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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychodynamic theory
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Help clients gain insight into unconscious motives and conflicts through analysis of free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences
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Humanistic/Client-centered
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Help clients explore their own values and potentials and fulfill their potential more fully by providing a warm and supportive relationship
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Behavioral
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Help clients extinguish unwanted behaviors or teach clients new, desired behaviors, with techniques such as systematic desensitization and response shaping
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Cognitive
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Help clients change maladaptive thought patterns by challenging irrational thoughts and learning new skills
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Eysenck's study conclusions
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66% of patients recover with psychodynamic therapy
72% recover without therapy Psychotherapy rates are not any better than spontaneous remission |
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Regression to the mean
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If you have an extreme score, over time it will move closer to the average and be less extreme
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Therapy works best when:
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Clients are intelligent and successful
Highly motivated Positive attitude towards therapy |
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Factors that don't contribute to therapy:
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Young, attractive, verbal
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Wampold's study
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-Psychotherapy is effective
-Type of therapy is not a factor -Theoretical basis of the technique or adherence to the technique is not a factor -The therapists strength of belief in the efficacy of the technique is a factor -Who the therapist is as a person is a large factor |
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Common Factors to therapy
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Positive relationship with therapist
Explanation for symptoms Confrontation of negative emotions |
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Dodo bird hypothesis
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"Everyone has won and all must have prizes"
One therapy is not the best, all types are beneficial |
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Rosenhan study
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-Pseudopatient study
-8 were sent to a hospital and all but one were diagnosed with schizophrenia -Stopped symptoms and all were released and said they were in remission -Real patients guessed they were normal |
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Rosenhan follow up study
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-Said they would send fake patients
-83 out of 193 were guessed to be fake, but in reality none were |
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Rosenhan conclusions:
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Psychiatrists do not appear to be able to reliably tell the difference
Misdiagnosis is very common Mental illness is vague |
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Antipsychotics
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Thorazine
Haldol Clozaril Risperiodone Seroquel |
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Antidepressants
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Tricyclic Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor |
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Problems with antidepressants
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Side effects - sexual side effects, weight gain, irritability
Long time to start working (2-3 weeks) Risk of suicidal thoughts |
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Knutson study
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Those who had no depression improved significantly in negative effects and social functioning
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Mood stabilizer
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Lithium
Depakote Lamictal Reduce symptoms of mania |
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Anti-anxiety
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Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan, Valium)
Barbiturates Nonbenzodiazepines (Buspar) Herbal (St. John's Wort) |
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What's good about stress?
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Adrenaline rush
Motivates us Mobilize immune system in the short term Adversity can encourage growth |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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There is an optimum level of performance, and it's not when you are at the least amount of stress. It's the middle ground
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Bad about stress?
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Prolonged stress can harm us
Sever child abuse may lead to chronic disease Circulatory Digestive Respiratory systems problems Infectious disease |
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General Adaptive Syndrome (Selye)
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Body doesn't differentiate between the type of stress
First: Alarm Reaction (Mobilize resources) Second: Resistance (Cope) Third: Exhaustion (Reserves depleted) Stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through three phases |
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Fight or flight response
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Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increased heart rate Increased respiration Divert blood from digestion to skeletal muscles Dull pain Release sugar and fat from stores to use as immediate energy |
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What makes an event stressful?
