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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polysomnograph
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Assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions
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Sleep hygiene
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Psychological treatment for insomnia that teaches clients to recognize and eliminate environmental factors to sleep. These include the use of nicotine, caffeine, certain medications, and alcohol, as well as ill-timed exercise.
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Criterion gender bias
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Possibility that gender differences in the reported prevalence or diagnosis of certain diagnostic categories may be due to prejudice in the defining criteria for the disorder.
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Assessment gender bias
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Possibility that gender differences in the reported prevalence or diagnosis of certain diagnostic categories may be due to prejudice in the assessment measures of the diagnostician or the ways they are used
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Under-arousal, cortical immaturity, and fearlessness hypotheses in explaining ASPD
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Psychopaths engage in dangerous or illicit behavior to stimulate the under-aroused cerebral cortex in their brains
Cortical immaturity – behavior and arousal levels of psychopaths result from incomplete development of the cerebral cortex Fearlessness – Psychopaths are less prone to fear and thus less inhibited from dangerous or illicit activities |
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Cortical immaturity – behavior and arousal levels of psychopaths result from incomplete development of the cerebral cortex
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Fearlessness – Psychopaths are less prone to fear and thus less inhibited from dangerous or illicit activities
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Complex PTSD
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John Briere proposed that 80-90% of women diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have “complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.” These women, after experiencing years of traumatic sexual abuse, interact with the world abnormally because their “ego has been violated,” and boundaries between love and sex have been blurred.
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Dual diagnosis
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When someone is diagnosed with two Axis I disorders. This usually occurs with substance abuse disorders.
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Substance abuse
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When a substance disrupts one’s education, job, or relationships with others, puts them in physically dangerous situations (e.g. being under the influence and driving), and if a person has substance-related legal problems
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Substance dependence
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Two views:
1) A person is physiologically dependent on a substance, requires greater and greater amounts of the substance to experience the same effect (tolerance), and will respond physically in a negative way when the substance is no longer ingested 2) A person exhibits “drug seeking behaviors” as indications of dependence, e.g. stealing to buy drugs, and likely will resume drug use after a period of abstinence |
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Tolerance
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Needs for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
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Withdrawal
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Severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance
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Parens Patriae
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Literally, “state or country as the parent.” The state applies parens patriae power in circumstances in which citizens are not likely to act in their own best interest, for example to assume custody of children who have no living parent. Similarly, it is used to commit individuals with severe mental illness to health facilities when it is believed that they might be harmed because they are unable to secure the basic necessities of life, such as food and shelter (grave disability), or because they do not recognize their need for treatment. The state acts as a surrogate parent, presumably in the best interests of a person who needs help.
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Deinstitutionalization
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The systematic movement of people with severe mental illness out of institutions to:
1) close the large state mental hospitals, and 2) create a network of community mental health centers where the released individuals could be treated Failures of goal (2) led to mass transinstitutionalization. |
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Transinstitutionalization
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Movement of people with severe mental illness from large psychiatric hospitals to nursing homes, or other group residences, including jails and prisons
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Duty to warn
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Mental health professionals’ responsibility to break confidentiality and notify the potential victim whom a client has specifically threatened. This is IN ADDITION to notifying appropriate authorities.
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Know the similarities and differences in the different eating disorders.
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Bulimia Nervosa – out of control binges followed by self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, or other attempts to purge the food
Anorexia Nervosa – the person eats nothing beyond minimal amounts of food, causing extremely (and sometimes dangerously) low weights. Binge eating disorder – individual binge repeatedly and find it distressing Night eating syndrome – almost 1/3 of an individual’s calories are consumed late at night |
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There are three factors that separate anorexia from bulimia:
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1)Anorexics are underweight, whereas bulimics are much less “successful”
2)Anorexics have genuine FEAR of weight gain (bulimics are concerned as well, but not necessarily fearful). 3)Anorexics are proud of the control they have over their weight. |
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Eating disorders are characterized by
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Eating dysfunction and have the highest cultural specificity, with no effective biological treatments.
Anxiety and mood disorders are often co-morbid with anorexia and bulimia. |
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What is the chief motivating factor in both anorexia and bulimia?
