Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the study of abnormal behavior concerned with? (3)
|
behavior, thoughts, feelings
|
|
|
statistical infrequency-is it normally part of the average?
|
it is characteristic and is not statistically normal or part of the average
|
|
|
why does statistical infrequency work only sometimes?
|
t it encompasses too many individuals
|
|
|
what is the inability for a person to function, and what are the two types of this?
|
dysfunction. physical and psychological dysfunction
|
|
|
what is the difference between distress and impairment?
|
distress is when a problem causes a person sadness or pain and impairment is when a problem prevents the person from doing what they want.
|
|
|
what is something called that is not culturally accepted or based on the persons circumstances or cultural background?
|
atypical
|
|
|
what is the current definition of a psychological disorder?
|
a psychological dysfunction that is associated with distress or impairment and is not typically or culturally expected
|
|
|
what are the two types of disorders?
|
syndrome and disease
|
|
|
what is syndrome, what is disease?
|
syndrome- no agreed upon cause
disease- known cause |
|
|
whats the scientific study of psychological disorders (behaviors, thoughts, emotions)?
|
psychopathology
|
|
|
who treats psychopathology? (4)
|
clinical psychologists
scientist practitioner model psychiatrists clinical social worker |
|
|
What type of degree do each posesss?
clinical psychologists scientist practitioner model psychiatrists clinical social worker |
clinical psych PhD, PsyD
scientist practitioner model ? psychiatrists MD clinical social worker MSW |
|
|
what is the original complaint reported by the client called?
|
the presenting problem
|
|
|
what are the problems observed by the therapist called? (crying, flat affect, etc)
|
signs
|
|
|
what are problems reported by the therapist called? (hard time sleeping, increased appetite)
|
symptoms
|
|
|
what is epidemiology?
|
the study of factors effecting health and illness of a population
|
|
|
what is the number of people with the disorder at a given time?
|
prevalence
|
|
|
what is the number of new cases of a disorder occurring during a given time?
|
incidence
|
|
|
what is the cause of a disorder called?
|
etiology
|
|
|
what is the beginning of a disorder called?
|
onset
|
|
|
what is the difference between acute onset and insidious onset?
|
acute is sudden and insidious is gradual
|
|
|
what are the 4 different courses (patterns of development and change of a problem over time)
|
time-limited
episodic course chronic course prognosis |
|
|
what is comorbidity?
|
having more than one disorder at a time
|
|
|
What are each of these?
time-limited episodic course chronic course prognosis |
time-limited- short period
episodic course- come and go over and over chronic course- lifetime prognosis- anticipated course |
|
|
what is the process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder
|
diagnosis
|
|
|
What is the classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena?
|
nosology
|
|
|
What are the labels and names that are applied to disorders?
|
nomenclature
|
|
|
what is the manual of mental disorders?
|
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
|
|
|
What kind of classification is the Classical categorical approach?
|
a rigid, either-or definition of what each disorder is and what it is caused by
|
|
|
What kind of classification is the Dimensional Approach?
|
categorizes disorders on a continuum rather than binary, either-or basis
|
|
|
What kind of classification is the Prototypical approach?
|
requires certain criteria to obtain a diagnosis but allowing some variation
|
|
|
What are each of the 5 axis in the Multiaxial System?
|
Axis 1: clinical disorders (anxiety, depression)
Axis 2: personality disorders and mental retardation (borderline personality disorder, autism spectrum) Axis 3: medical problems (hypertension, obesity) Axis 4: social problems (unemployment, divorce) Axis 5: global assessment of functioning (GAF) overall subjunctive scale of functioning (1-100) |
|
|
what is construct validity?
|
signs and symptoms chosen as criteria are associated together and are different than other categories (depression vs social phobia)
|
|
|
What is diagnostic reliability?
|
system of classification with specific symptoms that are clearly evident (2 clinicians diagnose same thing)
|
|
|
What is reification?
|
ascribing definite values to abstract concepts
|
|
|
What is a model
|
hypothetical description of a phenomenon or event
(what caused Judy's blood injection phobia) |
|
|
What is a one-dimensional model?
|
it explains the behavior in terms of a single cause
(maybe judy say a scary movie) (behavioral cause) |
|
|
What is a multi-dimensional model?
|
a "system" of influences that cause and maintain suffering or problem behavior
|
|
|
What are the influences to consider when dealing with the models?
|
biological, behavioral, emotional, social & cultural, developmental
|
|
|
What are the two causalities of specific psychological disorders?
|
nature- genetics
nurture- learning history |
|
|
What is the DNA molecule, the basic physical unit of heredity that is located on a chromosome?
|
a gene
|
|
|
what are the two types of genes and what is the difference between them?
|
dominant- created a trait by itself
recessive- must be paired with another recessive to create a trait |
|
|
How much do genes generally account for in psychological disorders?
|
less than 50%
|
|
|
what is single gene inheritance?
