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309 Cards in this Set
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behavioral, cognative, emotional dysfunctions that is unexpected in cultureal context. it presents personal distress. always substantial impairment in functional or increased risk of suffering, death, pain or impairment.
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psychological disorder
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represents the unique comination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.
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clinical description
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how do you study psychological disorders?
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clinical description, causation (etiology)
and treatment and outcome. |
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what is involved in clinical description?
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presenting problem
clinical descriotion statistics |
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number of how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder.
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prevalence
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statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period
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incidence
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most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern
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course
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a course that tend to las a long time.
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chronic course
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a course that is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.
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episodic course
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the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period
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time-limited course
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when disorders begin suddenly
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acute onset
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when disorders develop gradually over an extended period
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insidious onset
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the anticipated course of a disorder
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prognosis
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the prognosis is good =
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individual will probably recover
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the prognosis is guarded =
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the probably outcome doesn't look good.
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the study of origins that has to do with why a disorder begins and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
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etiology
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the refusal to maintain body weight of a least 85% ideal body weight, fear of gaining weigh/being overweight. belief that she/he is overweight despite emaciation, shape and weight are very important to self-esteem.
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anorexia nervosa
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attitudes about a disorder influence what?
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how we attempt to treat it.
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a historical view that deviance is the battle of "good" verses "evil".
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supernational tradition
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historical view where the etiology was the devil, witchcraft, and sorcery.
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supernational tradition
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what were the treatments for the supernational tradtional view?
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exorcism, torture, and crude surgeries
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in the supernational tradition, what is another worldly cause of deviance?
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the moon and stars
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what is the moon and stars theory?
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the movement of the moon and stars impacts psychological functioning.
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who is the father of modern western medicine?
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hippocrates
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what is the etiology behind the biological tradition?
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physical disease
i.e. brain pathology, head trauma, and genetics also psychosocial factors like stress and family |
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normal brain functioning was related to four body fluids or humors. believed that disease resulted from too much or too little of one of the humors.
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hurmoral theory of disorders.
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what does each or the humors from the humoral theory of mental illness control?
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blood: optimistic, cheerful or not accomplishing, impulsive
phlegm: consistent, relaxed or apathetic, sluggish yellos bile: leader or controlling, easliy angered black bile: kind, considerate or depressed, melancholia |
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what are three treatments of the galenic-hippocratic approach?
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environmental regulation (heat, dryness, moisture, cold)
bloodletting induced vomiting |
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a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you or the you are god as well as other bizarre behaviors.
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advanced syphilis
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beliefs that are not based in reality
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delusions
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perceptions that are not based in reality
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hallucinations
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american proponent of the biological tradition
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john grey
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what was john grey's eitology? treatment?
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always physical ;
treatment as would physically ill (rest, diet, room temperature) |
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what were the effects of john greys biological tradition?
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improved hospital conditions but became large and impersonal.
lead to psychological tradition reduced interest in treatment |
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in the 1930's what were some popular treatments?
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insulin shock therapy, brain surgery, and electroconvulsive therapy
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giving a patient high dosage of insulin until they convulsed and became temporarily comatose.
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insulin shock therapy
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benjamin franklin's friends tried this on himself and discovered that it made him "strangely elated" and wondered if it might be a useful treatment for depression.
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electroconvulsive therapy
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what was developed in the 1950's?
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psychotropic medications
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what drug can diminish hallucinatory and delusional thought processes in some patients and also help controll agitation and aggressiveness?
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neuroleptics
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what drug helps reduce anxiety?
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benzodiazepines
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what are major and minor tranquilizers?
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major : neuroleptics
minor: benzodiazepines |
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what are there cons of medications in the 1950's?
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unwanted physical side effects
addiction/dependence effectiveness |
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what are the consequences of the biological tradition?
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increased hospitalization with "untreatable" conditions
improved diagnosis and classifications by emil kraepelin increased role of science in psychopathology |
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who contributed to the psychological tradition in ancient times?
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plato, aristotle, and greece
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what is the etiology of the psychological tradition?
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social and environmental factors
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what is the treatment for the psychological tradtion?
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reeducation via discussion
therapeutic environments |
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what is moral therapy?
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treating patients normally
encouraging social interaction focus on relationships individual attention and education |
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what does moral mean?
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emotional or psychological
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what did philippe pinel do?
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originated the moral therapy as a system
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what did pussin do?
