiety disorder
APD causes and treatment
treatment is very similiar to social anxiety disorder, and has moderate effectivness.
-exposed to social situations that make them feel upset of afraid and repeated exposure decreases fear and unsettledness.
-hard to treat bc not very motivated and do not see positive goals.