Abnormal Psych Exam #1

Front 1

Psychogists

Back 1

Earn a PhD Emphasis on research, more severe populations.

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Counseling Psychologists

Back 2

Earn a PhD PsyD or EdD. More moderately maladjusted populations. More emphasis on clinical work than research.

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Psychiatrists

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A physician earns an MD. They can write prescriptions, diagnose and treat physical ailments.

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Psychiatric Social Workers

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Typically earn an MSW. Tend to focus more on environmental and social influences and of behavior, adjustment, and functioning.

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The Scientist Practitioner Model

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Empirically supported treatments-required ethically by all clinically approved and counseling psychologists.

Front 6

Define Incidence

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The number of NEW cases diagnosed during a specific period of time.

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Define Prevalence

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The number of people with a diagnosed order at any given time.

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Define Course-

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The typical short and long term patterns of a particular diagnosis. Course can be chronic, episodic, time limited, etc.

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Define Prognosis-

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The anticipated course and likely outcome of a diagnoses.

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Define Etiology-

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The study of origins of a certain diagnosis.

Front 11

Define Comorbidity-

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The simultaneous presence of two chrnoic diseaes or conditions in a patient.

Front 12

Define Validity-

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The extent to which the method successfully measures what the researcher or clinician intended to measure.

Front 13

Define Reliability-

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Refers to the consistency of measurement.

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Define Confounding Variable-

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An extraneous variable that correlates with both the IV and DV.

Front 15

Define the Ind. Variable

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The variable that is manipulated. The variable that is hypothesized to cause change in another variable.

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Define the dependent variable

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The variable we expect to be influenced by the IV.

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Define Control Group-

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The individuals in the study who are identical to those in the experimental group, but they are NOT exposed to the experimental manipulation.

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Define Experimental Group-

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The group receiving the study manipulation.

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What is the association between correlation and causation?

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Correlations are relationships among variables. Correlation does not mean causation.

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What are the three elements associated with determining abnormal behavior/ psychological disorders?

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1. Deviance
2. Distress
3. Dysfunction

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What are the consequences of deinstitutionalization?

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Homelessness

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What was moral treatment?

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Emphasis on moral guidance, humand and respectful techniques.

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What are the 5 elements of pseudoscience?

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1. Overuse of ad hoc hypotheses
2. Absence of self-correction
3. Exagerrated Claims
4. Overreliane on anecdotes
5. Psychobabble

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What is the overuse of ad hoc hypotheses?

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A loophole to explain away negative findings. ie: ESP doesn't work if there is a skeptic in the roomQ

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What is absence of self correction?

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Not admitting when something has been falsified. Continuing use of old, irrelevant data.

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Exaggerated claims-

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In 1 week you will be addiction free! We can change your whole life in 3 days!

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Overreliance on Anecdotes-

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Testimonials= scientific support. No. Person-who stats.

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Pyschobabble-

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Make is sound smart and people will flock to you even though what you're saying is meaningless.

Front 29

What are the basic functions of the central nervous system?

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Brain- Makes sense of info, makes decisions, commands body.

Spinal Cord- Relays messages from brain to body, carries our lifesaving reflexes.

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What are the functions of the peripheral nevous system?

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Maintains all of the nerves and neurons that are in the rest of the body, rather than within the brain or spinal cord.

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Somatic Nervous System

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Carries info to voluntarily controlled muscles of the body.

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Autonomic Nervous Systems

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ANS Contains nerves that control the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. Ie: Heart.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

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Fight or flight

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Rest and digest. Responsible for what your body does when it's resting.

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What are the 4 major neurotransmitters?

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1. GABA
2. Dopamine
3. Serotonin
4. Norepinephrine

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What is GABA?

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Anxiety disorders, inhibitory neurotransmitter, reduces arousal, moderates emotional response.

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What is dopamine?

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Reward driven behavior, extra-introversion, mood disorders, ADHD.

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What is Serotonin?

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Related to sleep/wakefulness/appetite/expression of emotion-anger/irregularity disorders OCD.

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What is norepinepherine?

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Fight or flight response. Implacated in attention emotional responses, increased heart rate.

Front 40

Define Equafinality-

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Similar outcomes might stem from a variety of different experiences and developmental pathways.

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Define Multifinality-

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Many different outcomes might stem from similar early different experiences and developmental pathways.

Front 42

What 5 brain structures make up the brain stem?

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1. Medulla Oblangata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain
4. Thalamus
5. Hypothalamus

Front 43

What is the function of the Medulla Oblangata?

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Heart rate, respiration, nerve signals between brain and spinal cord. Coordination of body movements.

Front 44

What is the function of the pons?

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Sleep and arousal, levels of wakefulness, sensory info between cerebrum and cerebellum.