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made changes to hospitals to make a humane, socially facilitative atmosphere
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what did tuke do?
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followed pinels lead in england
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what did rush do?
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helps bring mornal therapy to the united states
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what did mann do?
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helped bring moral therapy to the united state. was the chairman of the board of trustees of the worcester state hospital
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what was the twentieth century treatment?
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asylums (viewed by public as eerie, strange, and frightening)
substantial growth in numbers of mental hospitals lenghty stays less effective treatment |
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what were frued's structure and function of the mind?
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id, ego, and superego
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what is the pleasure principle?
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id
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what is the reality principle?
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ego
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what is the moral priniclple?
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superego
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what is the illogical, emotional, and irrational part of Freud's structure?
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id
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what is the logical and rational part of Freud's structure?
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ego
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what is the function of the superego?
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balances id and ego
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the ego fights to stay on top of the id and superego. what happens if there is a loss of balance?
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anxiety (disorders)
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a defence mechanism where a pateint refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others.
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denial
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transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less threatening, object or person
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displacement
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falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object.
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projection
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conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or selfpserving but incorrect explanations.
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rationalizations
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substitutes behavior, thought, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones.
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reaction formation
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blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness
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repression
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directs potentiall maladaptive feelings or impulses into sociall acceptable behavior
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sublimation
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techniques developed by Freud in which patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring. it is intended to reveal emotionally charges material that may be repressed because it is too painful or threatening to bring into consciousness.
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free association
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techniques in which the content of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary process thiniking of the id, is systematically related to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts.
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dream analysis
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patients come to relate to the therapis much as they did to important figures in their childhod, particularly their parents.
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transference
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therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient.
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countertransference
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what are some criticisms of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
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pejorative terms
unscientifice untested |
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what are some contributions pf psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
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unconscious process
emotions triggered by cues therapeutic alliances defense mechanisms |
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what is the theoretical constructs of the humanistic theroy?
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intrinsic goodness
striving for self-actualization blocked growth |
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what is the hierarchy of needs and who created it?
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begins with most basic phsycial needs and ranging upward to our needs for self-actualization, love and self-esteem. says that we cannot progress up the hierarchy until we have satisfied the needs at lower levels.
created by abrahom maslow |
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in this approach, the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible, the point is to give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy, infettered by treats to the self.
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person-centered therapy
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who developed the person-centered therapy?
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carl rogers
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the complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client's feelings and actions.
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unconditional positive regard.
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the sympathetic understanding of the individual's particular veiw of the world.
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empathy
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what is the therpaeutic process of the humanisitic theory?
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unconditional pisitive regard,
empathy, factilitation non-directive approach |
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what are the outcomes of the humanistic theory?
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study of therapeutic relationship
questionable efficacy datat |
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maladaptive cognitions and behaviors are developed and maintained through learning and conditioning.
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cognitive and behavioral model
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who did classical conditionin?
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pavlov
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who is the "little albert" experiment?
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watson
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preexisting phobia extinguished by exposure and modeling.
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mary cover jones
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what did wolpe do?
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systematic desensitization
focused on relaxation |
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individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish.
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systematic desensitization
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model that attempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause.
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one-dimentional model.
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model that says that abnormal behavior results from multiple influences. a system may have independent inputs at many different points, but as each input becomes part of the whole it can no longer be considered independent.
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mulitidimentional model
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what are the components of multidimensional models?
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biological factors
behavioral factors emotional factors social factors developmental factors |
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long molecules of DNA. double helix structure. located on chromosomes.
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genes
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how many pairs of chromosomes are there?
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46 in 23 pairs.
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what pair of chromosomes desifers gender?
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pair 23
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one of a pair of genes that strongly indluesnces a particular trait and we only need one of them to determine.
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dominant gene
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gene that must be paired with another gene to determine a trait.
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recessive gene
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when one member of a gene pair is consistently expressed over the other.
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gene dominance
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influenced by many genes, each contributing only a tiny effect, all of which, in turn, may be influenced by the enviromnent.
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polygenic
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accounts for the small individual effectsof several genes
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quantitative genetics
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examine the effects of mor than one variable at a time.
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multivariate analyses
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accounts for the small individual effectsof several genes
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quantitative genetics
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examine the effects of mor than one variable at a time.
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multivariate analyses
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suggested that the very genetic structure of cells may change as a result of learning if genes that wre inactive or dormant interact with the environment in such a way that they become active. the environment may turn on certian genes.