|
traits that are caused by a single dominant gene or a single- pair of recessive genes
|
|
|
what is polygenetic inheritance?
|
traits that are influenced by the presence of many genes
|
|
|
What are the two theories of interaction of genes and the environment?
|
the Diathesis-stress Model
the Reciprocal gene-environment Model |
|
|
What is the Diathesis-stress Model?
|
Individuals inherit vulnerabilites to have specific disorders, but these disorders wil only develop under certain stressful conditions
look at p. 38 alcohol dependence |
|
|
What is the Reciprocal gene-environment Model?
|
individuals with a genetic predisposition for a disorder will have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder (personality trait for impulsivity for example)
|
|
|
What is the CNS & PNS?
|
Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (nerves) |
|
|
What controls the voluntary muscles and movement?
|
the somatic branch of PNS
|
|
|
What controls the involuntary things in the body like heart beat, breath, etc?
|
the autonomic branch of PNS
|
|
|
What is sympathetic division? parasympathetic division?
|
Sympathetic- stress, fight or flight
Parasympathetic- peace, restores body to normal sympathetic |
|
|
Explain each:
Midbrain Cerebrum Hypothalamus Limbic System Corpus Callasum Hippocampus Amygdala |
Midbrain: Involved in basic reflexes, attention, and arousal
Cerebrum: Used for conscious thought, planning, and recognition made up of two hemispheres Hypothalamus: Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature and sex drive Limbic system: Affects emotional responses and memories Consists of the Cingulate Gyrus, Hippocampus, Amygdala Corpus Callosum: allows signals to be sent between the cerebral hemispheres Hippocampus: involved in the formation and retrieval of memories Amygdala: involved in fearful and angry reactions |
|
|
Neurons are nerve cells consisting of Dendrites, Soma, Axons, Terminal buttons, and synapse. What are each of these for?
|
Dendrites: receive signals
Soma: the main body of the nerve cell Axons: sending messages Terminal buttons: sending messages Synapse: space between the neurotransmitters connection |
|
|
What are neurotransmitters?
|
chemicals used to send signals between neurons
|
|
|
What happens in Re-uptake?
|
neurotransmitters are quickly drawn back into terminal button before it can reach the dendrite
|
|
|
What is enzymatic degradation
|
when an enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter
|
|
|
What are the 4 types of neurotransmitters and what do they do?
|
Serotonin- regulates behavior and mood
GABA- inhibits behaviors and emotions such as anxiety Norepinephrine- involved in excitement and alarm reactions (adrenaline) Dopamine- involved in reinforcement pleasure seeking and addictions |
|
|
What are 2 psychotropic drugs and what do they do?
|
Agonists- increase the activity of a neurotransmitter (morphine)
Antagonists- decreases the activity of a neurotransmitter (Narcon) |
|
|
E.C on exam:
What are types of psychotropic drugs? |
Stimulants
Mood Stabilizers Neuroleptics Benzodiazepines Selective Serotonins |
|
|
What are other ways to change brain activity besides drugs?
|
Therapy
Placebo effect |
|
|
Explain UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in Classical conditioning
|
UCS- stimulus that would naturally produce a reflexive response (food, fist)
UCR- and unlearned, natural reflex to a stimulus (flinching) CS- a neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until they are associated with one another ( bell) CR- a learned reflex that is elicited be a conditioned stimulus (salvation from bell) |
|
|
What is stimulus generalization?
|
when the similar response comes from a similar stimulus
|
|
|
what is stimulus discrimination?
|
learning to emit a different response to a similar stimuli
|
|
|
what is extinction?
|
repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will extinguish the conditioned response
|
|
|
Who developed the principles of operant conditioning?
|
B. F. Skinner
|
|
|
Law of effect
|
the consequences of the behavior determine its likelihood of being repeated
|
|
|
What is the difference between Reinforcement and Punishment?
|
Reinforcement is increasing the rate of behavior and punishment is decreasing the rate of behavior
|
|
|
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
|
Positive is presenting a reinforcer and negative is removing an aversive stimulus
|
|
|
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
|
Positive is presenting an aversive stimulus and negative is removing a reinforcer.
|
|
|
What are the ABC's of Behavior?
|
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
|
|
|
What is Martin Seligmans theory of Learned Helplessness?
|
theory that people become anxious and depressed when they believe they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether they actually do or not)
|
|
|
What is Albert Banduras theory of Modeling?
|
that by simply watching, organisms can learn effectively (they don't have to experience it)
|
|
|
What is Prepared Learning?
|
adaptive ability for evolution, allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others (conditioning a fear of flowers is harder than conditioning for venomous animal)
|
|
|
What is an emotion?
|
a short-lived, temporary state that occurs in response to an external agent
|
|
|
What is a mood and an affect?
|
mood- more persistent period of affect or emotionality
affect- momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do |
|
|
What are the 3 components of emotion?
|
behavior, cognition, physiology
|