Front 45

What is the function of the midbrain?

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Eye and body movement, hearing.

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What is the function of the Thalamus?

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Motor, receiving, auditory and visual signals, relays to cerebral cortex. Sleep and wakefulness.

Front 47

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

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Sleep wake cycle. Autonomic and endocrine control, motor function, hunger and thirst regulation.

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What are the 4 parts of the Limbic System?

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1. Hippocampus
2. Cingulate Gyrus
3. Amygdala
4. Basal Ganglic

Front 49

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

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Memory, emotional responses and reactions, spatial orientation.

Front 50

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

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Coordination sensory input with emotion, regulation of aggressive behavior.

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What is the function of the amygdala?

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Arousal, fear, emotional response, memory, hormonal secretion.

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What is the function of the basal ganglia?

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Coordination of movement, cognition.

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What is the cerebellum?

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Little brain, associated with balance, fine motor coordination, muscle tone, maybe learning and memory.

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What is the diathesis-stress model?

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Talks about the relationship between potential causes of depression, and the degree to which people may be vulnerable to react to those causes. The model suggests that people have different degrees of vulnerability, and predispositions for developing depression.

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What is unconditional positive regard?

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Carl Rogers' theory. This involves showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does.

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What is humanistic therapy?

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Emphasis on self-awareness, meaning-making, freedom of choice. Self actualization. We are good cooperative, useful people.

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What is psychoanalytic theory?

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Associated with Freud.
ID- Life and death instincts, operates on the pleasure principle.
EGO-Logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality, reality principle to satisfy ID urges.
SUPEREGO- Moral component of personality. Guideline setting, judging behaviors, thoughts and feelings, defining and limiting the ego, contains the conscience and ego ideal.

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What is cognitive-behavioral therapy?

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Combination of cognitive and behavioral approaches. Extremely well empirically supported treatment. Focus on developing new, more adaptive ways of thinking. Catching distortions before they get out of control. Controlling negative thoughts.

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What are cognitive distortions?

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Mind reading, catastrophizing, labeling, discounting the positive, overgeneralizing, all-or-none thinking.

Front 60

What are the 4 parts of classical conditioning?

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1. Unconditioned Stimulus
2. Unconditioned Response
3. Conditioned Stimulus
4. Conditioned Response

Front 61

What is the Unconditioned Stimulus? UCS

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Elicits a specific unconditioned response without learning.

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What is the Unconditioned Response? UCR

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Response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

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What is Conditioned Stimulus? CS

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Neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an UCS, becomes associated with it and elicits a CR.

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What is Conditioned Response? CR

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Learned response that comes to be elicited by a CS as a result of its repeated pairing with an UCS.

Front 65

What is operant conditioning?

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Behavior based on rewards and punishment. How behavior is maintained or changed over time.

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What is positive reinforcement?

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Adds a pleasant consequence. Increases desired behaviors. (Mom gives Jimmy candy for practicing the piano)

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What is negative reinforcement?

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Removes an unpleasant consequence. Increases desired behavior. (Mom takes off ten minutes of chores every time Jimmy practices the piano)

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What is positive punishment?

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Adds an unpleasant consequence. Decreases undesired behaviors. (If Jimmy doesn't play the piano, he has to do extra chores)

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What is negative punishment?

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Removes a pleasant consequence. Decreases undesired behavior. If Jimmy doesn't practice the piano he can't play with friends.

Front 70

What is the DSM-5?

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Current diagnostic system. Contains approx 400 diagnoses, released in 2013.

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What does DSM stand for?

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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What is the unstructured format?

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No systematic, predetermined format.

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What is the semi-structured format?

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Questions have been carefully written, are read verbatim, little if any deviation from set structure.

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What is the structured interview?

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Specifically phrased and ordered questions, read verbatim, little if any deviation from set structure.

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What is clinical observation?

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Systematic observation is critical to info gathering. Naturalist, analog, self monitoring.

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What is the ABC model?

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Focus on determining antecedents, behaviors, and cosequences.

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What is Naturalistic Clinical Observation?

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School, home, work = observe natural interactions without intrusion or input.

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What is Analog Observation?

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Using equipment to assist observation, video, two ways mirrors.

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What are the limits of observation?

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Reliability, validity, impact on client.

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What is neuropsychology?

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Study of the relationship between behavior, emotion and cognition on the one hand, and frain function on the other.

Front 81

What is the intake admission interview?

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Assess why the client has come, determine whether or not the services offered are sufficient for the needs of the patient.

Front 82

What is a case-history interview?

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A thorough personal and social history in order to place the clients presenting problems in context.

Front 83

What is a crisis interview?