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Uncontrollable
Unpredictable Change |
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Stressful life events:
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Catastrophic events
Significant life changes Daily hassles |
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Catastrophic events:
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Earthquakes, combat stress, floods
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Significant life changes:
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Death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job
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Daily hassles
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Rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress
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Stress related diseases
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-Coronary heart disease
Hypertension Immune system |
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Immune system and stress problems
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-Deficiencies make you more vulnerable to infectious disease or a cold
-Immune system can be overactive and produced autoimmune disease and attacks itself |
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Dyssomnias
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Primary insomnia
Primary hypersomnia Narcolepsy Breathing-related sleep disorder Circadian rhythm sleep disorder |
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Parasomnias
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Nightmare disorder
Sleep terror disorder Sleepwalking disorder |
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Primary insomnia
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Difficulty sleeping for at least a month
Not getting enough REM (restorative) sleep |
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Primary hypersomnia
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Getting too much sleep for at least a month
Prolonged sleep episodes or prolonged daily sleeping, taking long naps in the middle of the day Causing distress and difficulty functioning |
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Narcolepsy
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Suddenly falling asleep
Refreshing sleep Must occur over 3 months Loss of muscle tone |
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Breathing related sleep disorder
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Difficulty receiving enough oxygen
Sleep apnea is an example (waking up because you couldn't breath properly) |
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Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
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Mismatch between sleep/wake schedule and what's required in your environment
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Nightmare disorder
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Frequent
Causes major impact on their life (stress levels, ability to go about day) Involve things that are threatening |
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Sleep terror disorder
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When someone will wake up screaming, panicky
Intense fear, lots of autonomic nervous system arousal Person is unresponsive to being comforted Don't remember dream |
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Sleepwalking disorder
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Unresponsive, difficult to wake up
Generally doesn't remember event Some period of confusion when they wake up |
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Sleep hygiene:
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Fixed bedtime and waking time
Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and spicy food Bed for just sleeping and sex Avoid napping |
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Cohen study
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Exposed stressed out and stress free people to cold virus
47% of stressed got cold 27% of not stressed didn't get colds Happiest and most relaxed people were less vulnerable to an experimentally delivered cold virus |
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Stress and wounds
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Surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed animals and humans
Dental students given punch wounds "No student healed as rapidly during this stressful period as during vacation" |
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Telomeres and stress
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Telomeres became too short and the cells no longer divided
Most stressed women had cells that looked 10 years older than their age |
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Personality factors that lead to stress
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Perfectionism
Type A Environmental anxiety/worry/OCD Pessimism |
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Coping with stress
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Perceived control over a situation
Explanatory style Social support Catharsis Exercise |
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Write about traumatic or superficial topics?
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Trauma group reported more positive moods and fewer illnesses
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Trauma and confronting studies
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50 health undergrads
Holocaust survivors 63 laid off professionals Asthma and Rheumatoid arthritis |
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PTSD
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Reexperiencing the traumatic event (generally through flashbacks)
Emotional numbing and detachment Hypervigilance and chronic arousal |
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Acute stress disorde
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Short lived (less than 4 weeks)
Dissociative symptoms Reexperience event Avoidance of stimuli |
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Trauma
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Natural disasters
Abuse Combat and war |
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Causes of PTSD and ASD
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Severity, duration, and proximity of trauma
Social support Shatter assumptions Preexisting stress Coping styles |
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Treatments for PTSD and ASD
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Exposure to the fear
Challenging distorted cognitions Manage ongoing life problems EMDR - drug SSRI and Benzos |
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What makes it anxiety?
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Adaptive vs. maladaptive
Fight or flight response Out of proportion to threat Persistent even when threat passes Comorbid |
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Panic attacks
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Cognitive and physical symptoms
Unexpected Fear the reoccurance of panic Situationally bound |
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Specific features of panic disorder
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May be associated with fear or Witchcraft or magic
Seen throughout the world |
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Agoraphobia
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Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult
Fears of being outside the home alone, being in a crowd or standing in a line, being on a bridge, traveling a bus etc. Situations are avoided |
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Types of phobias
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Animal type
Natural environment type Blood-injection-injury type Situational Other (choking, vomiting) |
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Social phobia
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Marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situation
Exposure to social situation provokes anxiety Avoided or endured Knows its excessive or unreasonable |
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Social phobia is more common in:
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women
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Obsessions:
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thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, and cause anxiety or stress
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Compulsions:
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Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform
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Generalized Anxiety disorder
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Excessive worry and anxiety, more days than not, for at least 6 months about a number of events
Difficult to control Three or more of: -Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge -Being easily fatigued -Irritability -Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank -Muscle tension |
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GAD frequently co-occurs with:
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Mood disorder and substance abuse
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Treatments for GAD:
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SSRIs and Benzos
Cognitive behavioral therapy Exposure combined with response prevention for OCD Group therapy |
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Causes of GAD
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Familial and genetic
Conditioning experiences Life events |
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Disorders more common in women:
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Panic disorders
Phobias GAD |