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A morbid fear of gaining weight and losing control over eating
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What is the most significant feature of bulimia?
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The most significant feature is the binge eating itself, since there are both purging and non-purging types of the disorder. There is also a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode. Binge eating is associated with an inappropriate compensatory behavior, usually purging, but often misuse of laxatives or fasting.
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What is the most significant feature of anorexia?
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Anorexics are successful at losing extreme amounts of weight. They are characterized by being less than 85% of expected weight. They also have an intense fear or gaining weight, and they have distorted images of their own body shape.
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What is the typical profile of a person with anorexia?
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Caucasian, middle/upper middle class female; tend to be perfectionists
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What is the most common medical complication in bulimia?
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Salivary gland enlargement (giving face a chubby appearance), eroded dental enamel from vomiting, amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation), electrolyte imbalance, which can cause cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, and renal (kidney) failure.
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What is the most common medical complication in anorexia
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Cessation of menstruation (amenorrhea), dry skin, brittle hair or nails, sensitivity to cold temperatures, cardiovascular problems, and lanugo (downy hair on the limbs and cheeks)
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What is the cultural context of anorexia?
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Western ideals of looking thin. Usually young females in middle- to upper-class, competitive environments, where self-worth, happiness, and success are determined by body measurements and fat percentages.
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What percent of people with anorexia die as a result of suicide?
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10% die from suicides, with 20% total dying from their disease (including suicides).
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What is known about the mortality rate from eating disorders?
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They have highest mortality rate for any psychological disorder, including depression
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What are the key symptoms of binge eating disorder?
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Marked distress due to binge eating, but NO compensatory behaviors. Twenty percent of obese individuals in weight-loss programs and 50% of bariatric surgery candidates engage in binge-eating behaviors. Half try dieting before bingeing, while half attempt to diet after bingeing.
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Is obesity a mental disorder? What might be the disorder closest to it?
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Obesity is not formally classified as a mental disorder. The disorder closest to it is binge eating disorder
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What does the typical family of a person with anorexia look like?
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Successful, hard-driving, concerned about external appearances, and eager to maintain harmony, often by denying or ignoring conflicts or negative feelings.
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What interventions have been shown to be most promising for eating disorders?
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and family therapy. In anorexia, the first immediate treatment is weight gain. Then, CBT and family therapy have been shown to be effective. CBT is the preferred treatment for bulimia. CBT and self-help manuals are most effective for binge-eating disorder.
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What are the components of family therapy in treating an eating disorder?
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Particularly with young girls suffering from anorexia, family therapy seems to be effective. Every effort is made to include the family in therapy. First, negative and dysfunctional communications regarding food and eating must be eliminated. Second, attitudes towards body shape and image distortion are discussed at length.
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What are the two types of sleep disorders?
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Dysomnias - difficulties getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping when you want to, and complaints about the quality of sleep.
Parasomnias – abnormal behavior or physiological events that occur during sleep, such as nightmares and sleepwalking. |
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Primary insomnia
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initiating or maintaining sleep, or sleep that is not restorative
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Primary hypersomnia
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complaint of excessive sleepiness that is displayed as either prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleep episodes.
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Narcolepsy
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Irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep occurring daily, accompanied by brief loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.(which may help explain UFO phenomenons)
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Breathing-related sleep disorder
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sleep disruption that is caused by sleep-related breathing difficulties
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (Sleep-Wake Schedule Disorder) – Sleep disruption due to a mismatch between sleep-wake schedule required by environment and circadian sleep-wake pattern. |
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Nightmare Disorder (Dream Anxiety Disorder
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Repeated awakenings with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem. Awakenings generally occur during the second half of the sleep period
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Sleep Terror Disorder
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Recurrent episodes of abrupt awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of major sleep episode and beginning with a panicky scream.
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Sleepwalking Disorder
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Repeated episodes of arising from bed during sleep and walking about usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode.
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What is primary insomnia?
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Difficulty in initiating, maintaining, or gaining from sleep; primary means not related to other medical or psychological problems. Often maintained by ABC – affect, behavior, cognition.
