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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When defining abnormality...
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it should be know that there is no ONE definition of abnormality.
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The study of abnormal behavior or psychopathology is concerned with:
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behavior, thoughs, feelings.
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Dysfunction:
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Inability to function properly.
(this term is flawed) |
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Distress:
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The problem that causes an individual sadness or pain.
(this definition works sometimes [depression, anxiety, eating disorders] but sometimes psychological disorders do not cause the sufferer to feel distressed) |
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Impairment:
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This problem prevents the individual from doing what they want.(this definition is slightly flawed, because it encompasses too many ppl)
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Define Psychological Disorder:
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A psychological dysfunction that is associated with distress or impairment and is not typical or culturally expected.
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Name 2 types of disorders:
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A syndrome and a disease.
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Syndrome:
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collections of signs and symptoms with no agreed upon cause.
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Disease:
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collections of signs and symptoms with a known cause.
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What is a clynical description?
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An overview of the client's problem based on signs and symptoms, and the difference between disorders and normal behavior.
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What is the presenting problem when describing disorders?
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The original complaint reported by the client.
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What are signs?
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Problems observed by the therapist or diagnostician. (objective)
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What are symptoms?
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Problems reported by the client.
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What is epidemiology?
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The study of how often the disroder occurs (prevelance, number of individuals with the disorder at a given time)
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What is incidence?
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the number of new cases of a disorder occurring during a given time.
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What is etiology?
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The (study of?) cause of a disorder (risk factors, protective factors)
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Onset:
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The beginning of a disorder
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Acute onset:
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A disorder that begins suddenly.
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Insidious onset:
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A disorder that begins gradually.
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Course:
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The pattern of development and change of an individual's problem over time.
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time-limited course
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lasting only a short period of time.
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episodic course
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having the disorder come and go over and over
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chronic course
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lasting a lifetime
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comorbidity:
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having more than one disorder at a time
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prognosis:
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the predicted development of an individuals disorder
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clinical assesmentl:
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the systematic evaluation and measurement of the factors which may be contributing to an individuals problem.
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diagnosis:
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the process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder.
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taxonomy:
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a system of classifying things
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nosology:
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a taxonomy of medical or psychological disorders.
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current definition of psychological disorder:
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a psychological dysfunction that is associated with distress or impairment and is not typical or culturally expected.
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5 axes of the DSM:
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axis 1) clinical disorders, axis 2) personality disorders, axis 3) medical problems, axis 4) social problems, axis 5) gloal assessment of functioning
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what is the name of axis 1 of the DSM, what is categorized under this?
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clinical disorders: anxiety, depression.
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what is the name of axis 2 under the DSM, what is categorized under this?
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Personality disroders + mental retardation: antisocial personality
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what is the name of axis 3 under the DSM, what is categorized under this?
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medical problems: heart problems, epilepsy
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what is the name of axis 4 under the DSM, what is categorized under this?
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Social problems: marital difficulties, unemployment
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what is the name of axis 5 under the DSM, what is categorized under this?
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Global assessment of functioning: overall, how well are they functioning? (scale 1-100--GAF score) 100-doing just fine, 50-serious symptoms/impairment, 10-danger of hurting self or others - institutionalized
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prototypical categorization: .
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requires certain criteria to obtain a diagnosis but allowing for variation
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the DSM IV uses:
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prototypical definitions of psychological disorders. it is a multitaxial system, meaning that different problems are rated on a specific axes.
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categorical categorization:
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following a rigid either or definition of what each disorder is and caused by.
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The supernatural tradition believed:
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bizarre behaviors were a sign of demonic posession in some cultures and shamanic powers in other cultures.
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the super natural tradition treatment:
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exorcism (to rid the evil spirit believed to cause the bizarre behaviors)
exorcisms included praying over someone's body, shaving across their head, and tying them to a wall at the front of a church so they were forced to hear the mass. |
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with the supernatural tradition, if exorcism did not work: (list 4)
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they were beaten, locked in a chamber, hung over a pit of snakes, dunked in ice water.
