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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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symptoms
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thoughts feelings and behaviors that indicate a mental disorder
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syndrome
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a group of symptoms that tend to co-occur and are assumed to have a common etiology
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3 ways of defining abnormal behavior
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personal distress, statistical deviance, social non-conformity
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harmful dysfunction
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(Wakefield) a condition is a mental disorder only if 1)it results from failure of some internal mechanism to function properly, 2) it causes harm to the person as judged by standards of their culture
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DSM I-V mental disorder definition inclusion criteria
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1)present distress
2)disability in functioning 3)increased risk of death, disability, or loss of freedom |
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DSM I-V mental disorder definition exclusion criteria
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1)culturally expectable response
2)deviant behavior 3)societal conflicts |
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epidemiology
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study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population
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incidence
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the number of new cases that occur in a population within a certain time period
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prevalence
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the total number of active cases (old and new) present in the pop. at a certain time
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lifetime prevalence
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the number of people who have had the disorder at some point in their lives
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4 paradigms
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cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological
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holism
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the whole is more than the sum of its parts
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reductionism
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the whole=the sum of its parts
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equifinality
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different causes for same disorder
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multifinality
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same cause leads to different outcomes
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3 traits of the DSM-IV
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categorical, multiaxial, descriptions rather than causes
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axis 1
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clinical disorders (episodic; psychological turmoil)
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axis 2
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personality disorders and mental retardation (stable, longstanding problems)
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axis 3
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general medical conditions
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axis 4
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psychosocial and environmental problems
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axis 5
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GAF score
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reliability
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consistency of measurements
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validity
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meaning or importance of a classification system
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3 types of validity
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etiological, concurrent, predictive
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etiological validity
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concerned with the specific factors that are regularly and perhaps uniquely associated with a particular disorder
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concurrent validity
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concerned with the association between disorder and other symptoms, life circumstances, and test performance
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predictive validity
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concerned with the accuracy of predicting further treatment and treatment outcomes
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unipolar mood disorder
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person experiences only depression
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bipolar mood disorder
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episodes of mania and sometimes depression too
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types of unipolar mood disorder
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mdd, dysthymia
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types of bipolar mood disorder
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bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia
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anhedonia
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loss of interest or pleasure
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Coyne study
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students who spoke to depressed patients on the phone were more rejecting of them afterwards
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people who are __ or __ are most likely to be depressed
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separated or divorced
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depression is higher in those who are never __ than in those who are
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married
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bipolar I
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at least one manic episode; could or could not have a depressive episode too
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reliability
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consistency of measurements
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validity
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meaning or importance of a classification system
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3 types of validity
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etiological, concurrent, predictive
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etiological validity
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concerned with the specific factors that are regularly and perhaps uniquely associated with a particular disorder
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concurrent validity
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concerned with the association between disorder and other symptoms, life circumstances, and test performance
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predictive validity
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concerned with the accuracy of predicting further treatment and treatment outcomes
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unipolar mood disorder
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person experiences only depression
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bipolar mood disorder
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episodes of mania and sometimes depression too
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types of unipolar mood disorder
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mdd, dysthymia
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types of bipolar mood disorder
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bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia
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anhedonia
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loss of interest or pleasure
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Coyne study
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students who spoke to depressed patients on the phone were more rejecting of them afterwards
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people who are __ or __ are most likely to be depressed
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separated or divorced
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depression is higher in those who are never __ than in those who are
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married
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bipolar I
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at least one manic episode; could or could not have a depressive episode too
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reliability
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consistency of measurements
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validity
