Abnormal Psych - 02 - Research Methods

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translational research

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a scientific approach that focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research

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brain stem

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part of the brain, located at its base, which controls fundamental biological functions, such as breathing

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midbrain

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a portion of the brain stem that coordinates sensory information and movement: includes the reticular activatin system, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

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forebrain

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part of the brain that includes the limbic system, basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex

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cerebral cortex

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the largest part of the forebrain; contains structures that contribute to higher cognitive functioning including reasoning, abstract thought, perception of time and creativity

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temporal lobe

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associated with understanding of auditory and verbal information, labeling of objects, and verbal memory

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parietal lobe

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Integrates sensory information from various sources and may be involved with visuospatial processing

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occipital lobe

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center of visual processing

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frontal lobe

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seat of reasoning, impulse control judgment, language, memory, motor function, problem solving and sexual and social behavior

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endocrine system

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a system in the body that sends messages to the bodily organs via hormones

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hormones

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chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream and act on target organs

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neurotransmitters

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chemical substances that relay electrical signals between one neuron and the next

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neroimaging

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technology that takes pictures of the brain

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neuroanatomy

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brain structure

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familial aggregation

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process of examining whether family members of a person with a particular disorder are more likely to have that disorder than family members of people without the disorder

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proband

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person with a particular disorder in a familial aggregation study

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molecular genetics

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the study of the structure and function of genes at a molecular level

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genomewide linkage analysis

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a technique that uses samples of families with many individuals who are ill with the same disorder or large samples of relatives who have the same disorder to identify genomic regions that may hold genes that influence a trait

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candidate gene association

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compares one or a few genes in a large group of individuals who have a specific trait or disorder with a well-matched group of individuals who do not have the trait or disorder

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genomewide associative study

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unbiased search of the human genome comparing cases and controls on genetic variants scattered across the genome for evidence of association

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case study

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comprehensive description of an individual (or group) that focuses on assessment or description of abnormal behavior or its treatment

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experimental variable

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the variable being tested in an experimental study

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control group

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comparison group for an experimental study; in this gorup, the variable to be studied is absent

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single-case designs

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experimental studies conducted with a single individual

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correlations

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relationships between variables

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correlation coefficient

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statistical figure that describes the direction and strength of the correlation

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controlled group designs

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expreiments in which groups of participants are exposed to different conditions, at least one of which is experimental and one of which is a control

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independent variable

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the variable in a controlled experiment that is controlled by the experimenter

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dependent variable

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the variable in a controlled experiment that is assessed to determine the effect of the independent variable

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random assignment

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the most critical feature of a randomized controlled design wherein each participant has equal probability of being assigned to each experimental or control condition

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placebo control

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a control group in which an inactive treatment is provided

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cohort

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a group of people who share a common characteristic and move forward in time as a unit

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cross-sectional design

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a research design in which participants are assessed once for the specific variable under investigation

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longitudinal design

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a research design in which participants are assessed at least two times and often over a certain time interval

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epidemiology

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a research approach that focuses on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and the factors that influence those patterns

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prevalance

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the number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a designated time

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incidence

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number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a specified period of time

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comorbidity

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the co-occurence of two or more disorders existing in the same person, either at the same time or at some point in the lifetime

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ABAB (reversal) Deisgn

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Alternating phases of treatment/non-treatment to establish that the treatment is causing the behavioral response

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Goodness to fit - desc

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Understanding behaviour within specific context

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Fitness to proceed

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Analysis of individuals tp determine whether they are fit to stand trial

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Abstinence violation effect

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guilt and perceived loss of control after an extended period of abstinence.

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Stimulus-bound anxiety

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Identifiable object of anxiety

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Free-floating anxiety

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Unidentifiable object of anxiety

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I/P

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Identified Patient

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Serotonin

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Mood regulator associated with depression

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Dopamine

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iated with the reward system of the brain, providing feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement to motivate a person proactively to perform certain activities

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Endorphins

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Produces feeling of well-being

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Defense Mechanisms - Rogers

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Mentally robust people, in exist in the here and now, free of defense mechanisms that would make it difficult for them to accept reality as it is

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Defense Mechanisms - Origin & Desc

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Freud - unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.

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Wolpe - desc

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A stimulus will not elicit anxiety if an incompatible behavior occurs at the same time. i.e it is not possible to feel anxious and relaxed at the same time

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Rogers - desc

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Empathic therapist expressing unconditional regard for patient

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Skinner - desc

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Behavior could be acquired or changed by some sort of reinforcement after the desired behavior