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Dimensional approach for classification:
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categorizing disorders on a continuum rather than a binary either or basis.
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Validity:
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accuracy of statements and predictions about diagnosis.
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Diagnostic reliability:
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Individual getting same diagnosis from separate psychologists, or getting same diagnosis over time.
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In the DSM IV, some diagnosing categories are more reliable/valid than others. (T/F)
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True
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Reification:
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making a category a "thing" or entity.
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Example of circularity of reasoning:
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Why is that child having trouble paying attention? He has add. How do you know this? Because he is having trouble paying attention.
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Labeling:
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applying a name to a phenomenon or pattern of behavior. (bad habit)
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What are the three traditional views of psychopathology?
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Supernatural tradition, biological tradition, psychological tradition.
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Biological tradition(aka "the medical model"):
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Psychological disorders are caused by biological imbalances.
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Psychological tradition:
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Psychological disorders are caused by psychological or social influences.
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Who was a famous psychologist of the 16th century and what did he/she theorize?
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Paracelsus- a swiss guy. He believed that psychological problems were caused by the movement of the moon and stars. (luna-tic)
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History of the biological tradition (Egypt):
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In ancient Egypt, they looked into hysteria, and believed women who exhibited strange movements , agitation, or partial paralysis had a loose uterus which was floating throughout their bodies.
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History of the biological tradition (Greece):
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The Greeks adopted the ancient Egyptians' belief of the loose uterus and prescribed marriage or fumigation of the vagina as a cure for this problem.
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The biological tradition in the 1800s:
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Hysteria was caused by stress leading to faulty reproductive tracts, and treatments involved "pelvic massages"
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What is the Humoral Theory?
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400 B. C- Hippocrates believed that psychological problems could be treated like any other disease.
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According to the Humoral Theory, what was the cause of psychotic behavior?
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Infection, head trauma, heredity, or a humoral imbalance.
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Sanity was believed to be dependent on a humoral balance, what is a humoral balance?
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The balance of 4 substances, known as humors: Blood (causes cheerfulness), Melancholor (black bile- causes depression), Choler (yellow bile- causes anger), Phlegm (causes calmness).
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Who furthered Hippocrates' Humoral Theory and when?
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Galen, in 150 AD
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In 1825, how long did patients with psychotic symptoms live?
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Small groups of patients with psychotic symptoms usually died within five years.
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In 1825, it was believed that psychotic symptoms were caused by ______, not ______.
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Syphilis, not schizophrenia.
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In the late 1800s, patients with psychotic symptoms started getting treated with ________. Now we use _______.
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Malaria bacteria, penicillin.
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Insulin shock therapy:
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Insulin injections given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients.
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What happened if too much insulin was given during insulin shock therapy, did this therapy ever work?
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Overdoses would result in comas, sometimes psychotic symptoms went away with this therapy though.
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When and how did electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) emerge?
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In the 1920s, it was noted how schizophrenia is rarely found in people with epilepsy. They began to think seizures may prevent psychosis.
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In the 1930s, what happened with the emergence of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
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Doctors began applying electric shocks to patient's brains in order to purposely induce seizures. This result was electro-shock therapy.
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Psychotropic drugs during the 1950s:
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The first anti-psychotic drugs were developed.
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Psychotropic drugs during the 1960s and 70s:
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Drugs were developed to treat anxiety and depression.
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First person and his/her belief pertaining to the psychological tradition:
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Plato. He believed psychological disorders were influenced by one's early learning history and by their current social environment.
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Who played an important role in the psychological tradition in the 1700s and what did he/she invent?
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Philippe Pinel. He invented the "moral therapy" after learning about the case of a formerly shackled mental patient who recovered after being unshackled. he proposed patients being treated humanly.
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Mesmerism was developed when and by who?
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Developed in the late 1700s, by Anton Mesmer.
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What mesmerism?
