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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Everyday life anxiety
Continue to worry Symptoms: muscle tension, mental agitation, susceptibility to fatigue, irritability, difficulty sleeping |
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DSM and Treamtmet of GAD
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DSM: 6 months of excessive anxiety and difficult to turn off worrying process.
Treatment: benzodiazepines and also CBT |
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Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia
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Severe unexpected panic attack.
Agoraphobia: fear, or avoid situations where they feel unsafe Anxiety and panic associated with phobic avoidance. Symptoms: palpitation, sweat, tremble, shortness of breath, nausea, depersonalization, dying |
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DSM and Treatment of PDA
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Treatment: Block Panic attacts with drugs affecting serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems→ use benzodiazepines that decrease anxiety, and use SSRIs.
Psychological are exposure based treatment, and Panic control treatment DSM: experience unexpected panic attack and develop anxiety of having another attack |
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Interoceptive
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a treatment: induce symptoms of panic attack andhelp them control it. ie hyperventilation
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Specific Phobia
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Irrational fear, interfere with ability to function; and is immediate anxiety after exposure. It is often unreasonable, and cause significant distress, and avoidance.
4 types: blood injury injection, situational, natural environment, and animal, last is OTHER |
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Treatment of Specific Phobia
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Treatment: exposure therapy and flooding (most effective); systematic desensitization, modeling, and vicarious conditioning
Modeling is watching other people |
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Social Phobia
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Suffer severe anxiety around others
Prominent in children. (young, undereducated, single, low socio-economic class |
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Treatment of CBGT
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Treatment: CBGT (coginitive behavioral group therapy)
Use exposure based therapy. Drugs like tricyclic antidepressant. |
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PTSD
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Emotional disorder that follows a trauma
Acute: diagnosed after 1 month Chronic: longer than 3 months |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Everyday life anxiety
Continue to worry Symptoms: muscle tension, mental agitation, susceptibility to fatigue, irritability, difficulty sleeping |
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DSM and Treamtmet of GAD
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DSM: 6 months of excessive anxiety and difficult to turn off worrying process.
Treatment: benzodiazepines and also CBT |
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Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia
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Severe unexpected panic attack.
Agoraphobia: fear, or avoid situations where they feel unsafe Anxiety and panic associated with phobic avoidance. Symptoms: palpitation, sweat, tremble, shortness of breath, nausea, depersonalization, dying |
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DSM and Treatment of PDA
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Treatment: Block Panic attacts with drugs affecting serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems→ use benzodiazepines that decrease anxiety, and use SSRIs.
Psychological are exposure based treatment, and Panic control treatment DSM: experience unexpected panic attack and develop anxiety of having another attack |
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Interoceptive
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a treatment: induce symptoms of panic attack andhelp them control it. ie hyperventilation
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Specific Phobia
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Irrational fear, interfere with ability to function; and is immediate anxiety after exposure. It is often unreasonable, and cause significant distress, and avoidance.
4 types: blood injury injection, situational, natural environment, and animal, last is OTHER |
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Treatment of Specific Phobia
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Treatment: exposure therapy and flooding (most effective); systematic desensitization, modeling, and vicarious conditioning
Modeling is watching other people |
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Social Phobia
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Suffer severe anxiety around others
Prominent in children. (young, undereducated, single, low socio-economic class |
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Treatment of Social Phobia
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Treatment: CBGT (coginitive behavioral group therapy)
Use exposure based therapy. Drugs like tricyclic antidepressant. |
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PTSD
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Emotional disorder that follows a trauma
Acute: diagnosed after 1 month Chronic: longer than 3 months |
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Treatment and DSM of PTSD
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Treatment: face original trauma, EXPOSURE, SSRIs
DSM: when we are exposed to traumatic event, and feel helpless or horrow. |
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OCD
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Devastating culmination of anxiety disorder
Experience obsessions: nonsensical thoughts individuals must resist or eliminate. ; most common is contamination, next is aggressive impusles. Compulsions: thoughts or actions used to suppress obsession. |
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Treatment of OCD
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Treatment: most effective is use SSRIs. And exposure and ritual prevention (ERPS): rituals are actively prevented and patient is gradually exposed to feared thoughts. It is the number one therapy of choice.