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meaning or importance of a classification system
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3 types of validity
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etiological, concurrent, predictive
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etiological validity
|
concerned with the specific factors that are regularly and perhaps uniquely associated with a particular disorder
|
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concurrent validity
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concerned with the association between disorder and other symptoms, life circumstances, and test performance
|
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predictive validity
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concerned with the accuracy of predicting further treatment and treatment outcomes
|
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unipolar mood disorder
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person experiences only depression
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bipolar mood disorder
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episodes of mania and sometimes depression too
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types of unipolar mood disorder
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mdd, dysthymia
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types of bipolar mood disorder
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bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia
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anhedonia
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loss of interest or pleasure
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Coyne study
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students who spoke to depressed patients on the phone were more rejecting of them afterwards
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people who are __ or __ are most likely to be depressed
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separated or divorced
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depression is higher in those who are never __ than in those who are
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married
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bipolar I
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at least one manic episode; could or could not have a depressive episode too
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bipolar II
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at least one hypmanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
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mood disorders are more common among __ than __
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young adults than the elderly
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mdd avg. age of onset for males and females
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males=23 and females=25
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bipolar disorder avg. age of onset
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18-22
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childhood depression gender differences
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pre-puberty-no diff or boys slightly higher; by 15, girls double the rate of boys just as in adults
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__ are more common than any other form of mental disorder
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anxiety disorders
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what do anxiety and depression have in common? (2)
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1)both defined in terms of negative emotional experience
2)both triggered by stressful experiences |
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3 different types of panic attacks
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1)situationally bound 2)unexpected 3)situationally predisposed
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panic disorder
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recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern about having another attack
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catastrophic misinterpretation
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a person misinterprets bodily sensations (eg rapid heart rate) associated with anxiety as a serious threat, which leads to increased awareness of biological sensations which leads them to misinterpret these sensations as catastrophic events
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etiology of panic disorder (one theory)
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neurotransmitters are hyperactive
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DSM I-V 5 types of phobia
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animal, natural environment, blood/injury, situational, other
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2 kinds of judgment biases in people with social phobia
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1)exaggerated estimates of the occurence of negative events 2)exaggerated estimates of the cost of negative events
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operant conditioning
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learn behavior through reward or punishment
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classical conditioning
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learning through association
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cohort effect
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distinguish age groups from one another
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Caspi study
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both stress and gene must be present for depression
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TDCRP findings
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-medication, cognitive, and interpersonal therapy were effective
drug treatment led to a more rapid improvement initially, but eventually all three methods were equally effective -also, type of treatment was independent of type of improvement |
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anxious apprehension (3 components)
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MALADAPTIVE ANXIETY
1)high levels of diffuse negative emotion 2)a sense of uncontrollability 3)a shift in attention to a primary self-focus or a state of self-preoccupation |
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__ are more common than any other form of mental disorder
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anxiety disorders
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what do anxiety and depression have in common? (2)
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1)both defined in terms of negative emotional experience
2)both triggered by stressful experiences |
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3 different types of panic attacks
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1)situationally bound 2)unexpected 3)situationally predisposed
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panic disorder
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recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern about having another attack
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catastrophic misinterpretation
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a person misinterprets bodily sensations (eg rapid heart rate) associated with anxiety as a serious threat, which leads to increased awareness of biological sensations which leads them to misinterpret these sensations as catastrophic events
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etiology of panic disorder (one theory)
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neurotransmitters are hyperactive
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DSM I-V 5 types of phobia
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animal, natural environment, blood/injury, situational, other
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2 kinds of judgment biases in people with social phobia
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1)exaggerated estimates of the occurence of negative events 2)exaggerated estimates of the cost of negative events
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operant conditioning
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learn behavior through reward or punishment
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classical conditioning
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learning through association
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cohort effect
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distinguish age groups from one another
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Caspi study
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both stress and gene must be present for depression
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TDCRP findings
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-medication, cognitive, and interpersonal therapy were effective
drug treatment led to a more rapid improvement initially, but eventually all three methods were equally effective -also, type of treatment was independent of type of improvement |
|
|
anxious apprehension (3 components)
|
MALADAPTIVE ANXIETY
1)high levels of diffuse negative emotion 2)a sense of uncontrollability 3)a shift in attention to a primary self-focus or a state of self-preoccupation |