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Anton mesmer claimed he could cure medical and psychological problems by unlocking the flow of bodily force known as "animal magnetism" (basically hypnotism)
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Years after mesmerism was invented, who began using it and what for?
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Jean Charcot used it to treat women with hysteria.
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Sigmund Freud was a student of :
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Jean Charcot
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What did Freud first start using to treat hysteria?
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Hypnosis, he'd study the patient them when they were hypnotized. Most didn't remember what they were talking about.
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Who discovered the unconscious mind?
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Frued and Breuer
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Freud and Breuer began to use _________ to tap into patient's unconscious.
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Free association.
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According to Freud, the mind is :
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made up of 3 parts: the Id (unconscious sexual + aggressive impulses) the ego(rational mind) the super ego (one's conscience- counteracts id)
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According the Freud, mental problems are caused by
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unresolved conflicts between different parts of one's mind.
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Psychoanalysis helped introduce some important concepts:
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we are unaware (or unconscious) of many of our motives. Our past experiences affect our present moods. The notions of denial, repression, compensation etc.
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Behaviorism:
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Rejected the unscientific notions of psychoanalysis and sought to ground psychology in observable, measurable behaviors.
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Who came up with Humanism?
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Carl Rogers
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Humanism:
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Humanistic psychologists maintained that humans are good by nature and are motivated by positive, presocial tendencies.
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What did humanism believe about if someone was given enough freedom?
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every individual's self-actualization tendency will motivate them to achieve their highest potential.
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What did Carl Rogers develop?
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Person-centered therapy, which used all of the humanism beliefs. it helped create a good environment and genuine feeling relationship for the patient.
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Cognitive-behavioral theories maintain that psychological problems result from:
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a combination of maladaptive overt behaviors (ex: child throwing tantrum) and faulty ways of thinking (how you look at a situation)
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Who developed classical conditioning? and how?
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Ivan Pavlov- a russian psychologist. The situation of the dogs when the feeding assistant walked into the room.
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classical conditioning is often known as ________
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respondent conditioning
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Classical conditioning- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):
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a stimulus that would naturally produce a reflexive response (ex:food)
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classical conditioning- unconditioned response (UCR):
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an unlearned, natural reflex to a stimulus (ex: salivation from the food)
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classical conditioning- conditioned stimulus (CS):
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a neutral stimuls that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until they are associated with one another (ex: bell)
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classical conditioning- conditioned response (CR):
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a learned reflex that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus (ex: salivation from the bell)
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Classical conditioning- Stimulus generalization:
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when the organism learns to emit the same response to similar stimuli.
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classical conditioning- stimulus discrimination:
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when the organism learns to emit a different response to a similar stimuli.
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classical conditioning- extinction:
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repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will extinguish the conditioned response.
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During the rise of behaviorism:
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Watson built on Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning and used its techniques to condition a fear of white rats in an infant "little albert"
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Who developed principles of operant conditioning?
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BF skinner
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Operant conditioning - law of effect:
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the consequences of a behavior determins its likeliness of being repeated.
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operant conditioining- reinforcement:
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increasing the rate of behavior by either presentin ga reinforcer (positive reinforcement) or removing an averse stimulus (negative reinforcement)
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operant conditioning - punishment:
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decreasing the rate of a behavior by either presenting an aversive stimulus (positive punishment) or removing a reinforcer (negative punishment)
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operant conditioning - antecedent:
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a stimulus or condition which precedes a behavior.
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operant conditioning - behavior:
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any response; either overt or covert
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operant conditioning - consequence:
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a stimulus or condition which is caused by a behavior.
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Learned helplessness:
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animals may become depressed if they learn (or believe) that there's nothing they can do o help their situation
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observational learning (or modeling or social learning):
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from Bandura. learning the consequences of a behavior by watching others, instead of having to experience them firsthand.
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Early bahavior therapies focused on:
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changing hebaviors by using scientific principles of conditioning and learning. They also helped clients to behave in ways which counter their problems.
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what did Joseph Wolpe develop?