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kandel
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individuals ingerit tendencies to express certain tratis or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress.
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diathesis-stress model
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a condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder.
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diathesis
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model that sayd that genes shape how we create our enviroments.
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reciprocal gene-environment model
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model that sayd individuals inherited predispositions or traits that increase one's likelihood to engage in activities or seek out situations.
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reciprocal gene-environment model
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findings that suggest that individual differences in the expression of genes in brain regions that regulae stress reactivity can be transmitted from one generation to the next throught behavior. the results suggest that the mechanism for this pattern of inheritance involves difference in maternal care.
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cross fostering studies.
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what are the genetic contributions to psychopathology?
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complex gene-environment relationships.
genes: behavior, cognition, emotions, bounds of enironmental impact. environment: genetic structure and activation. |
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the role of the nervous system in disease and behavior
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feild of neuroscience
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what are the two branches of the human nervous system?
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central and peripheral nervous system
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what is involved in the central nervous system?
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brian and spinal cord
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what two branches are in the perpheral nervous system?
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somatic and autonomic brances
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what is the basic building block of the central nervous system?
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neuron
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have number of receptors that recieve messages in the form of chemical impulses from other nerve cells
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dendrites
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transmits impulses to other neurons.
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axon
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the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrtie of another
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synaptic cleft
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what are the chemical transmitters called?
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neurotransmitters
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what are the two main parts of the brain?
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brain stem and forebrain
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what is the function of the brain stem?
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basic functions
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what is the function of the forebrain?
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most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing.
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what is another name for the forebrain?
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cerebral cortex
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what are the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and what are their function?
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left- verbal, math, logic
right - perceptual |
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what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex and what is each function?
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frontal- thinking and reasoning abilities, memory
temporal- sight and sound recognition, long-term memory storage parietal - touch recognition occipital-intergrates visual input |
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what are the divisions of the brain stem?
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hindbrain: medulla, pons, cerebellum
midbrain |
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what does each part of the hindbrain do?
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medulla: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
pons: regulates sleep stages cerebellum: physical coordination |
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what does the midbrain do?
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coordinates movement with sensory input. contains parts of the reticular activating system
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what is the function of the thalamus and hypothalamus?
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relays between brain stem and forebrain
behavioral and emotional regulation. |
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what is the function of the limbic system?
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emotions, basic drives, impulse control.
associated structures and psychopathology |
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what is the function of the basal ganglia?
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caudate nucleus
motor activity |
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what is the function of the somatic nervous system?
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voluntary muscles and movement.
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what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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what is the primary dities of the autonomic nervous system?
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regulate the cardiovascular system
the endocrine system to perform various other functions, including aiding digestion and regulating body temperature. |
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what system is the activiating system? the normalizing system?
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activiating: sympathetic
normalizing: parasympathetic |
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each endocrine gland produces its own chemical messenger.
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hormone
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after a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly drawn back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron.
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reuptake
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substances that effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects.
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agonists
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substances that decrease or block a neurotransmitter
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antagonists
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substances the produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter.
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inverse agonists
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an excitiory transmitter that "turns on" many different neurons, leading to action.
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glutamate
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and inhibits the transmission of information and action potentials.
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GABA
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what are in the amino acid category of neurtransmitter?
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glutamate and GABA
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what balances the functioning in the brain is fast acting and has complex subsystems and is implicated in anxiety?
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GABA
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the lower the levels of GABA the _____ levels of anxiety. the higher the levels of GABA the ____ levels of anxiety.
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higher; lower
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regulates behavior, moods, thought processes
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serotoin.
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low levels of this makes us more vulnerable to some problematice behavior and makes us less inhibition, instability, impulsivity
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seratonin
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what is SSRIs ?
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serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
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also know as noradrenaline
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norepinephrine
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stimulation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors
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norepinephrine
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hormone that affects the respiration, reactions, alarm response
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norepinephrine
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what hormone is implcated in panic
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norepinephrine
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hormone that it the "switch" function in the brain circuits
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dopamine
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hormone that is implicated in schizophrenia ans parkinson's disease
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dopamine
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study where group 1 had free access and group 2 had free access after group 1.
then injected with benzodiazepine inverse agnoist (increase anxiety) group 1 was angry and aggressive, group 2 had sever anxiety and panic |
monkey study
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science that is concerned with how we acquire and process information and how we store and ultimately retrieve it.