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What are some factors related to decreased sleep efficiency?
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High body temps, problems with body clock, and unrealistic expectations of sleep, pain and physical discomfort, physical inactivity during the day, respiratory problems, drug use, environmental influences related to light, noise, and temperature, and psychological stresses.
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What feature is shared by people with narcolepsy and hypersomnia?
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Daytime sleepiness
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What is circadian rhythm disorder?
Who is it most likely to affect? What part of the brain is most associated with it? |
Circadian Rhythm sleep disorder is characterized by disturbed sleep brought on by the brain’s inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current patterns of day and night.
Most affected are shift workers, older people, introverts, extreme night owls, and early risers. This disorder is most associated with the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. |
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How are night terrors different from nightmares?
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After being awakened, children do not remember night terrors, while they do remember nightmares. Also, nightmares occur during REM sleep, whereas sleep terrors, along with sleepwalking and nocturnal eating disorder, occur during non-REM sleep.
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What is the problem with taking benzodiazepines for dyssomnias?
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1)Insomnia rebound when you stop taking meds (you get less sleep than before you started
2)REM rebound (best case scenario) – your first stage of sleep is REM 3)People can become dependent |
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What are stimulus control procedures, and for what type of disorders are they used?
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In stimulus control procedures, patients are instructed only to use the bedroom for sleep and sex, and not for any other work or anxiety-provoking activities
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Where on the 5 axes are personality disorders coded?
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On Axis II, because they’re inflexible and hopeless (same axis as mental retardation).
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Classes of personality disorders, and which disorders belong to which group?
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Cluster A – Odd or eccentric disorders
a.Paranoid personality disorder b.Schizoid PD c.Schizotypal PD |
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disorders, and which disorders belong to which group?
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Cluster B – Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders
a.Antisocial PD b.Borderline PD c.Histrionic PD d.Narcissistic PD |
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disorders, and which disorders belong to which group?
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Cluster C – Anxious or Fearful Disorders
a.Avoidant PD b. Dependent PD c.Obsessive-compulsive PD |
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Paranoid PD
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A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
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Schizoid PD
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A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions in interpersonal settings
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Schizotypal PD
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A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with reduced capacity for close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior
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Antisocial PD
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A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
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Borderline PD
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A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses
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Histrionic PD
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A pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking
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Narcissistic PD
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A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy
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Avoidant PD
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A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
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Dependent PD
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A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
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Obsessive-compulsive PD
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A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
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What has research revealed about antisocial personality disorder and the behavioral inhibition system?
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The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is responsible for our ability to stop or slow down when we are faced with impending punishment, nonreward, or novel situations, which leads to anxiety and frustration. The reward system is responsible for our approach behavior.
Research with ASPD has shown an imbalance between BIS and reward system which may make the fear and anxiety produced by the BIS less apparent and the positive feelings associated with the reward systems. This could explain why psychopaths aren’t anxious about committing the acts that characterize their behavior. |
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What is the 5-factor model of personality, and what are the 5 factors studied?
The Big Five: people can be rated on a series of 5 personality dimensions, and the combinations of the five components are what makes people different. People are rated high, low, or in-between on the five factors, which are: |
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism, or emotional stability |
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What has recent research revealed about the prevalence of homosexuality in western countries, and is this consistent with the Kinsey report?
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That the 10% stat of the Kinsey report is probably closer to 2-3% in men and 5% in women in terms of engaging in homosexual acts, and 1% who engage exclusively in homosexual acts
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What do we know about sexual activity in older age?
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Sexual behavior can continue well into old age. Fifty percent of men and 36% of women 75-79 are sexually active (the discrepancy is probably due to age differences in relationships and lack of partners for women in the upper seventies).
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Know the different gender differences related to sexual behavior.
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1)Much higher percentage of men masturbate than women (frequency is about 3X greater among men who masturbate than women, also)
2)Men express a far more permissive attitude towards casual sex than women 3)No gender differences in attitudes about homosexuality or masturbation 4)Women desire demonstrations of love and intimacy during sex, while men are more interested in the arousal aspects 5)Women often hold embarrassed, conservative, or self-conscious schema about sex (Barbara Anderson), whereas men’s self-concept is more dominated by power, independence, and aggression 6)Women emphasize committed relationships 7)Women’s beliefs are more “plastic,” in that they are shaped by cultural, social, and situational factors. For example, women are more likely to change sexual orientation 8)Men have sex to feel close to a partner, whereas women have sex because they feel close to their partner |
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Know the different classes of sexual disorders.