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He developed systematic desentization, a technique for eliminating fears by pairing brief imaginal exposures with relaxation exercises.
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What did cognitive therapies try to do?
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tried to change the faulty thought processes in the hopes of changing emotions
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what was cognitive therapy concerned with?
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how we acquire andn process information and how we store and retreive it.
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Aaron beck:
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believed that anxiety and depression are caued by a majority of negative thoughts about self, the world, and the future. he developed cognitive therapy
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affect:
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momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do.
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3 components of emotion:
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behavior- what you do. conition-what you think. physiology-how your body reacts
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model for understanding:
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hypothetical description of a phenomenon or event. (ex:model for development of depression) often includes hypothesis
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multidemensional models for understanding:
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"system" of influences that cause and maintain suffering or problem behavior.
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Equifinality:
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there's several paths to any given outcome; paths vary by developmental stage. (ex:people can get depressed for different reasons)
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are multidemensional models preferred?
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yes
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Operant conditioning- observational learning- who discovered the modeling?
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albert bandura
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causality:
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nature and nurture causes specific psychological disorders.
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biological influences of causality:
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genetics, gene-environment interactions
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physiology of causality:
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nervous system
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genetic contributions to causality:
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studies suggest all disorders have SOME genetic influence. for most disorders, genes account for less than 50% of cause.
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single-gene inheritance:
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traits are caused by a single dominant gene or a single-pair of recessive genes.
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polygenetic inheritance:
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traits that are influenced by the presence of many genes.
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diathesis-stress model:
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individuals inherit vulnerabilities to have specific disorders, but these disorders will only develop under certain stressful conditions.
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Reciprocal gene-environment model:
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individuals with a genetic predisposition for a disorder will have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder.
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The nervous system is made up of 2 divisions:
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central nervous system (CNS)- the brain + spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system(PNS)- the nerves of the body |
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somatic branch of PNS:
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controls voluntary muscles and movement
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autonomic branch of PNS
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involuntary.
sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. |
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sympathetic branch:
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stress. fight or flight response
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parasympathetic branch:
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peace. restores body to normal
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midbrain:
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involved in basic reflexes, attention and arousal.
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cerebrum
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used for conscious thought, plannning and recognition. (made up of 2 hemispheres, left n right)
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hypothalamus
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regulates hunger, thirst, temp, sex drive
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limbic system-
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affects emotional responses to memories.
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what does the limbic system consist of?
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congulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala
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hippocampus
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involved in the formation and retreival of memories
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amygdala
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involved in fearful and angry reactions
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CNS: forebrain:
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cerebral cortex. most sensory, emotional, and congnitive processing. "thinking"
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four lobes:
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frontal - thinking
parietal- touch recognition temporal- recotnition of sights, sounds (longterm) occipital- visual input |
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neurons are
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nerve cells
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operant conditioning - antecedent:
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a stimulus or condition which precedes a behavior.
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operant conditioning - behavior:
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any response; either overt or covert
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operant conditioning - consequence:
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a stimulus or condition which is caused by a behavior.
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Learned helplessness:
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animals may become depressed if they learn (or believe) that there's nothing they can do o help their situation
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observational learning (or modeling or social learning):
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from Bandura. learning the consequences of a behavior by watching others, instead of having to experience them firsthand.
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|
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Early bahavior therapies focused on:
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changing hebaviors by using scientific principles of conditioning and learning. They also helped clients to behave in ways which counter their problems.
|
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what did Joseph Wolpe develop?
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He developed systematic desentization, a technique for eliminating fears by pairing brief imaginal exposures with relaxation exercises.
|
|
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What did cognitive therapies try to do?
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tried to change the faulty thought processes in the hopes of changing emotions
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|
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what was cognitive therapy concerned with?
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how we acquire andn process information and how we store and retreive it.
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Aaron beck:
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believed that anxiety and depression are caued by a majority of negative thoughts about self, the world, and the future. he developed cognitive therapy
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