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cognitive science
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this happens when animals encounter conditions over which they have no control. they give up attempting to cope and seem to develop the aminal equivalent of dpression.
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learned helplessness
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people that are faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives nevertheless display an optimistic, upbeat atitude, they are likely to function better psychologically and physically.
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learned optimism
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Bandura observed that organisms do not have to experience certain events in their environment to learn effecitvely. they can learn just as much by observing what happens to someone else in a given situation.
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observational learning
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where we have become highly prepared for leaning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species.
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prepared learning
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what is an example of prepared learning?
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"one-trial" learning
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when someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can't remember the events/
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implicit memory.
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the alarm reaction that actuvates during potentially life-threatening emergenices
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flight or fight response
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____ activate your cardiovascular system. your blood vessel constrict, therby raising arterial pressure and decreaseing the blood flow to your extremities.
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fear
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emotions that are temporary states lasting from several minutes to several hours that occur in response to an external event.
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short-lived
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persistent period of affect or emotionality
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mood
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the momentary emotional tone thataccompanies what we say of do.
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affect
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___ ___ is the mean of communication
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emotional behavior
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appraisals, attributions, and other ways of processing the world around you that are fundamental to emotional experience.
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cognitive aspects of emotion
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a brian function invilving the more primitive brain areas.
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emotion
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___ and ___ are risk factors for heart disease.
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Hostility and anger
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influesnce the form and content of psychopathology and may differ even amoung cultures side by side in the same country
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cultural factors
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what do gender influence
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type and prevalance of fears
fear behaviors responses coping strategies |
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what are some social effects on health and behavior?
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frequency and quality
low social contacts = higher mortality, higher psychopathology, lower life expectancy |
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used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of path to a given outcome.
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the principle of equifinality
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the systematci evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder.
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clinical assessment
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what are four purpose of assessin psychological disorders?
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understanding the individual,
predicting behavior, treatment planning evaluating outcomes |
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broad, multidemsional start and narrows to specific problems
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funnel analogy
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the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder
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diagnosis
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the degree to which a measurement is consistent
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reliability
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when two of more raters will get the same answers
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inter-rater reliability
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determines whether techniques are stable across time
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test-retest reliability
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whether something measures what it is designed to measure
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vaildity
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comparing the results of one assessment measure with the results of others
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concurrent or discriminant
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degree to which the item measures something unobservable
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construct
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how well the assessment predicts what will happen in the future
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predicitive
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whether the test items look reasonable and valid at first glance
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face validity
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the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique o make its use consistent across different meansurements.
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standardization
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what are some examples of how we use standardization?
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administration procedures
scoring evaluation of data |
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the valve of assessment depends on:
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reliability
validity standardization |
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what is the clinical core?
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clinical interview
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what does a clinical interview assess?
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current and past behaviors
attitudes emotions detailed history presenting problem |
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what are the 5 areas of a mental status exam?
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1. appearence and behavior
2. thought process 3. mood and affect 4. intellectual functioning 5. sensorium |
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in the mental status exam what does appearance and behavior look at?
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overt behavior
attire appearance,posture, expressions |
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in the mental status exam what does the thought process look at?
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rate of speech
continuity of speech content of speech |
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in the mental status exam what does mood and affect look at?
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predominat feeling state of the individual
feeling state accompanying what individual says |
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in the mental status exam what does intellectual functioning look at?
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type of vocabulary
use of abstractions and metaphers |
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in the mental staus exam what does sensorium look at?
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awareness of surrounding in terms of person, time, and place
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part of the clinical interview is to do physical examinations. what does this look at?
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diagnose or rule out physical etiologies as in
toxicities, medication side effects, allergic reactions, metabolic conditions |
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part of the clinical interview is to do a behavioral assessment. what does this look at?
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identification and obsercation of target behaviors.
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what is the ABC's of observation?
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antecedents
behavior consequences |
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obersvation that relies on the observers recollection, as well as interpretation of certian events.
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informal observation
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observation the involves identifying specific behaviors that are obervable and measureable.
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formal observation
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when people observe their owm behavior
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self-monitoring
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___ can distort any observational data. any time you observe how people behave, the mere fact of your presence may cause them to change their behavior.
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reactivity
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clinicians sometimes depend on the ____ of self-monitoring to increase the effectiveness of their treatments
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reactivity
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psychological testing must be what?