Also use cognitive habituation training: for of exposure, and make patients call forth obsessive thought with expectation that they will lose the fear that causes anxiety. Final drastic method is surgery of those who don’t respond well to drugs and therapy. Neutralizing: form of avoidance: do or think something to neutralize the thought. |
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Somatoform disorders
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preoccupation with health or appearance
1. hypochondriasis 2. somatization 3. conversion 4. pain 5. body dysmorphic |
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Hypochondriasis
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Preoccupation with disease; differ from illness phobia. Belief they HAVE disease, and is specific. Also if they have are diagnosed, it is a sign of relief.
Reassurance from doctors only have short term effect Believe they HAVE a disease W and M 1:1 |
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Treatment of Hypochondriasis
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Treatment: reassurance and education, CBT, stress management, and SSRI helped, but not as well as CBT
Often comorbidity with OCD and depression and anxiety |
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Somatization Disorder
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Not as urgent as those with hypochondriasis, but continually feel weak.
Not afraid of having disease. See disease as an identity and is therefore a more severe impairment Symptoms: in family history, and dependence |
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Treatment of Somatization disorder
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Treatment: difficult, CBT, but they usually don’t seek help.
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Muchausen syndrome
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facticious disorder; crazy moms get rewarded for behavior that want kids to be sick….
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Conversion Disorder
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Psychical malfunction with no organic pathology, and mental issue convert to physical.
Main ways conversion manifested: sensory, motor, and seizures Usually caused by stress. Cause: traumatic event must be escaped, and move to socially acceptable area. |
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Malingering
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hard to distinguish with conversion, and it is when people FAKE it
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Pain Disorder
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May have initial physical pain, and it is real, and it hurts! Psychological factors then play a major role in maintaining it.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Fear that people will scorn at ugliness.
Have checking rituals More suicidal ideation than others Co-occur with OCD |
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Treatment of BDD
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Treatment: usually referred by plastic surgeon, and drug treatment is SSRI.
Use also exposure and response prevention. |
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Dissociative Disorder:
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Lose identity, lose sense of reality
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Depersonalization
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lose sense of your own reality that prevents normal function
It prevents normal function. Women=Men Cognitive deificienty in attention and memory Looks at the world through a fog Body does not belong to one Did not hear part of conversation Finding familiar place strange and unfamiliar Stare off into space; unaware of time Act differently, feel like two people Talk outloud when alone |
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Treatment of Depersonalization
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Treatment: not adequately studied
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Dissociative amnesia
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Gerneraled vs. localized. Even emotional reaction to events are forgotten.
Inability to recall personal info, usually traumatic or stressful in nature Selective amnesia is much more common, for we usually remember muscle memory |
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Dissociative Fugue
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Memory loss around specific incident
Individuals take off and forget why and how they got there (FLIGHT) Can cause disintegration of identity, and people can take on a new identity |
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Dissociative Trance Disorder
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In traditional and religious, and only diagnosed when trait is undesirable
Rare in the west. Temporary marked alteration in state of consciousness, and loss of personal identity without replacementof alter. |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Adopt 100 new identities, simultaneously coexisted
Before, name was multiple personality disorder Class example of seats at the table Symptoms: include amnesia, and identity fragments Usually have about 15 alters, and have a HOST (original, knows others) Switch is when they change from one personality to another. DID people are very suggestible→ easily form false memories Major criticism: therapist can suggest how alters are to act, and cause people to change W to M: 9:1 Intense reaction to child abuse May be extreme subtype of PTSD Treatment: trust is essential. Usually get better on own |
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MOOD disorders:
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gross deviations in mood
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Major Depressive Episode
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Most commonly diagnosed mood disorder
2 weeks of extremely depressed mood. Usually 4 lifetime episodes Feel sad Anhedonia (inability to express pleasure) Weight loss, weight gain Insomnia/hypersonia Fatigue Motor agitation, retardation Difficulty concentrating Feeling worthless Suicidal thoughts |
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Major Depressive Disorder, single episode
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Most easily recognized, and no manic or hypomanic episode before disorder. Most single turn into recurrent
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MAD, recurrent
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2 major depressive episodes, separated by at least 2 months
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Dysthymic disorder
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Milder but relatively unchanged throughout course (think Eeyore)
Persistently depressed mood…so less severe than MDD but more chronic |
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Double depression
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Have both major depressive episode and dysthymic disorder
Usually dysthymic first, then one major depressive episode occur Hard to diagnose, just negative |
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Bipolar I disorders
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Have peaks of elation to depths of despair.