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1)Gender Identity Disorders
2)Desire Disorders (Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Sexual Aversion Disorder) 3)Arousal Disorders (Male erectile disorder, female sexual arousal disorder) 4)Orgasm Disorders (Inhibited orgasms, premature ejaculation) 5)Pain disorders (Dyspareunia, vaginismus) |
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Was homosexuality ever considered a mental disorder in the United States? Is it so considered now?
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Yes: No
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What is the definition of gender identity disorder?
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Gender Identity Disorder (transsexualism) is present if a person’s physical gender is inconsistent with the person’s sense of identity. This disorder is independent of sexual arousal patterns (straight and gay people can have it), and is separate from transvestic fetishism and intersexed (hermaphroditic) individuals. In some cultures (but not the West), they are accorded the status of shaman or “seer.”
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What is a sexual fetish?
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Sexual attraction to non-living objects.
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What is a paraphilia, and how is it different from a sexual dysfunction?
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Paraphilias are sexual disorders and deviations in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals. Patients must have either acted on their urges or be severely distreased by them. Sexual dysfunction occurs when the client finds it difficult to function adequately WHILE having sex. With both paraphilias and sexual dysfunction, clients normally present with more than one (although one is usually dominant).
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What is the best predictor of sexual distress among women who are diagnosed with a sexual dysfunction?
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Deficits in general emotional well-being or emotional relationships with the partner during sexual relations
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Sexual dysfunction treatment
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Human Sexual Inadequacy, by William Masters and Virginia Johnson revolutionized sex therapy by providing a therapeutic program. It has been adapted by many, but still includes altering myths, increasing communication, and reducing performance-based anxiety. Sensate focus and nondemand pleasuring includes nongenital pleasuring, then genital pleasuring (with ban on orgasm), arousal, and then intercourse (starting with the beginnings of penetration). Sex therapists also use the squeeze technique for premature ejaculation, training in masturbatory procedures for female orgasmic disorder, and reeducation and cognitive restructuring for low sexual desire.
For vaginismus, a larger and large dilator is inserted into the vagina at the woman’s own pace. |
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For paraphilias treament
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Behavior therapies are used to change the associations and context from arousing and pleasurable to neutral.
Covert sensitization involves sexually arousing images associated with the consequences of the behavior that brought the patient to treatment in the first place (in imagination, dangerous consequences can be associated directly with unwanted behavior). Orgasmic conditioning instructs patients to masturbate to their usual fantasies but substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation. In relapse prevention, patients are taught to recognize the early signs of temptation and to institute a variety of self-control procedures before their urges become too strong. |
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What two groups of people have the lowest success rate in treating sexual disorders?
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Men who rape/ pedophiles and individuals with multiple paraphilias
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What is safest in defining rape?
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To classify it as an assault by a person whose sexual arousal patterns are not paraphilic.
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What is the definition of substance-related disorders?
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Range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way they think, feel, and behave. These are extremely costly in human and financial terms.
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What are 2 very common substances used by students?
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Alcohol and caffeine
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What are the different classes of substance that can cause substance-related disorders?
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Depressants (alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines), stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine), opiates (heroin, codeine, and morphine), and hallucinogens (marijuana and LSD).
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Acute and chronic Effects of Alcohol
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Acute – feeling of well-being, reduced inhibitions, reduced motor coordination, slow reaction time, confusion, reduced judgements, and impaired vision and hearing
Chronic – blackouts, withdrawal (hand tremors, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, hallucinations, insomnia, and withdrawal delirium), liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage, Korsakoff-Wernicke’s syndrome, lack of thiamine (B1), seizures, central nervous system, and dementia |
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Acute and chronic effects of Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, sedatives, hypnotic, and anxiolytics
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Acute - Muscle relaxation (too much can cause the diaphragm muscles to overly relax and suffocate),induce sleep, pleasant high
Chronic – Tolerance, dependence, and the same withdrawal and long-term effects as alcohol abuse |
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Acute and chronic effects of Amphetamines
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Acute – euphoria, affective blunting, changes in sociability, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, tension, anger, blood pressure changes, perspiration, chills, nausea, muscular weakness, respiratory depression, seizures, hallucinations, panic, and paranoid delusions.