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reliable and valid
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what are some specific tools used for assessment?
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cognition, emotion, personality, and behavior
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tests that include a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli are presented to people who are asked to descrive what they see, the theory here is that people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto other people and theings and without realizing it, reveal their unconscious thought to the therapist
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projective tests
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what are two examples of projective tests?
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rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test
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what are some criticism and controversies of projective tests?
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scoring and interpretation
reliability and validity |
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what are some streghts of the projective tests?
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qualitative data
icebreakers standardization efforts |
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test that uses true and flase responses and extensive normative data
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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
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how many items does the minnesota mulitphasic personality inventory have?
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567
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what test has an adolescent version?
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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
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what is the inital purpose for intelligence testing?
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academic prediction
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what is intelligence quotient? (IQ)
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mental age vs. chronological age
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testing that measures abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person's performance and the possible existence of brain impairment.
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neurophsychological testing
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method of testing assesses brain dysfunction by observing its effects on the person's ability to perform certain tasks
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neuropsychological testing
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what is the method of neuropsychological testing?
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fixed vs flexible batteries
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times when the test shows a problem when none exists
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false positives
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times when no problem is found even though some difficulty is present
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false negatives
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what are two images of brain sturctures?
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computerized axial tomography (CAT)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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x-rays of the brain. pictures in slices
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computerized axial tomography
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strong magnetic field that give inproved resolution
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magnetic resonance imaging
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what are the uses of CAT and MRI?
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locating tumors, injuries, structural or anatomical abnormalities
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injection of radioactive isotopes that react with brain oxygen, blood, and glucose which reveals metabolic deficiences
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PET and SPECT
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shows brief changes in brain activity
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functional MRI (fMRI)
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infrared light, less expensive, improved accuracy
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diffuse optical imaging
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what are some advantages and limitations of neuroimaging?
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yeild detailed information
expense lack adequate norms limited clincal utility |
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emotional pr psychological events reflected by changes in the nervous system
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psychophysiological assessment
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meansures brain wave activity. evoked potential and alpha and delta waves.
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EEG
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measures galvanic skin response
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electrodermal
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measures muslce tension
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electromyography
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assessing response to stimuli is useful in disorders strong emotional component.
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psychophysiological assessment
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a stategy that is use to determine what is unique about an individual's personality, cultural background, or circumstances.
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idiographyic strategy
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strategy that we use to determine a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs.
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nomothetic strategy
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any effort to construct groups of categories and to assign objects or people to thest categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations.
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classification
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classification in a scientific context
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taxonomy
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taxonomy in psychological/medical context
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nosology
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nosological labesl
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nomenclature
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what is a classificatio issue that is inappropriate to the complexity of psychological disorders
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classical categorical
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classification issue that places symptoms on several dimensional ratings; a view that is problematic when theorists cannot agree on the munber and types of required dimensions
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dimensional
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classifcation issue that is a categorical approach that combines features of the other approaches. identifies essential features of a psychological disorder so that is can be classifies, but allows for nonessential variations that do not necessarily change the classification.
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prototypical
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what approach is the DSM-IV-TR based on?
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prototypical
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what are two widely used classification systems?
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ICD-10 and DSM
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what is the critical issues of the DSM system?
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reliability and validity
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what is the purpose of the DSM system?
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communication
prognosis treatment planning |
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what was wrong with DSM-I and DSM-II?
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low precision
based on unproven theories poor reliability |
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what are some characterisitcs and contributions of the DSM-III and DSM-III-R
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atheroretical
increased criterion specificity and detail multiaxial system |
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what were some problems with the DSM-III and DSM-III-R?
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low reliability: lack of consensus
critertia-related decisions by consensus |
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what are the basic characterisitics of the DSM-IV
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comprehensive
clear inclusion and exclusion criteria broad catergorization headings empirically grounded protoypic approach |
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what are the five DSM-IV axes?
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I-major disorders
II- stable, enduring problems III- medical conditions IV- psychosocial problems V- rating of adative functioning |
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DSM-IV corrects a previous omission by including a plan for intergrating important social and cultural influences on diagnosis
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cultural features
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what is the outline of cultural formulation?
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identity
explanations factors |
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what are some criticisms of the DSM-IV
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comorbidity issue
emphasis on reliability at the expense of validity danger of misuse problens and pitfalls with labels |
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what are some problems and pitfalls with labels used by the DSM-IV?