Full manic episode, and other same criteria as Bipolar II |
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Bipolar II disorder
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Depressive episodes that alternate with hypomanic episodes rather than full manic.
Just need at least one of each. |
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Cycvlothymic disorder
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Chronic alternation in depressive and manic states, but does not reach full manic or major depressive episodes.
It needs to last at elast 2 years and 1 year for kids. |
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What are specifiers of mood disorders: help to determine effective treatment
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Atypical, melancholic, chronic, catatnic, psychotic, port partum
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what is the atypical specifer for mood disorder
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applies to depressive episodes and dysthymia, but not manic
Tend to overeat, oversleep, but more pleasurable than regular |
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What is the melancholic specifier for mood disorder
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only if full criteria for disorder is met
a. Does not apply to dysthymia, it is more severe b. Show symptoms of lethargy |
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What is the Chronic specifier for mood disorder
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not dysthymia. Have full criteria for the past 2 years
a. Really hard to treat |
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What is the catatonic specifier for mood disorder
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most commonly associated with schizophrenia
a. Absence of movement or catalepsy |
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What is the psychotic specifier for mood disorder
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a. Shows severity
b. Hallucinations c. Delusions |
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What is the Post partum specifier for mood disorder
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a. Occurs in 1/8 of women
b. More than 2 weeks of "baby blues" |
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Mania
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Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood, lasting 1 week
Hypomanic: less severe form of manic episode that doesn’t cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning |
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Treatment of Mood disorders
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Severe depression: tricyclic antidepressant
MAO-inhibitors (side effects so only when tricyclic is not effective, prescribe this) SSRI (1st choice in treatment) Antidepressant can induce manic episode in those with bipolar Lithium: treatment for bipolar. Extreme cases where other things don’t work: elctroconvulsive therapy and TMS (resetting the brain) Socratic approach is CBT→ change in behavior is brought about by a change in thoughts. Assign homework outside of therapy. Exercise IPT0→ resolve problems in existing relationships |
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Neuroticism and depression
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Belief that neuroticism is the middleman, and is a personality trait that cause use to endure the tendency to experience negative, emotional state. With neuroticism, depression correlates with anxiety, and depression may correlate because of neuroticism.
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How did watson and clark describe depression
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Low positive affect, and high negative affect
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What are symptoms of children with depression
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Tantrums
Troupble sleeping Obscure behavior Withdrawal from friends |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Eat larger amount of junk food that norm. Eating is experienced as out of control
Compensate binges by purging Believe popularity is linked to weight Most are within 10% of body weight |
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2 types of bulimia
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DSM: 2 types: purge and non purge
Chronic |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Successful at weight loss (15% less weight than normal)
Less common than bulimia Intense fear of obesity and pursue thinness Severe exercise Seldom seek own treatment Low BMI Associated features: pride in control, rarely seek treatment, body image disturbance Associated features: pride in control, rarely seek treatment, body image disturbance |
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Two types of anorexia
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Restricting type, and bing eating, purging type ( but more like eat normal amounts of food)
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Binge eating Disorder (BED)
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Don’t engage in compensatory behavior.
Even those who are obese do this |
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Treatment for eating disorders, Bulimia
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Bulimia: use antidepressants, but no lasting effort; use CBT by teaching consequence of eating and purging, and ineffectiveness of vomiting
Behavioral therapy: focus on changing eating habits IPT: focus on enhancing interpersonal functioning CBT works faster, but IPT longer effectiveness. |
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Treatment for eating disorders, anorexia
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Restore weight is easier, but hard to maintain.
Use CBT and family aide |
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Obesity
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BMI>29
Have binge eating, and night eating syndrome Treatment: most succesfful is professionally directed behavior modification program or bariatric surgery |
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Sleep disorders-Dysomnias
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Difficulty getting enough sleep, problem sleeping when you want sleep
All differ in terms of quanitiy, quality, and sleep onset. |
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Parasomnias
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Abnormal behavior or physiological events that occur during sleep
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How to calculate sleep efficiency
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Amount of time slept/amount of time in bed
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Primary insomnia
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May be due to increase activity of cortisol
Microsleeps Trouble sleeping Wake up frequently Can’t go back to sleep Can’t concentrate Usually have increased anxiety W to M: 2:1 |
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Primary hypersomnia
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Sleep too much
Comatose |
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Hyposomnia
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Too little sleep
Extremely agitated Start hallucinating |
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Narcolepsy
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Experience catalepsy: sudden loss of muscle tone, and sudden onset of REM
Have sleep paralysis: can’t move after being awake Also have vivid and terrifying experiences called hypnagogic hallucinations Too excitable. Constantly in REM, and can’t produce hypocretin |
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Breathing related sleep disorders
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Those with physical origin of sleepiness
Stop breathing and have sleep apnea |
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Circadian Rhythm Sleep disorder
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Struggle to reset clock
Melatonin contributes and tells us when to sleep |
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Treatment of sleep disorders
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Benzodizepine
Short acting drugs are preferred over long term ones Use bright light to trick the brain, and change time you sleep Use relaxation treatments |
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Parasomnias and their treatment
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occur in REM. Sleep terrors occur in NREM.
