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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
A combination of problems that can occur to a child whose mother drank alcohol while she was pregnant. Problems include fetal growth retardation, cognitive deficits, behavior problems, and learning difficulties. |
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Designer Drugs |
A synthesized or concentration psychoactive chemical that causes a certain feeling, high, or effect in the user. Have a high potential for abuse. |
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Harm Reduction Treatment |
The method of replacing a more harmful behavior for a less harmful one as a way to step down the potential for long term damage. |
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MATCH |
(Matching Alcoholism Treatment to Client Heterogeneity) A program intended to match alcoholism patients to treatments that will better suit them and aid them the most. |
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Personality |
The characteristic ways a person behaves and thinks |
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Dementia Praecox |
An early clinical name for a combination of disorders that is now replaced by the name Schizophrenia. These disorders included catatonia, hebephrenia, and paranoia. |
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Shared Psychotic Disorder (folie a deux) |
A delusional disorder from previous DSM's in which a patient would develop delusions due to a close relationship with a delusional individual. |
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Expressed Emotion (EE) |
In regards to communication, the level of criticism (disapproval), hostility (animosity) and emotional over-involvement (intrusiveness) expressed. |
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Fitness to Stand Trial |
A requirement for individuals to be tried for a criminal offense. It includes 1) The accused is able to assist in his or her defense, 2) the accused understands his role in the proceedings, and 3) the accused understands the nature or object of the proceedings. Being unfit to stand trial means that they are unable to a) understand the nature of object of the proceedings, b) understand the possible consequences of the proceedings, or c) communicate with counsel. |
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Duty to Warn |
An American legal standard and Canadian ethical standard that sets forth the responsibility of the therapist to warn potential victims that a client may attempt to hurt of kill them. |
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Malingering |
Faking or grossly exaggerating symptoms for some intent or purpose. |
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M'Naghten Rule 1843 |
It must be clearly proved that at the time of committing the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he or her was doing; or if they did know it, they he or her did not know what they were doing was wrong. |
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Battered Woman Syndrome |
A state of learned helplessness or post traumatic stress that results from chronic abuse within a relationship such that a woman feels unable to leave. |
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DB: Substance Dependence, Substance Abuse, Substance Intoxication, Substance use |
SD: Addiction consisting of physiological dependence (tolerance and withdrawl) and psychological dependence (drug seeking behaviors and periods of abstinence) SA: Interferes with the users life SI: Getting high or physiological response SU: Ingesting the substance |
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DB: Caffeine use and tobacco related disorders |
Caffeine use: 90% of North. Am.s use and it is thought to be the least harmful of all addictive drugs Tobacco: 1/4 of Canadians. Was widely used and is highly addictive but found to be cancerous. Related to increased alcohol consumption and to depression and anxiety either as a cause or cure. |
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DB: Stimulant Related Disorders |
Amphetamines: Class of synthetic molecules that produce a upper high. Widely abused as a party drug as well as for staying awake. Prescribed for ADHD and narcolepsy. Cause release of and block re-uptake of epinephrine and dopamine. Come down is minor and potential for dependency is very high. Overuse can cause tolerance and overdose very easily. Cocaine: Derived from coca leaves. Were widely popular for a time and have made a come back. Often snorted but also injected. Highly addictive substance with sneaky dependency. Withdrawl causes apathy and boredom. Block re-uptake of dopamine. Chronic use ages brain and causes paranoia, disrupted sleep, and social isolation. |
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DB: Social and cultural dimensions of substance use and abuse |
Social: Access and introduction to drug, social expectation to use, parental pressure can be preventative, Moral weakness view versus disease view. Cultural: Each culture has its own preferences, Social customs can cause increase, poor socioeconomic status can reduce drug availability |
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DB: AA and Controlled Drinking |
AA: Pushes for abstinence. Sees addiction as a disease. Pushes for reliance and acceptance of a higher power to rely on and to support you through the struggle. Falling off the wagon is feared and can cause relapse. Controlled Drinking: Pushes for limited use. Sees use as a habit that needs to be controlled but can be used in moderation. Falling off the wagon is less punished or negative and can help people to continue on easier. No separation from previous social situations needed but much higher chance of relapse and failing. |
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DB: Contingency Management, community reinforcement, an covert sensitization |
Contingency Management: Choosing behaviors that are wanted to change and offering rewards for accomplishing these changes Community Reinforcement: 1) Work to improve positive relationships, 2) work to limit or cut off negative relationships, 3) provide assistance with employment, education, finances, and other social service areas to reduce stress Covert Sensitization: Imagining negative consequences of using the drug to help build a mental reinforcement for not using. |
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DB: Pyromania, kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder, & gambling disorders |
Pyromania: Impulse disorder involving the irresistible urge to set fires. Kleptomania: Recurring failure to resist urges to steal things that are not needed for personal use or their monetary value. Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Aggressive outbursts that can result in assault or property damage. Gambling Disorders: Addictive need to gamble including cravings, withdrawal, and neurological responses to gambling. |
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DSC: 6 general categories of substances: |
1) Depressants: Substances that result in behavioral sedation and can induce relaxation. 2) Stimulants: Substances that cause us to be more active and alert and can elevate mood. 3) Opiates: Produce analgesia temporarily and euphoria. 4) Hallucinogens: Substances that alter sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations. 5) Other Drugs of Abuse: Drugs that are abused but do not fit neatly into one of the categories here. (inhalants, anabolic steroids, prescription meds) 6) Gambling Disorder: Unable to resist the urge to gamble resulting in negative personal consequences. |