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negative connotations
pehorative associated stigmas over-identification reification |
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an educted guess
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hypothesis
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a method to test hypotheses
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research design
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the variable that causes or influences behavior
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Independent variable
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the change influenced by the independent variable
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dependent variable
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the extent to which we are confident that the independent varaible affected the dependent variable to change.
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internal validity
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how well the results of the study relate to the aspects of the real world
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external validity
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contaminating factors/uncontrolled alternative explanations for the changes observed in DV.
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confounds
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what are some minimizing confounds?
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control groups
randomization analog models |
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people that are similar to the experimental group in every way except that membrers of the experimental group are exposed to the IV and those in this group are not.
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control group
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the process of assigning people to different research groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being place in any group.
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randomization
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models that are created in the contolled conditions of the laboratory aspects that are comparable to the phenomenon under study
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analog models
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typically means the probablility of obtaining the observed effect by chance is small.
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statisitcal significance
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the degree to which person being treated including sig. others, feel that the changes are important.
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assessing socal validity
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the tendency to view all participants as homogenous. can lead to make broad and perhaps inaccurate generalizations about disorder and treatment
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patient uniformity myth
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what are three types of research methods?
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studying individual cases
research by correlation research by experiment |
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investigating intensively one or more individuals who display the behavioral and physical patterns
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case study method
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extensive observation, detailed description, unique problems, contributions/challenges to theories
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case study
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what are some limitations of case study method?
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not use the scientific method
few efforts are made to ensure internal validity/ contain several confounds. |
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statistical relationship between two variables
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correltation
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study of incident, distribution, and consequences of a problem or set of problems in a population.
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epidemiology
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what is the nature of experimental research?
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manipulate independent varable
observe effect on DV attempt to detemine causaily |
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what is premium on internal validity?
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experimental research
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design use to distinguish the results of positive expectation from the results of actual tratments
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placebo control group
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group that believes that they are getting treatment or IV when they actually are not.
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placebo control group
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what are the group experimental design?
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matched control groups and placebo control group
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both the researcher and participants are inaware of what group they are in or what treatment they are given.
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double-blind
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used to control subject expectations, researcher/therapist bias, especially belief in the superiority of a paricular form of tratment.
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double-blind design
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alternative to use of no-treatment control group.
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comparative treatment designs
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compares differenct forms of treatment in similar persons.
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comparative treatment designs
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what is the nature of sigle sugject design?
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variance in conditions and time, repeated measurements, and withdrawal designs
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whatare the three parts of withdrawal designs?
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condition is evaluated before treatment to establish the baseline
a change in the IV is introduced and its effects on behavior assessed treatment is withdrawn and behavior is assessed. |
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observable characteristic or behavior
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phenotypes
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genetic makeup of individuals
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geneotypes
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genetic mechanism that underlie symptoms. different approach from investigating a specific gene that may cause a disorder.
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endopheotypes
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what are four strategies used in genetic research?
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basic genetic epidemiology: is there a genetic component?
advanced genetic epidemiology: how do genes exert effects? gene finding: which genes are responsible? molecular genetics: what do genes do and how do they interact? |
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the family member with the trait is singled out for study.
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proband.
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twins that look identical and have identical genes.
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monozygotic
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twins that have 50% of genes in common
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dizygotic
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suggest that a disorder has genetic component but only genetic linkage analysis and association studies can locate the site of the defective gene.
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family, adoption and twin studies.
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what are some prevention research and strategies that target the entire population?
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health promotion and positive development
unicersal prevention |
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what are some prevention research and strategies that targets a selected group?
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selective prevention and indicated prevention
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a design that is a variation of correlation research that involved comparisons of differend people at different age groups on some characteristics
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cross-sectional designs
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confounding of age and experience
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cohort effect
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design that evaluates the same person over time and assess changes directly
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longitudinal design
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what are some valuses of cross-cultural research?
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overcoming ethnocentric views
increases understanding of etiologies, symptom presentations, and treatments |
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what are some difficulties in cross-cultural research?
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definitions,
variance in presentation, thresholds, equivalence in outcomes |
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research questions are ofter best answered how?
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by useing mulitple research strategies to examine the same issue from difference perspectives
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increases confidence that findings are not due to chance or coincidence
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replication
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ability to provide consent
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competence
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lack of coercion
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voluntarism
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necessary to make an informed decision
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full information
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understand benefits and risks
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comprehension
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