Treatment: benzodiazepines, but usually wait it out and symptoms disappear Sleep walking occur in NREM |
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Differences between Nightmare and sleep terror
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Nightmare→ remember event, remember dreams, causes you to wake up, interfere with functioning
Sleep terror: don’t remember, start with scream, can’t be awoken easily, zero recollection in NREM, person looks really upset, much more common in kids. |
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What are the stages of sleep
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Stage 1: theta waves→ light sleep hypnotic jerk, some alertness
Stage 2: change in temperature and breathing and heart rate decrease. Have sleep spindles, or bust of activity when measuring sleep waves Stage 3 &4: deep sleep, and where growth hormones produced, hard to wake up REM: dream stage, and infants are mostly in REM. |
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Reciprocal gene environment model
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Reciprocal gene environmental model: Genetics may increase the probability an individual will experience a stressful life event, like those with blood injury phobia may tend to rush around, and cause themselves to be injured.
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Diathesis Stress model
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Diathesis Stress Model: individuals had inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors that are activated under stress. An inherited tendency is a VULNERABILITY or diathesis. So two cups, and some people have a fuller cup→ greater vulnerability to get depression.
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Defense mechanisms
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When the ego loses battle with ID and superego, it gives off to a defense mechanism. Defense mechanism is an unconscious protective process that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so ego can continue its coordinating function.
Ex: do bad on test and mad at unfair professor, go home and yell at brother→ defense mechanism of displacement (displace anger to brother) Another is do bad, and so you do a constructive outlet→ defense mechanism of sublimation |
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Psychoanalytic theory→
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structure of the mind; defense mechanism; and psychosexual states of development. The treatment is to find out the iceberg.
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Three structures of the mind: according to the psychoanalytic theory
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Id: source of strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies (ANIMAL IN US)
Maximize pleasure and eliminate any tension or conflicts. Operates on primary process… Ego: part of our mind that ensures we act realistically. Operates according to the reality principle. It is the secondary process. Superego: conscience represents the moral principles. Superego always battles the id, and ego is to mediate conflict between the id and superego. |
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Humanistic theory:
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Person centered therapy
Examples: jung, adler, rogers Believes people are naturally good, and positive Self-actualizing: all of us could reach our highest potential in all areas of functioning if only we had the freedom to grow, but different blockers block our actualization. Great belief in humans Person centered therapy and unconditional positive regard→ complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the clients feelings and actions Empathetic Hope client will be more honest with themselves Best application for those without psychological disorders. |
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Behavioral Model:
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cognitive behavioral or social learning model
Psychology is a science, as is biology Apply classical conditioning Phobias→ use systematic desensitization Use reinforcements Use shaping: process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors. |
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Cognitive perspective on how anxiety caused**
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Trigger→positive meta beliefs→ cause worry→ negative meta beliefs→ cause type 2 worry→ emotional, thought control, and behavior
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Neuroscience portion→ how neurotransmitters help us understand psychopathology→ because we know, how does that help us understand mental illness.
GAba |
(Gamma-aminobutyric acid) amino acid transmitter that inhibit
-It decreases anxiety -drug benzodiazepine make GABA easier to attach to neurons and cause calming effect -However, different GABA receptor act in different ways so not all have affinity for this drug |
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Neuroscience portion→ how neurotransmitters help us understand psychopathology→ because we know, how does that help us understand mental illness. Serotonin
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BEHAVIORS
-regulates behavior moods -low serotonin: decrease inhibition so instable, implusive, and tendency to overreact OCD→linked to serotonin damage. |
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Neuroscience portion→ how neurotransmitters help us understand psychopathology→ because we know, how does that help us understand mental illness. Noephinephrine
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may be connected to panic attacks and other disorders It is with stress
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Neuroscience portion→ how neurotransmitters help us understand psychopathology→ because we know, how does that help us understand mental illness. Dopamine
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PLEASURE
-decrease dopamine activity seem to help with schizophrenia 0it may switch on certain brain circuits associated with certain types of behavior Parkinsons caused by decrease in dopamine. |
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Know what is structured and semi-structured interview
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Semi-structured interview: have phrased questions and tested to elicit useful info.
