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61 Cards in this Set
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unipolar mood disorder
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Mood disorder characterized by depression or mania but not both. Most cases involve unipolar depression.
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temporal patterning
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Course modifier for mood disorders describing their time sequences, including recurrence, recovery, and alternation.
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suicidal ideation
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Serious thoughts about committing suicide.
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suicidal attempts
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Efforts made to kill oneself.
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stress hormones
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Group of hormones, including corticosteroids, involved in the body's physiological stress response.
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specifiers
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In mood disorders, patterns of characteristics that sometimes accompany major depressive or manic episodes and may help predict their course and prognosis. These include psychotic, melancholic, atypical, catatonic, chronic, and with postpartum onset.
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somatic treatments
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Biological interventions that include medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery.
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somatic delusions
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False and unfounded beliefs about the body for example, that parts are rotting or turning to stone.
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serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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Class of medications for depression (including Prozac) that act on the serotonergic system by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
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seasonal pattern
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Temporal course of bipolar or recurrent major depressive disorders in which episodes occur during particular seasons of the year.
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter.
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relapse
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Reappearance of or return to problem behaviors after treatment or recovery.
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rapid cycling
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Temporal course of a bipolar disorder when transitions between mania and depression are quick, occurring four or more times in 1 year.
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psychological autopsy
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Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death.
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postpartum onset
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Disorder that first appears in mothers during the time immediately following childbirth.
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phototherapy
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Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with large doses of exposure to bright light.
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pathological or impacted grief reaction
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Extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation, or severe loss of weight or energy or that persists more than 2 months.
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neuromodulators
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Hormones secreted into the blood to transmit brain messages throughout the body. Also known as neuropeptides.
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neurohormones
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Hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology.
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negative schema
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Automatic, enduring, and stable negative cognitive bias or belief system about some aspect of life.
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negative affect
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Emotional symptoms that are part of the definition of both anxiety and depression but are not specific to either of these. Also, substance abuse may be maintained because the substance causes an escape from unpleasant circumstances, responsibilities, or, especially, feelings.
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mood incongruent
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Not consistent with the person's emotional level. Psychotic symptoms associated with mood disorders may not be congruent with the person''s mood (contrast with mood congruent).
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mood disorders
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Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression.
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mood congruent
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Consistent with the person's emotional level. Hallucinations and delusions may be congruent or incongruent with a depressed person's mood (contrast with mood incongruent).
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mixed manic episode
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Condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode.
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marital therapy
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Interventions for the relationship problems of couples, whether married or not.
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manic episode
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Period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood that may include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas, agitation, or self-destructive behavior.
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major depressive episode
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Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.
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major depressive disorder, single or recurrent episode
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Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depressionrecurrent) major depressive episodes.
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maintenance treatment
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Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy.
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longitudinal course
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Time patterns among mood disorders (for example, prior dysthymia or cyclothymia rapid cycling and seasonal pattern) that may suggest their course, treatment, and prognosis.
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lithium carbonate
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Common salt used in substantial doses to treat bipolar disorder. Clients often discontinue its use because they enjoy the manic periods, and relapse rates are high. The mechanism for its effects is unknown.
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learned helplessness
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Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality).
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interpersonal therapy
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Brief, structured treatment that focuses on teaching a person skills to improve existing relationships or develop new ones.
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interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
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Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes, in marital conflict or forming relationships in marriage or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression.
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hypomanic episode
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Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders.
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hallucinations
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Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present.
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fluoxetine
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Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (trade name Prozac) that acts on the serotonergic system as a treatment for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bulimia nervosa.
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fatalistic suicide
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Suicide in the context of a person's hopelessness and loss of the feeling of control over personal destiny.
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown.
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egoistic suicide
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Suicide that occurs in the context of diminished social supports, as in the case of some elderly people who have lost friends and family contacts.
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dysthymic disorder
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Mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months.
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dysfunctional attitudes
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Cognitive errors seen in depressed individuals, who may automatically assume the worst, draw negative conclusions arbitrarily, and treat minor problems as major ones.
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double depression
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Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder.
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dexamethasone suppression test (DST)
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Proposed biological test for depression. The test failed to discriminate depression from other disorders.
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depressive stupor (catatonic depressive episode)
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Rare but severe depressive episode experienced by someone with a mood disorder, featuring, usually, substantial reduction in spontaneous motor movement or, occasionally, agitation or odd mannerisms.
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depressive cognitive triad
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Thinking errors in depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and their future.
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delusion
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Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality.
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cyclothymic disorder
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Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes.
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course modifiers
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Patterns of development in a disorder that help predict its future course. These include recurrence, time sequences, and seasonal pattern.
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cortisol
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Stress hormone (corticosteroid) secreted by the cortex of the adrenal glands as part of the stress response.
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corticosteroids
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Hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal gland in response to stressors to activate and, later, to turn off the body's stress response. Also called stress hormones.
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cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT)
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Group of treatment procedures aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes, attitudes and attributions, and problem behaviors; often used synonymously with cognitive therapy.
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cognitive therapy
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Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudesand, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles.
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cognitive restructuring
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Cognitive therapy procedure used to change negative or unrealistic thoughts or attributions.
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catalepsy
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Motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be sculpted to remain fixed for long periods.
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bipolar II disorder
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Alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes).
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bipolar I disorder
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Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes.
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atypical depressive episode
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Depressive episode characterized by some ability to experience interest and pleasure, increased anxiety, overeating, and oversleeping.
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anomic suicide
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Suicide motivated by loss and confusion caused by a major life disruption.
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altruistic suicide
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Formalized suicide approved of and even expected by some cultures.
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