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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
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Signals are sent from brain stem during dangerous events. When activated we freeze, experience anxiety, and evaluate situation to see if there is danger.
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relationship between teen smokers and adult anxiety disorders?
relationship between smoking and panic and why? |
More likely to get panic and GAD as adults when you smoke as a teen.
nicotine causes somatic symptoms and respiratory problems which trigger additional anxiety and panic. |
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what is an autonomic restrictor and what disorder is it found to have?
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found in GAD, it actually shows less responsiveness to heart rate, blood pressure sweating and respiration rate
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GAD are highly sensitive to what?
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Threat especially with personal relevence. unconconsciuos though.
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Interoceptive avoidance and what anxiety disorder is it related to?
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Panic disorder. avoidance of physiological arousal that feels like a panic disorder. avoid working out or places that they sweat alot.
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How do many men cope with panic disorder?
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DRINK
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What % of people with PD have nocturnal panic attacks?
WHen does it occur in cycle and what causes them? How are they different from night terrors in kids? |
60%
during delta/slow wave sleep-deepest sleep caused possibly by physical sensation of "letting go" which is scary to ppl with panic disorder. or they may have sleep apnea. kids don't remember them and they happen during REM sleep. |
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What % of population experience panic attacks?
Under what conditions? How many will develop panic disorder? what is difference btwn people who won't get pd? |
8-12% has an occasional unexpected panic attack
under intense stress Only 5% develop PD People who dont get PD don't attribute exercise as anxiety. |
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What new drugs might treatment of anxiety disorders?
What part of the brain is affected and how does the drug work? What disorder does it appear to treat? |
DCS(D-cycloserine)-antibiotic
works in the amygdala-affects neurotransmitter flow to strengthen the extinction process panic disorder/social anxiety disorder |
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new developments in the treatment of phobias make it possible to do what?
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Treat phobias in a daylong session
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What are the 2 most prevalent anxiety disorders in the US?
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social phobia and specific phobia
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What is PTSD and what are its symptoms?
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exposure to a traumatic event which makes someone feel fear, hopelessness or terror.
reexperience of the event through memories and nightmares, flashbacks avoidance of anything that reminds them of experience numbing of emotional responsiveness hard time sleeping |
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What obsessions are associated with which kinds of rituals?
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Forbidden thoughts/actions lead to checking
symmetry leads to ordering contamination leads to hand washing |
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Fear vs. Anxiety
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Fear=adaptive innate emotion including cognitive thoughts (im in danger), emotional feelings, somatic-physical (adrenaline), behavioral (fight/flight
Anxiety=extreme amount=disorder focus on future danger ex. test anxiety |
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GAD
Criteria |
a. excessive anxiety and worry for atleast 6 months
b. excessive/unrealistic c. anxiety and worry associated w/ 3 or more: 1. restlessness/on edge 2. being easily fatigued 3. difficulty concentrating 4. irritability 5. muscle tension 6. sleep disturbance d. distress or impairment in social occupational or other areas of functioning |
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Description of GAD
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Prevalence: 3-5% population
55-65% female over 50% start as children chronic=waxes and wanes comorbid with depression/other disorders |
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Theories for GAD: biological
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a. parents were anxious so you are-anxious environment
b. sensitive to risk-risk adversive c. chronic muscle tension d. decreased GABA |
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behavioral inhibitions in infants=GAD
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don't like new things/people/places/change
don't like uncertainty |
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Brain areas affected by GAD
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limbic system: emotion (hypothalamus/hippocampus-new meory)
amygdala-fear response 4 f's. GAD=overactie amygdala. |
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Cognitive theory of GAD
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catastrophize=think of worst possible scenario.
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Criteria for phobias!