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DSC: One Drug in Detail: |
Stats: 1% of adults, 6% of students. 80% of needle exchange clients in Vancouver. Crack cocaine is <1% of adults and 2% of students. Description: White powder derived from coca leaves from latin america. Used to be commonly used and thought to not be addictive. Is often snorted as well as injected. Crack cocaine is crystallized form that is smoked. Causes: blocks reuptake of dopamine in the brain especially in reward circuits. Effects: increases alertness, produces euphoria, increases blood pressure and pulse, and causes insomnia and loss of apatite. Feelings of confidence and invincibility. Paranoia and social isolation. premature aging of brain. Treatment: abstinence. Withdrawal can be aided and then put on various programs to help prevent relapse. |
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DSC: cannabis related disorders: |
Varying effects. Cause mood swings and altered perception. Heightened sensory experience and euphoria. Can turn to hallucinations, paranoia, and dizziness with more ingestion. Long term use causes memory problems, concentration, motivation, self-esteem, relationships with others, and employment. Apathy and loss of motivation. Withdrawal includes irritability, restlessness, apatite loss, nausea, and difficulty sleeping. |
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DSC: Psychological Dimensions of substance disorders |
Positive reinforcement: Trying to recapture positive first experience. Using multiple drugs at the same time. Negative Reinforcement: Use of drugs to escape unpleasantness of life, abuse, or trauma. Start to use drug to alleviate negative symptoms of crash. Self-medication for other disorders. Cognitive Factors: Expectancy effect- idea of what the drug will do. Cravings- powerful urges to use caused by environmental stimuli and personal states. Conditioned Responses- physiological responses to the environment and drug use that effect overdose as well as cravings. Myopia- poor short sighted decision making abilities when intoxicated. |
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DB: Categorical and Dimensional Models: |
Categorical: Idea that personality disorders are different ways of relating to others Dimensional: Idea that personality disorders are extreme versions of normal personality |
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DB: 3 Personality Disorder Clusters: |
A) Odd or eccentric cluster B) Dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster C) Anxious or fearful cluster |
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DB: Cluster B Disorders: |
Antisocial: Fail to comply to social norms, irresponsible, impulsive, deceitful, manipulative, selfish, no care for other people. Borderline: Mood Instability, turbulent relationships, poor self-image. Linked to abuse/abusers. Histrionic: Theatrical in manner, exaggerated emotions, vain, self-centered, seductive, feel uncomfortable not being center of attention. Narcissistic: Self-important, attention needing, lack compassion or sensitivity, grandiose sense of self, envious and arrogant. |
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DB: Criterion Gender Bias and Assessment Gender bias |
Criterion Gender Bias: Bias in the criteria for the disorder Assessment Gender Bias: Bias in the assessment measures and the way they are used |
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DB: Positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms |
Positive: Active manifestations of abnormal behavior or excessive normal behavior.
Negative: Deficits in normal behavior in affect, speech, and motivations. Disorganized: Disorganized behavior such as in speech, affect, behavior, and catatonia. |
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DB: Type of positive symptoms: |
Delusions of grandeur: False concept of reality that overstates the importance or ability of the individual Delusions of Persecution: False concept of reality that focuses on paranoid and victimized ideas of themselves and their surroundings. Hallucinations: False sensations and sensory experiences. |
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DB: Types of negative symptoms: |
Avolation: Inability to initiate and persist in activities Alogia: Relative absence of speech Anhedonia: Loss of motivation and enjoyment in activities Flat Effect: Reduced expression and prosity Asociality: Reduced social behavior and social seeking behavior |
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DB: Psychotic Disorders: |
Schizophreniform Disorder: People who experience the symptoms of schizophrenia for fewer than 6 months. Schizoaffective: Symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorder. Delusional Disorder: People who have a very persistant belief that is not based in reality. In the absence of everything else the delusion will still persist. Brief Psychotic Disorder: People with one or more positive symptoms over the course of less than a month |
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DCB: 2 genetic or cultural influences of schizophrenia |
Genetic: Family studies- the more severe the parents schizophrenia the more likely the children would be severe and all forms of schizophrenia are found within a family and the chances of getting schizophrenia increase substantially if you are a twin or offspring of two schizophrenics. Twin Studies- identical twins show us that nature nurture divide isnt perfect as genetic mutations occur and social environments are different for twins while also the same. Cultural: Universal condition. Higher rates of recovery in Columbia, India, and Nigeria possibly due to different biological influences. Black police prejudice results in higher rates of forceful diagnosis. |
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One type Treatment intervention for Schizophrenia: |
-Antipsychotics such as Clozapine and risperidone -Psychosocial treatments such as establishment of token economies to reward positive behavior. Also living skills programs that focus on helping people take charge of their own care. -Cognitive behavioral training to avoid delusional beliefs and be more aware of reality. |
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Treatment across cultures for schizophrenia: |
China: Antipsychotics as well as traditional herbal medicine and acupuncture. Xhosa (south africa): report to healers who advise oral treatments to induce vomiting, enemas, and the slaughter of cattle to appease spirits. In china individuals are more certain that schizophrenia is caused by past life mistakes. In africa many are kept in prisons for lack of a better option Bali: supernatural beliefs prevent the use of antipsychotics. |
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2 types of psychosocial interventions: |
Tolken economy: Use of a tolken economy to promote healthy and positive behavior. Living Skills Programs: teach people to take charge of their own treatment and to be more aware of their symptoms so they can better manage and control them. Skills training: Used to improve social skills, job skills, and other skills to better reintegrate. |
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LIST: Differences between NGRI (Not guilty by reason of insanity) and NCRMD (not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder): |
1) Insanity is replaced with mental disorder 2) Not guilty is replaced with not criminally responsible 3)Meaning of "wrong" expanded to cover both legal and moral wrongs. |
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DB: Clinical Efficacy and Clinical Utility: |
Clinical Efficiacy: Is the treatment efficient at what it was meant to do in a research setting? |