Chronic – Quick tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms that include apthy, prolonged periods of sleep, irritability, and depression. |
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Acute and chronic effects of Cocaine
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Acute – short-lived senses of alertness, euphoria, power, and possible paranoia, increased blood pressure, insomnia, and loss of appetite
Chronic – Cardiac irregularities, tolerance, disrupted sleep, paranoia, and social isolation. Withdrawal produces pronounced feelings of apathy and boredom |
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Acute and chronic effects of Nicone
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Acute – Stimulates central nervous system, relieves stress and improves mood. High doses can cause confusion, blurred vision, and convulsions or even death.
Chronic – Withdrawal includes depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and weight gain. Long-term effects have been linked to lung and heart diseases, and cancer. |
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Acute and chronic effects of Caffene
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Acute – Elevated mood, decrease in fatigue, jitters, decrease in sleep
Chronic – Tolerance and dependence; withdrawal symptoms which include headaches, drowsiness, and unpleasantness |
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Acute and Chronic effects of Opiates (narcotics)
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Acute – euphoria (rush), drowsiness, and slow breathing, pain relief
Chronic – Withdrawal effects, including excessive yawning, nausea and vomiting, chills, muscle aches, diarrhea, suicide, death, and insomnia. |
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Acute and Chronic effects of Marijuana
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Acute – mood swings, heightened sensory experiences, sense of well-being, paranoia, hallucinations, dizziness
Chronic – , amotivational syndrome (impairment in motivation),tolerance, reverse tolerance, lung damage, withdrawal effects, such as irritability, restlessness, appetite, loss, nausea, and difficulty sleeping |
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Acute and chronic effects of LSD
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Acute – perceptual changes, depersonalization, hallucinations, papillary dilation, rapid heartbeat, sweating, ad blurred vision, psychopneumatic tendencies (mimic schizophrenia)
Chronic – Very fast tolerance |
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What is the typical profile of a person with alcohol-related disorder?
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Caucasian-American male college student
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What are some of the long term effects of chronic alcohol use, and what is the DSM disorder associated with it?
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Long term use can lead to the DSM-IV classified Korsakoff-Wernicke’s syndrome
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Why do we say that alcohol has a ‘paradoxical’ effect?
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Because although alcohol is a depressant, its initial effect is an apparent stimulant. This is because when it depresses the CNS, it also depresses the frontal lobe, thus leading to a loss of control and “feeling” stimulated. Also, inhibition of GABA system leads to feelings of stimulation.
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What is known as the ‘date rape drug’, and how does it work?
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Ruhypnol; sedative – results in intoxication and blackouts. It is used as a date rape drug because it is impossible to detect (colorless, odorless, tasteless)
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Know the different types of impulse control disorders.
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Intermittent explosive disorder – people act on aggressive impulses that result in very serious assaults or destruction of property
2)Kleptomania – a recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things that are not needed 3)Pyromania – irresistible urges to set fires 4)Pathological gambling – gambling impulses, coupled with tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, such as restlessness and irritability. 5)Trichotillomania – the urge to pull out one’s own hair |
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What is trichotillomania, and whom does it hurt most?
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The urge to pull one’s own hair from anywhere on the body including the scalp, eyebrows, and arms. It most hurts the person with trichotillomania.
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Is the term ‘insanity’ a psychological term, and if not, what type of term is it?
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Insanity is neither a psychological nor medical concept. It is a legal concept.
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M’Naughten Insanity Defense
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a person is not responsible if they
a.Do not know what they are doing, or b.Do not know that it’s wrong |
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Durham Insality Defense
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A person is not responsible for criminal behavior if the act was caused by a mental disease
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ALI RULE
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A person is not responsible for criminal behavior if they are lacking in cognitive ability to appreciate the criminality of the act.
