Abnormal Psych Exam 1 Chapter 1

Front 1

psychological disorder

Back 1

a psychological disfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or cultural expected

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DSM-IV-TR definition of a psychological disorder

Back 2

behavioral, emotional, or cognitive disfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal distress and impairment in functioning

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prototype of disorder

Back 3

typical profile, when most or all of the symptoms experts agree are part of the disorder are present

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clinical and counseling psychologists

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receive PhD or similar degree, 5 years of grad-level study that prepares them to conduct research into causes and treatment of psychological disorders and assess, diagnose, and treat them

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psychiatrist

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earn an MD in medical school, specialize in psychiatry during 3-4 years of residency training, investigate nature and (bio) causes of disorders, emphasize drug/bio treatments

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psychiatric social worker

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earn a master's degree in social work, develop expertise on how psych. disorder affected by social and family situation of individual, treat disorders (focus on assoc. family probs)

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scientist-practitioner model

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1) keep up with latest scientific developments in field, use most current diagnostic/treatment procedures
2) evaluate their own assessments and treatment procedures to see if they work
3) might conduct research that produces new info about disorders or their treatment

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presenting problem

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why the person sought treatment

Front 9

clinical description

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unique combo of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Front 10

prevalence

Back 10

how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder

Front 11

incidence

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how many new cases occur during a specific period of time (ie. a year)

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course

Back 12

individual pattern of a disorder

Front 13

prognosis

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anticipated course of a disorder

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Supernatural model of abnormal behavior

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belief that agents (eg. divinities, demons, spirits, magnetic fields, etc.) outside the body and environment influence behavior, thinking, and emotions.

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mass hysteria

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large scale outbreak of bizzare behavior

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emotional contagion

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experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us

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Hippocrates

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-father of modern medicine
1) coauthored Hippocratic Corpus--> suggested that psych disorders could be treated like other diseases, may have bio/genetic causes
2) considered brain to be seat of wisdom, CSness, and emotion
3) recognized importance of psych and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology

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Galen

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-Roman physician
-promoted humoral theory of disorders (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
-extended work of Hippocrates into influential school of thought

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general paresis

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another name for behavioral and cognitive symptoms of syphilis
-consistent presentation, course that leads to death
-hallucinations/delusions (similar to psychosis)
-cure discovered via soldier with malaria--led to injection with malaria and later penicillin
-first time psych symptoms traced to curable biological cause

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John Grey

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-superintendent of Utica State Hospital in NY
-believed insanity always due to physical causes, so emphasis on diet, rest and proper room temp/ventilation
-improved conditions in hospitals
-created rotary fan

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Manfred Sakel

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Viennese physician
-used higher and higher doses of insulin in psychotic patients in an attempt to calm them and stimulate appetite
-eventually led to convulsions and coma
-some regained mental health
-abandoned as dangerous

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bromides

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class of sedating drugs
-used at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries to treat anxiety/other psych disorders
-widely prescribed by 1920s
-side effects found to be significant and overall effect=modest, so abandoned
-important because even though drug therapies can appear to be effective initially, cost may outweigh benefit to patient

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Emil Kraepelin

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influential in advocating major ideas of psychological tradition, but not very involved in treatment
-one of the first to distinguish between different psych disorders and posit diff age of onset, time course, and presenting symptoms for diff disorders

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Plato

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believed two causes of maladaptive behavior were social/cultural influences on a person's life, and the learning that took place in that environment
-best treatment=rational discussion, precursor to psychosocial approach

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Moral therapy

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-psychosocial approach to mental disorders
-treat institutionalized patients as normally as possible in setting that encourages social interaction
-relationships nurtured
-individual attention, emphasis on reward and punishment for good and bad behavior
-behavior modeled by staff

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Philippe Pinel

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French psychiatrist
-originator of moral therapy
- former patient, Pussin, persuaded Pinel to make reforms to Parisian hospital

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Dorothea Dix

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former schoolteacher, worked firsthand in mental instititutions
-improved standards of care for the insane
-campaigned for more humane care and more widespread availability of care
-her work led to increase in the number of mental patients, transition from moral therapy to custodial care because hospitals overcrowded

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decline of moral therapy, humane treatment

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1) hospitals became overcrowded, understaffed, led to shift from moral therapy to custodial care
2) decision in mid 1800s made that mental illness caused by brain pathology and was therefore incurable

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Anton Mesmer

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suggested to patients that problem due to undetectable fluid found in all living orgs (animal magnetism)
-basically used strong suggestion to induce trancelike states in people
-opposed by medical establishment as charlatan, animal magnetism disproven by Ben Franklin's double-blind study

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Jean Charcot

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-head of hospital in Paris
-distinguished neurologist
-showed that hypnosis/mesmerism effective with several different kinds of disorders
-Freud studied under him

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Josef Breuer

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asked patients to describe problems/conflicts/fears in detail while under hypnosis
-led to discovery of unconscious mind and its influence on psych disorders as well as discovery of catharsis

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rise of psychoanalysis

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-work of Breuer led to discovery of UCS mind and catharsis
-case study of Anna O led Freud to expand observations into psychoanalytic model:
1) structure of mind (id, ego, superego)
2) defense mechanisms
3) stages of psychosexual development

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Adolph Meyer

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emphasized equal contributions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
-only currently valid model
-combines info from all areas of psychopathology with understanding of different developmental periods