Abnormal Psych Ch 2

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Clinical Psychologists

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These clinicians have earned a doctoral degree in psychology (either a Ph.D., or Doctor ofPhilosophy; a Psy.D., or Doctor of Psychology; or an Ed.D., or Doctor ofEducation) from an accredited college or university.

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Counseling Psychologists

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These clinicians alsohold doctoral degrees in psychology and have completed graduate trainingpreparing them for careers in college counseling centers and mental healthfacilities.

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Psychiatrists

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Haveearned a medical degree (M.D.) and completed a residency program in psychiatry.

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Clinical or Psychiatric Social Workers

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Haveearned a master’s degree in social work (M.S.W.) and use their knowledge ofcommunity agencies and organizations to help people with severe mentaldisorders receive the services they need.

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Psychoanalysts

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Typicallyare either psychiatrists or psychologists who have completed extensiveadditional training in psychoanalysis.

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Counselors

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Havetypically earned a master’s degree by completing a graduate program in acounseling field. Counselors work in many settings, including public schools,college testing and counseling centers, and hospitals and health clinics.

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Psychiatric Nurses

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Typicallyare R.N.s who have completed a master’s program in psychiatric nursing.

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Psychotherapy

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Astructured form of treatment derived from a psychological framework thatconsists of one or more verbal interactions or treatment sessions between aclient and a therapist.

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The Biological Perspective

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· Inspiredby scientists and physicians since the time of Hippocrates · Focuseson the biological underpinnings of abnormal behavior and the use ofbiologically based approaches, such as drug therapy, to treat psychologicaldisorders.

· Gaverise to the development of the medical model, which remains today a powerfulforce in contemporary understandings of abnormal behavior.

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The nervous system is made up of

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The _____ is made up of neurons,nerve cells that transmit signals or “messages” throughout the body

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A neuron is made up of: (3 things)

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Dendrites

Axon

Terminals

These are all parts of...

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Dendrites

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Theroot-like structures at the ends of neurons that receive messages from otherneurons.

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Axon

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Thelong, thin part of a neuron along which nerve impulses travel.

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Terminals

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Thesmall branching structures at the tips of axons.

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The nervous system main components (3)

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Neurotransmitters, Synapse, Receptor Sites.

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemicalsubstances that transmit messages from one neuron to another.

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Synapse

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The junction between one neuron andanother across which neurotransmitters pass.

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Receptor Site

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A part of a dendrite on a receivingneuron that is structured to receive a neurotransmitter.

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Medulla

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Anarea of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, respiration, andblood pressure.

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Pons

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Astructure in the hindbrain involved in body movements, attention, sleep, andrespiration.

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Cerebellum

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A structure in the hindbrain involved in motor behavior, coordination, and balance .

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Reticular Activating System

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Brainstructure involved in processes of attention, sleep, and arousal.

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Thalamus

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Astructure in the forebrain involved in relaying sensory information to thecortex and in processes related to sleep and attention.

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Hypothalamus

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Astructure in the forebrain involved in regulating body temperature, emotion,and motivation.

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Limbic System

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Agroup of forebrain structures involved in emotional processing, memory, andbasic drives such as hunger, thirst, and aggression. (Thalamus, hypothalamus,amygdala)

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Basal Ganglia

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Anassemblage of neurons at the base of the forebrain involved in regulatingpostural movements and coordination.

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Cerebrum

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Thelarge mass of the forebrain, consisting of the two cerebral hemispheres,responsible for higher mental functions.

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Cerebral Cortex

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Thewrinkled surface area of the cerebrum responsible for processing sensorystimuli and controlling higher mental functions, such as thinking and use oflanguage.

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Occipital Lobe

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Primarily involved in processing visual stimuli.

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Temporal Lobe

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Involvedin processing sounds or auditory stimuli.

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Parietal Lobe

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Involvedin processing sensations of touch, temperature, and pain.

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Frontal Lobe

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Controlsmuscle movement and includes the prefrontal cortex that regulates higher mentalfunctions such as thinking, problem-solving, and use of language.

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1. Occipital Lobe

2. Parietal Lobe

3. Sensory Area

4. Central Fissure

5. Motor Area

6. Frontal Lobe

7. Temporal Lobe

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Somatic Nervous System

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The part of the nervous system that relays information from thesense organs to the brain and transmits messages from the brain to the skeletalmuscles.