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Assess problem and be an immediate resource for an individual in crisis, suicide, abuse, etc.

Front 84

What is a mental status exam interview?

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Important part of the clinical assessment process in psychiatric practice. It is a structred way of observing and describing a patient's current state of mind, under the domains of appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight and judgment.

Front 85

What is the MMPI-2?

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Minnesota Personality Inventory -2. 567 self report items, answereed either "true or false" Measures 10 clinical scales. Ie: Depression, hysteria, paranoia, etc.

Front 86

What is the NEO-PI-R?

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Neo- personality inventory. Revised. 240 questions. Big 5 personality traits.
1. Openness to experience.
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
OCEAN

Front 87

What is the Rorschach Inkblot test?

Back 87

Symmetrical but accidental ink blot figures. Images seen often correspond with personality, potential disorders. 10 inkblots were chosen and published in 1921, presented one at a time. Client asked what the image reminds them of, where, and why. Themes images, style of response.

Front 88

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

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Presented with 30 black and white images. Characters in vague situation "what is happening in this picture?" Interpretation, client will identify with a character. Story will be relevant to client's life. Reflection of thoughts, emotions, needs, fears.

Front 89

Define idiographic?

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Focus on the individual and his or her unique qualities and experiences.

Front 90

Define nomethetic?

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Focus on a large group suffering from one disorder

Front 91

Anxiety?

Back 91

We benefit from moderate amounts of anxiety/best performance at MEDIUM levels of arousal.

Front 92

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

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Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for a least three months about 2 or more activities. One of the MOST common disorders. 4% of US population in a given year. Mostly females. Onset is early and gradual, at 31.

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How do you treat GAD?

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Benzodiazepines- high risk of dependence. Anti depressants, medication.

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Define fear?

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An immidiate alarm or reaction to a situation

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Panic-

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Sudden or overwhelming fright or terror in absence of obvious threat or danger.

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What is panic disorder WITH agoraphobia?

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Agoraphobia- fear of being alone and avoiding certain places.
With- reccurrent, unexpected panic attacks, anxiety about being in places or situations where an attack or escape would be hard. One month of persistent concern about having another attack.

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What is panic disorder WITHOUT agoraphobia?

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One month of persistent concern about having another attack.

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How do you treat Panic Disorder?

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Medications SSRI'S, Psychotherapy, exposure based treatments.

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What is the onset of Panic Disorder?

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2.8% of the population meets PD criteria. Early adulthood.

Front 100

What is nocturnal panic?

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During deepest stage of sleep, suddenly wake up mid-attack (not result of a dream)

Front 101

What is isolated sleep paralysis?

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Typically while in transition of waking up, awaken and unable to move any limbs, more common to african americans, can be related to a history of trauma.

Front 102

What is a specific phobia?

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Marked or persistent fear due to presence or anticipation for at least 6 months.

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What are the four primary categories of phobias?

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1. Blood-injury-injection
2. Situational phobia- elevators, flying etc
3. Natural Environment- Thunder, heights, water.
4. Animal phobia- dogs, bees.
Exposure most important treatment must be planned and communicated, slow and steady.

Front 104

Define Obsession-

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Recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses, much more intense then worry.

Front 105

What are the most common types of obsession?

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1. Symmetry
2. Forbidden thoughts or actions
3. Cleaning and contamination

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What are compulsions?

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Repetitive, time consuming behavior or mental act that a person is driven to perform in response to an obsession. Most common-checking, counting,ordering/arranging, washing.

Front 107

What is OCD?

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Presence of obsession and compulsions recognition that the obsession are excessive or unreasonable. Time consuming, interfere with every day functioning. Onset- 19. Chronic and persistent.

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How do we tread OCD?

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SSRI'S, exposure, prevention. In severe cases Neurosurgery.

Front 109

What is social phobia?

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Marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations, onset age 13. Treatment: group therapy, cognitive therapy, medication SSRI'S MAOI's?

Front 110

What is Trichotillomania?

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Hair pulling disorder. Onset at puberty, chronic, similar across cultures, more adult females than males.

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What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

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Preoccupation with one ore more perceived defects in the body. Mostly not visible, or just slight notice to others. 10% attempt suicides. Treatment SSRI'S cognitive therapy, exposure and response prevention.

Front 112

What is flooding?

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Exposure therapy, exposing patients to painful memories, reintegrate their repressed emotions with current awareness, used in Obsession and compulsions.

Front 113

Define Systematic Desensitization-

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Graduated exposure therapy, overcome anxiety's and phobias.

Front 114

What is stimulus generalization?

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Transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus.

Front 115

Define stress?

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Importance of personal judgment of the situation, physical, emotional and cognitive.

Front 116

Define fight or flight

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Hypothalamus activates.