Disadvantage is that it robs spontaneous questioned, and quality is rigid as well. Clinicians however, can depart from set questions to follow up on specific issue, making it semi-structured. Structured Interview: administered wholly by a computer, not wholly caught on, but only used in some settings. |
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MMPI II
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: It differs from MMPI for it has new norms, and is updated. It is all T/F questions. Main problem is that it is long. This new version has 567 items. MMPI: look at patterns of responses who have specific disorders. Also, MMPI 2 has been standardized with a sample that reflects the 1980 Census figures, including African Americans and native Americans for the first time. Also included is things like type A personality, low self-esteem, and family problems.
Very reliable and attest validity. MUST rely on the standard means of interpretation |
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MMPI-A
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It is a personality inventory we have made for adolescents.
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WAIS-III:
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Another interlligence test. It is the version for adults, and all these tests contain verbal scles, and performance scales.
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WISC IV:
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Intelligence test for children based of Wechsler’s studies.
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NEO-PI-R
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: Personality inventory, and measures Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.
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Know what makes an IQ score, a high one
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IQ is not intelligence. It was made to predict academic success. It is mental age divided by chonological age x 100.
A score is high if it is high in its deviation, or in comparison to those in same age group. |
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Know a little bit about projective tests,
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Projective testing is not really valid nor reliable.
Tries to measure the unconscious, and based on the psychoanalytic theory. Ex: Rorschach Inkblot test (not valid or reliable) Thematic apperception test: 31 cards and tell story from the cards. People tell unconscious via story telling. Problem is that it is inconsistent. |
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Know the different axis in the DSM (Axis I, Axis II)
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AXIS I: Clinical Disorders (ADHD, Schizophrenia)
AXIS II: Maladaptive personality traits, and personality and retardation. Also includes brain development issues AXIS III: General Medical (Asthma) AXIS IV: Psychosocial and environmental issues (Loss of job or spouse) AXIS V: Global functioning, change in level of functioning in daily living |
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Prevalence:
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how many people in population as a whole have that disorder
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Incidence
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stats on how many new cases occur during given period
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Prognosis:
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Prediction of future development of disorder over time
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comobidity
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Having two of more disorder at same time (like anxiety and depression
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Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist
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Clinical psychologist: severity and higher cases
Counseling psychologist: populations that aren’t as severe Psychicatrist: MD and can prescribe drugs |
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equifinality
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used in developmental psychology but always consider a number of paths to ONE given outcome. SO always need to consider there are many causes to a disorder
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Multi-finality:
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Various number of ends, even though raised in one environment. Such as abuse. One type of abuse, sexual abuse, can be caused by various causes.
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Anxiety
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future oriented mood state; vague sense of threat or danger, and worry is a cognitive element of anxiety
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Fear:
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: immediate response
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Interoceptive avoidance:
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avoidance of internal physical sensations, remove yourself from situations that might provoke physiological response that resembles beginning of panic attack…
Associated with agoraphobia. Often people will avoid exercise. |
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Know a little bit about suicide and gender differences
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Women have three times greater suicidal attempts.
Men have 4-5times greater suicide rates. How to assess suicide: do they have means? Intent? And a plan? |
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Know a little bit about learned helplessness
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Martin Seligman→ said that when behavior has no effect to change the situation (shock with dogs) they learn helplessness, and even if there is an exit, they never take the exit for they believe they are helpless
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Mood:
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persistent period of affect or emotionality
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Affect
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momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say and do
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Personality:
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Enduring tendency to behave in particular predisposed ways across situations
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What makes abnormal behavior, abnormal?
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It causes impairment, distress, and is not typical or culturally expected
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integrative approach:
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multidemensional- Biological, psychological, & social influences on behavior
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why comorbidity exists
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fuzzy border lines of DSM. Not perfect.
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Three compnents that exists on how we view emotions
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Behavior cognitive, and physiology
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