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Thedivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the activities of theglands and involuntary functions.

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Sympathetic NS

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Pertainingto the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activity leads to heightenedstates of arousal.

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Parasympathetic NS

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Pertainingto the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activity reduces statesof arousal and regulates bodily processes that replenish energy reserves.

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Epigenetics

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Thefield that focuses on how environmental factors influence genetic expression

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For most disorders, the interaction between what and what needs to be examined?

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genes and environmental factors. nature vs. nurture.

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Psychopharmacology

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Thefield of study that examines the effects of therapeutic or psychiatric drugs.

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What percentage of Americans take psychotropic drugs?

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20% - one in five do this.

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What are the three major classes of psychotropic drugs?

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Antianxiety, antipsychotic, and antidepressants.

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Examples of antianxiety drugs

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Theyinclude mild tranquilizers, such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax),as well as hypnotic sedatives, such as triazolam (Halcion).

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Rebound anxiety

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Theexperiencing of strong anxiety following withdrawal from a tranquilizer.

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Examples of SSRIs

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fluoxetine(Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft)

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Possible side effects of antipsychotic drugs

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muscularrigidity and tremors

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Antipsychotic drugs

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Canalso be used in some cases to treat mania in bipolar disorder.

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Lobotomy

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Thisprocedure involved surgically severing nerve pathways linking the thalamus tothe prefrontal lobes of the brain.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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Thetheoretical model developed by Sigmund Freud that is based on the belief thatthe roots of psychological problems involve unconscious motives and conflictsthat can be traced back to childhood. – also called psychoanalysis.

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Conscious

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ToFreud, the part of the mind that corresponds to our present awareness.

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Preconscious

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ToFreud, the part of the mind that contains memories not in awareness but can bebrought into awareness by focusing attention on them.

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Unconscious

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ToFreud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awarenessand that contains instinctual urges.

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Id

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Theoriginal and unconscious psychic structure, present at birth, that containsprimitive instincts and is regulated by the pleasure principle.

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Pleasure Principle

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Thegoverning principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification ofneeds.

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Ego

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Thepsychic structure governed by the reality principle. It organizes reasonableways of coping with frustration and seeks to curb the demands of the id. –Reality principle – involves considerations of social acceptability andpracticality.

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Superego

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Thepsychic structure that incorporates the values of the parents and importantothers and functions as a moral conscience. – Serves as a conscience, orinternal moral guardian, that monitors the ego and passes judgment on right andwrong.

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Defense Mechanisms

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The reality-distorting strategies used by the ego to shield the self from awareness of anxiety-provoking impulses.

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Freud's five psychosexual stages of development:

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oral (first year of life), anal (secondyear of life),

phallic (beginning during the thirdyear of life),

latency (from around age 6 to age 12),and

genital (beginning in puberty).

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Fixation

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In Freudian theory, a constellation of personality traits associated with a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting from either too much or too little gratification at the stage.

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Psychoanalysis

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The first method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud. Helps individuals gain insight into, and resolve,unconscious conflicts.

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Free Association

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The method of verbalizing thoughts as they occur without a conscious attempt to edit or censure them.

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Inpsychoanalytic theory, dreams have two levels of content:

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Manifest content, and latent content

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Manifest Content

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The material of the dream the dreamerexperiences and reports.

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Latent Content

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Theunconscious material the dream symbolizes or represents.

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Freud believed that dreams were the ____________.

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Royal road to the unconscious.

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Transference Relationship

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Inpsychoanalysis, the client’s transfer or generalization to the analyst offeelings and attitudes the client holds toward important figures in his or herlife.

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Countertransference

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Inpsychoanalysis, the transfer of feelings or attitudes that the analyst holdstoward other persons in her or his life onto the client.

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Behaviorism

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Theschool of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observablebehavior and that focuses on the role of learning in explaining behavior.

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Conditioned Response

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Inclassical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. (Salivation in response to the bell after learned)

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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Astimulus that elicits an unlearned response. (like the food)

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Unconditioned Response

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Anunlearned response. (salivation at site of food)

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Conditioned Stimulus

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Apreviously neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response after repeatedpairings with an unconditioned stimulus that had previously evoked thatresponse. (the bell)

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Classical Conditioning

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Aform of learning in which a response to one stimulus can be made to occur toanother stimulus by pairing or associating the two stimuli.