A person must either not be able to distinguish right form wrong or Be incapable of self-control to be shielded from legal consequences c.Also provided provisions for “Diminished capacity,” in which criminal intent (mens rea)) is diminished d.Irresistible impulses |
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Insanity Reform Act – after Hinkley –
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No responsible for criminal behavior if they do not know that what they are doing is wrong- made the use of the insanity defense more difficult
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What proportion of cases heard by the court use the insanity defense? How often is the defense successful?
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0.9% of indictees use the insanity defense, of which 26% of those receive an acquittal
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How often is the defense successful?
0.9% of indictees use the insanity defense, of which 26% of those receive an acquittal What do we know about the success of deinstitutionalization? |
Deinstitutionalization is considered a failure because it led to mass transinstitutionalization
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Informed consent
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Ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a research study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their own role in it
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Dual Relationships
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any extra-professional relationship that a therapist and patient might have. An example is bartering for services (typical in rural communities). Generally, it’s discouraged.
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When is sex between a therapist and a current client acceptable?
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Never
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Heroine called “sweet lady”
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Advertising that glamorizes the physical symptoms of opiate use
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Wise’s 2-factor theory:
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People continue to drink after intoxicated due to
1) Positive Reinforcement (they feel good) 2) Negative Reinforcement (negative anxiety is reduced) |
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Emerging profile of a therapist most likely to engage in sexual relations with a client –
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Caucasian males who have been in practice for over 10 years and feel “socially isolated,” due to lack of social network.
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Know the different types of impulse control disorders.
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Intermittent explosive disorder – people act on aggressive impulses that result in very serious assaults or destruction of property
2)Kleptomania – a recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things that are not needed 3)Pyromania – irresistible urges to set fires 4)Pathological gambling – gambling impulses, coupled with tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, such as restlessness and irritability. 5)Trichotillomania – the urge to pull out one’s own hair |
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What is trichotillomania, and whom does it hurt most?
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The urge to pull one’s own hair from anywhere on the body including the scalp, eyebrows, and arms. It most hurts the person with trichotillomania.
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Is the term ‘insanity’ a psychological term, and if not, what type of term is it?
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Insanity is neither a psychological nor medical concept. It is a legal concept.
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M’Naughten Insanity Defense
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a person is not responsible if they
a.Do not know what they are doing, or b.Do not know that it’s wrong |
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Durham Insality Defense
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A person is not responsible for criminal behavior if the act was caused by a mental disease
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ALI RULE
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A person is not responsible for criminal behavior if they are lacking in cognitive ability to appreciate the criminality of the act.
A person must either not be able to distinguish right form wrong or Be incapable of self-control to be shielded from legal consequences c.Also provided provisions for “Diminished capacity,” in which criminal intent (mens rea)) is diminished d.Irresistible impulses |
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Insanity Reform Act – after Hinkley –
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No responsible for criminal behavior if they do not know that what they are doing is wrong- made the use of the insanity defense more difficult
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What proportion of cases heard by the court use the insanity defense? How often is the defense successful?
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0.9% of indictees use the insanity defense, of which 26% of those receive an acquittal
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How often is the defense successful?
0.9% of indictees use the insanity defense, of which 26% of those receive an acquittal What do we know about the success of deinstitutionalization? |
Deinstitutionalization is considered a failure because it led to mass transinstitutionalization
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Informed consent
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Ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a research study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their own role in it
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Dual Relationships
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any extra-professional relationship that a therapist and patient might have. An example is bartering for services (typical in rural communities). Generally, it’s discouraged.
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When is sex between a therapist and a current client acceptable?
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Never
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Heroine called “sweet lady”
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Advertising that glamorizes the physical symptoms of opiate use
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Wise’s 2-factor theory:
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People continue to drink after intoxicated due to
1) Positive Reinforcement (they feel good) 2) Negative Reinforcement (negative anxiety is reduced) |
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Emerging profile of a therapist most likely to engage in sexual relations with a client –
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Caucasian males who have been in practice for over 10 years and feel “socially isolated,” due to lack of social network.
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