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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stronger than pharmaceutical properties of some drugs when in low or moderate does
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Expectancy Effects
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Studies in "Barlab"
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expectancy with no alcohol leads to greater "intoxication" than low/moderate alcohol with no expectancy
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Treatment begins with abstinence and can move to controlled use of the substance if it's legal
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-in US 12 step is most common program
-UK has controlled drinking with greater success |
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Controlled drinking
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after abstinence, change from gulping to sipping, reduce frequency and no straight drinks
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Tolerance
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takes more of the drug to have same phisiological effects
first sign of substance dependance |
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Reverse Tolerance
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Takes less of the drug to have same effects
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Cross Tolerance
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use of some substances can result in tolerance for other simular substances
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Substance abuse
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use + problem behaviors
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Substance dependance
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tolerance, withdrawl
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Substance-induced disorders
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mood, psychotic
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stimulants
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CNS activators
ex: cocaine caffiene |
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depressents
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CNS suppression
ex: alcohol, xanex |
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Hallucinogens
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create altered states of conciousness
ex: LCD, PCP, mescaline |
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Narcotics
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numbness and stupor, used for pain relief
ex:opium, morphine, heroin |
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Hypnosis
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heightened state of suggestability (Mesmer)
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Uses for Hypnosis
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clinical studies to facilitate: memory recall, treat disorders(phobias),reduce/eliminate problem behaviors (smoking), create experiences such as age regression
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Effectivness of hypnosis
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is determined by the subject not the hypnotist
cannot do things against your will |
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Sleep Disorders
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Narcolepsy
Sleep Apnea Night Terrors Insomnia |
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Stage 1 sleep
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relaxed transitional sleep
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Stage 2,3,4
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moves from relatively fewer alpha waves to more delta waves
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REM sleep
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most dreaming
restorative sleep increases memory occurs after about 1 hour of sleep essential to survival |
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Interferences with REM
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sleep aids and alcohol
can result in delusions or hallucinations |
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Sleep Cycle
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24.3 hour cycle, adapt to external cues for 24 hours(entrainment)
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Sleep-at birth
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17 hrs/day
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Sleep-6 months
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13 hrs/day
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sleep 5-7 years
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adopt adult sleep habit of about 7-9 hours
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Average amount of sleep per person
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4.5-10.5 hours per day
numbers outside this span result in shorter life span |
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Results of sleep deprivation
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abnormal life experiences, delusions/hallucinations, death
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Internal Desynchronization
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occurs when changing time zones, taking sleep meds or a result of depression
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Amnesia
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results from injury, stress or toxcicity
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Anterograde
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Can't recall anything after the injury
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Retrograde
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can't recall things prior to injury
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Episodic amnesia
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pertains to a specific period of time
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Psychogenic fugue state
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involves travel, memory loss.
adopting a new identity |
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Alzheimer's Dementia
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degraded short term memory, cannot form new memories
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Forgetting
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Decay: as time passes we lose info.
There is a faster rate of forgetting when we are awake |
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Interferences with memory
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new information intereferes with old information
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Retroactive
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info occuring afterwards interferes with existing info
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Proactive
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Previous info interferes with old info.
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Sleeper Effect
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forgot messenger but recall the message
increases message salience when messenger was not a good source |
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Herman Egginghaus
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-Amount remembered depends on time spent learning
-Serial position effect |
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Sensory Register
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-Very large capacity
-ionic (1-3) echoic (3s) -short duration -lost unless rehearsed |
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Short-Term Memory
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-limited capacity
-"chunking" into meaningful groups -no limit on chunk sizes - 7 +/- 2 |
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Long-Term Memory
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limitless encoding and long lasting
semantic coding |
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Effort of Recall
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Implicit
Explicit |
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Effort of Recall: Implicit
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recollection occurs without knowledge (write name slowly: recall kindergarten)
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Effort of Recall: Explicit
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effortful recall (previous phone number)
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Information Type
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Declarative
Procedural |
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Info type: declarative
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-facts, easy to learn and forget
ex: study for test, forget after |
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Info type: Procedural
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harder to learn and forget
ex: dialing a phone declarative can become procedural |
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Stages of Memory
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1. Encoding
2.Storage 3.Retrieval |
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Encoding
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Most difficult part, has to do with paying attention
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Storage
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organized fashion, keeping it in the brain
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Retrieval
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reprodcuing info that is stored
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DID: Dissociative Identity Disorder
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loss of time
minimum of two distinct identities 1-4% exclusive knowledge to seperate identities generally caused by repressed sexual/physical trama |
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Somatoform Disorders
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hypochondrasis
somatization disorder body dysmorphic disorder conversion disorder |
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Hypochrondasis
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preoccupation and fear of becoing ill
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Somatization disorder
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endorsement of many symptoms with no apparent physical cause
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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preoccupation with percieved physical deficit
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Conversion disorder
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indifference, selective symptoms, selective demonstartion
ex: pseudocyesis; pregnant |
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Eating disorders
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Anorexia
Bulimia |
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Anorexia
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extreme weight loss with persistant belief that one is fat, intense fear of gaining weight, causes amenorrhea, western cultures
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Bulimia
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binging and purging (vomitting, laxativees etc.)
almost as common in males |
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Eating Disorder causes
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major eating social and cultural factors
obssesion with food |
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Delusional Disorders
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the only symptom is the delusion itself
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Brief psychotic episode
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may be associated with major life change such as postpartum episode
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shared psychotic disorder
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effects a group of people that share the same delusion
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capgrass syndrome
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specific delusion replacing all people with look-alikes
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causal effects of delusional disorders
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-cognitive deficits
-psychois proneness -genetic features |
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treatment of delusions
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always involve psychotropic meds
complete resolution is uncommon |
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schizophrenia-postive
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delusions
hallucinations |
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schizophrenia-negative
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loss of motivation/interest
disorganized speech flat effect |
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Typs of Schizophrenia
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catatonic
disorganized undifferentiated paranoid |
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Bipolar Disorder
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involves combination of manic and depressive episodes
typically late 20's-30's Mood stablizers used to treat(lithium) cycling of moods vary considerably |
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Suicidal Disorder
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1.Thoughts
2. Plans 3. Action Females are 4 times more likely than males and 3 times more likely to succeed |
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Major Depression
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extreme sadness, crying, lack of motivation,
isolation, sex drive more likely in women |
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Treatment for depression
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cognitive restructureing
medication |
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Obssesive compulsive disorder
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Obessesions-intrusive thoughts
Compulsions-actions intended to address thoughts; but rarely cause an absences of thoughts (washing, checking doors, counting Treated with behavioral therapy |
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Phobias
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Anxiety resulting from thinking about or being exposed to something
Intense fear that is non-normative and causes a dysfunction -behavioral intervention is used to treat with anti-anxiety meds |
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Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
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Deviant-relative to norms
Distress- creates distress in self or others Dysfunction- work/relationships Danger- to self or others Defined by DSM-IV-TR |
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Disorders
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attributed to inaccurate beliefs, Windigo, Torro
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Mental Illness: USA
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2 million admitted to mental wards per year
1 in 5 are judged to need services 1950's deinsitutionalized due to use of psychotropic meds |
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Szaz View
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in conflict with views the general medical model of the psychiatric illness
"myth of the mental illness" |