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1. persistent, excessive, unreasonable fears
2. exposure to phobia stimulus provokes an anxious response, possibly a panic attack 3. person recognizes fear is excessive/unreasonable 4. avoid situation or endured with much discomfort 5. interferes with life funcitoning (social, occupational, relationships) |
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Types of phobias
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Animals=dogs, spiders, sharks, snakes, insects
natural environment=storms/deep water, dark blood/injection/injury situational=falling, bridges, clastraphobia, airplanes other type=vomiting, clowns, dolls |
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Description of social phobias
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prevalence: 3-13%
EQUAL male/female onset in teenage years lifelong course |
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Biological theories of social phobias
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genetic=temperament predisposed to react in a certain way
biological preparedness: highly sensitive to stuff |
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Cognitive theories of social phobias
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a. high standards, unrealistic neg beliefs about performance
b. high self monitoring |
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behavioral theories of social phobias
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social skills defecits (awkward, eye conact, conversation, lack of personal space)
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Description of specific phobias
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10% prevalence
60-905 female onset as child or adult in 20s course: 20% fully remit w/out treatment |
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Biological theories of specific phobias
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genetic: autonomic lability (mood switch quickly/arousal changes)
SNS easily turned on adaptive for surival. hurt us-avoid-aids in survival |
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Behavioral learning in specific phobias
classical conditioning |
classical conditioning:
UCS=trapped in small space UCR=fear CS=elevators CR=fear |
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Behavioral learning in specific phobias
operant conditioning observational learning |
avoidance learning maintains phobias
Take away fear=negative reinforcement (don't go on elevator) observational learning: indirect. see your friend got bit by a dog, saw it in a movie etc |
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Social phobia criteria
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persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations.
fear of being embarrased, scrutiniezed by others. |
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Panic Attack Criteria
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period of intense fear within 10 minutes with 4 or more of the following:
accelerated heart rate sweating trembling/shaking shortness of breath/can't breath feeling of choking chest pain feeling dizzy derealization/depersonalization (detachment) fear of losing control/going crazy fear of dying numbness chills/hot flushes expected or unexpected |
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agoraphobia Criteria
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Anxiety about being in situations where escape is difficult or help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.
usually involves a cluster of situations: classrooms, mall, driving Situations are avoided or done with extreme distress or require a companion. |
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Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia diagnosis
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Panic disorder=atleast 1 unexpected panic attack 1/2 do have agoraphobia
about 5% have agoraphobia without ever having had panic attack due to predisposition to fear or family with panic problems |
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Agoraphobia description
prevalence gender onset course |
Prevalence 1-3%
more female- 2:1 w/out agor, 3:1 with agor why more women? culturally accepted to be fearful. hormones? situational-women are weaker/more vulnerable oncset: late adolescents->mid 30s chronic wax wane |
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Agoraphobia theories: biological, cognitive, behavioral
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locus ceruleus: in limbic system-actives norepinephrine to trigger SNS
anxiety oversensitivity: overly sensitive to physiological symptom Cognitive: mislabed symptoms-increased anxiety-cause panic. Behavioral: introceptive conditioning=bringing about the physical symptoms of a panic. |
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Define diathesis
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Predisposition/innate disposition
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OCD obsessions criteria
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1. recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images which are intrusive or innapropriate and that cause anxiety or distress.
2. thoughts/impulses/images that are not simply excessive worries about real life problems 3. person attempts to supress the impulses/thoughts/images to neutralize them with some other thought/action. 4. person recognizes they are product of their own mind. (insight) |
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Common obsessions
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symmetry, contamination, sexual issues-fear of pregnancy/raping someone
fear of aggression by accident fear of displeasing God |
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OCD compulsions criteria
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1. repetitive behavior or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform due to an obsession accoding to rigidly applied rules.
2. the behvaiors/mental acts are aimed at preventing or releaving stress or preventing some dreaded situation. however there is no rational connection between behaviors/mental acts and the thing they are trying to prevent/neutralize. |
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Common compulsions
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ordering things, praying, washing hands, checking things,counting
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criteria for OCD
a b c |
a. either obsession or compulsions
b. person recognizes that the obssions/compulsions are excessive/unreasonable. c. causes distress, impaires normal functioning, occupation, social, relationships. |
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Movie about OCD: Linsay's OCD
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ordering, touching, fear of mom dying due to her friends parents dying. left side is holy, must please God by doing compulsions so that her mom won't die.
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OCD description
prevalnce gender onset course |
prevalence: 1.5-2.5%
55-60% female onset as teens/early adults, *earlier in males! chronic waxes and wanes |
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biological theories (brain) of OCD
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injury or illness
frontal lobes: loop starts in orbital cortex->cingulate gyrus basal ganglia: caudate nucleus and thalamus which controls sensory input/output |
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Cognitive theory of OCD
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1. belief that things are not complete (need to check the stove again)
2. belief that thinking about something will cause it to occur 3. trying thought suppression only makes it worse (elephant in the room) |