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Operant Conditioning

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Aform of learning in which behavior is acquired and strengthened when it isreinforced.

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Reinforcement

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Changesin the environment (stimuli) that increase the frequency of the precedingbehavior.

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Negative Reinforcers

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Reinforcersthat, when removed, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.

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Punishment

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Reduces the frequency of the behavior it follows.

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Positive Reinforcers

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Reinforcersthat, when introduced, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.

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Social Cognitive Theory

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Alearning-based theory that emphasizes observational learning and incorporates roles for cognitive variables in determining behavior.

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Modeling

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Learningby observing and imitating the behavior of others. Abehavior therapy technique for helping an individual acquire a target behaviorby observing a therapist or another individual demonstrate the behavior andthen imitating it.

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Expectancies

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Beliefsabout expected outcomes.

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Behavioral Therapy

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Thesystematic application of the principles of learning to treat psychologicaldisorders.

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Systematic Desensitization

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Abehavior therapy technique for overcoming phobias by means of exposure toprogressively more fearful stimuli while one remains deeply relaxed.

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Gradual Exposure

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Abehavior therapy technique for overcoming fears through direct exposure toincreasingly fearful stimuli.

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Token Economy

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Behavioraltreatment program in which a controlled environment is constructed such thatpeople are reinforced for desired behaviors by receiving tokens that may beexchanged for desired rewards.

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Self-Actualization

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In humanistic psychology, the tendency to strive to become all that one iscapable of being. The motive that drives one to reach one’s full potential andexpress one’s unique capabilities.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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Valuingother people as having basic worth regardless of their behavior at a particulartime.

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Conditional Positive Regard

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Valuingother people on the basis of whether their behavior meets one’s approval.

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Humanistic Therapy

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A focus on what clients are experiencing in the present—the here andnow.

Person-centered therapy (also calledclient-centered therapy), which was developed by the psychologist Carl Rogers.

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Person-Centered Therapy

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The establishment of a warm, acceptingtherapeutic relationship that frees clients to engage in self-exploration andachieve self-acceptance.

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Cognitive Theory/Models

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The study of cognitions—the thoughts, beliefs, expectations, andattitudes—that accompany and may underlie abnormal behavior.

Our interpretations of the events in our lives,and not the events themselves, determine our emotional states.

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Information-processing models

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theoristsdiscuss human cognition in terms such as

input (sensory and perceptual processes),

manipulation (interpreting orprocessing),

storage (placing information inmemory),

retrieval (accessing information from memory), and

output (acting on the information).

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Albert Ellis

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Creator of the ABC Approach

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What are the ABCs of the ABC Approach?

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A - Activating event

B - beliefs/ interpretations - mediators

C - Consequences

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REBT - Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

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Atherapeutic approach that focuses on helping clients replace irrational,maladaptive beliefs with alternative, more adaptive beliefs.

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Fourbasic types of cognitive distortions

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1.Selective abstraction

2.Overgeneralization

3.Magnification

4.Absolutist thinking

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Alearning-based approach to therapy incorporating cognitive and behavioraltechniques.

Tointegrate therapeutic techniques that help individuals make changes not only intheir overt behavior but also in their underlying thoughts, beliefs, andattitudes.

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The social causation model

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Thebelief that social stressors, such as poverty, account for the greater risk ofsevere psychological disorders among people of lower socioeconomic status.

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Downward Drift Hypothesis

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Thetheory that explains the linkage between low socioeconomic status and behaviorproblems by suggesting that problem behaviors lead people to drift downward insocial status.

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TheBiopsychosocial Perspective

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This perspective examinesthe contributions of multiple factors representing biological, psychological,and sociocultural domains, as well as their interactions, in the development ofpsychological disorders.

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The Diathesis-Stress Model

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Amodel that posits that abnormal behavior problems involve the interaction of avulnerability or predisposition and stressful life events or experiences.

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Diathesis

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Avulnerability or predisposition to a particular disorder.

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Eclectic Therapy

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Anapproach to psychotherapy that incorporates principles or techniques fromvarious systems or theories.

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Nonspecific treatment factors

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Factorsnot specific to any one form of psychotherapy, such as therapist attention and support,and creating positive expectancies of change.