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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This states you are born with a genetic vulnerability to developing certain psycolgical disorders; and when paired with a stresser it equals a psychopathology
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Diathesis-stress model
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Vulnerability + stressor =
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Psychopathology
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This takes the diathesis stress model another step; Genetic vulnerability increases probability of experiencing a stressor
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Reciprocal gene-environment model
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These receive, moves and processes information
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Neurons
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how infomation travels inside the neuron; happens by electrical charge
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Action potential
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EEG measures this
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Action potential
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Neg (no info) ----> Pos (info) ---> Neg (no info)
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Action potential
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At the end of the action potential, info goes to the .....
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Terminal buttons
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Infomation traveling from one neuron to the next
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Synaptic transmission
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In synaptic transmission, info goes from the _____ to the _____
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Terminal button
Dendrite |
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Way the informaiton travels; chemical messengers
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters are stored in _____ until they are dumped in teh synaspe
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Vesicles
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In synapse, the neurotransmitters then _____
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Find their receptor site/ shape in the next neuron's denrite
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If enough of the receptor sites are filled, then an _____ will occur on the next neuron
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Action potential
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Neurotransmitters:
Moderates our mood; helps our motivation; moderates bx |
Serotonin
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Neurotransmitters:
Anxiety disorders; reduces anxiety/fear; reduces all emotion; inhibites bx (impulsivness is a problem with the level of this) |
GABA
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Neurotransmitters:
Panic responces; increase HR, RR and B/P; too much = panic attack |
Norepinephine
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Neurotransmitters:
Acts like a master switch; allows other neurotransmitters to do their job; schizph (too much); Parkins (too little) |
Dopamine
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Brain structure:
Primitive; vital body function; keeps us alive; sleep cycle |
Brain stem
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Brain structure:
Structure that sits on top of brain stem; controls emotion and motivation |
Limbic system
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Limbic system:
Feeding, flighting, fleeing, sex |
Hypothalamus
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Limbic system:
Powerful emotion like fear and aggression; big responces; emotional memories |
Amygdala
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Limbic system:
Learning and memeory; can shrink if someone has experienced trauma |
Hippocampus
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Where higher thinking takes place; think logically; memory is stored here
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Cerebral cortex
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Cerebral cortex:
Personality is stored here; helps to inhibit inappropriate bx; impulse control disorders |
Frontal lobe
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Cerebral cortex:
Behind temple; process auditory info |
Temproal lobe
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Cerebral cortex:
On top; sensory info |
Perietal lobe
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Cerebral cortex:
Visual information |
Occipital lobe
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Peripheral neuvous system:
Nerves that control movement |
Somatic nervous system
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Peripheral neuvous system:
Automatic function; HR; RR; digestion... |
Automatic nervous system
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Automatic nervous system:
Panic responces, helps us respond to dangerous situations; flight or fight |
Sympathetic nervous system
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Automatic nervous system:
Slows us down to calm state; decrease HR, RR; bring back to normal state |
Parasympathetic system
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What describes the bx, emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal distress
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DSM-IV-TR
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Scientific study of psychological disorders
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Psychopathology
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Original complain reported by the client to teh therapist
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Presenting problem
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Details of the combonation of bx, thoughts and feelings that make up a particular disorder
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Clinical description
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Number of people with a disorder in the total pop at any given time
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Prevalence
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Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period
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Incidence
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Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time
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Source
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Predicted future development of a disorder
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Prognosis
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Cause or source or a disorder
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Etiology
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Treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors and on psychological influences; cognitive, bx and interpersonal methods
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Psychosocial treatment
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Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts; Freud
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Psychoanalysis
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Explanation of human bx including dysfunction; principles of learning and adapation
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Behaviorism
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Type of thinking: conscience
Driven by: moral principles |
Superego
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Type of thinking: Logical/ rational
Driven by: Reality principle Mediator |
Ego
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Type of thinking: Illogical, emotional and irrational
Driven by: Pleasure principle |
Id
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Part fo the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of person
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Unconscious
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Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension
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Catharsis
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Struggles b/w id, ego and superego
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Intrapsychic conflicts
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Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in responce to particular situation; thoughts to be unconscious processes originating in the ego; used so ego can continue coordinating function
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Defense mechanisms
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The sequence of phases a person passes through during development; each stage known for location of body where id gratificaiton is maximal at that time; Freud
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Psychosexual stages of development
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Birth to 2 years
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Oral stage
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2 to 5 year; potty raining; too much = anally fixated; too little = messy
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Anal stage
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5- 10 years; genitals; little boys want to have sex with mom and girls with dad
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Phallic stage
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Little boys wanting their mothers
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Oedipal complex
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boys think that dad will cut off his penis; this is "why" males have stronger superegos; will resove compled and be dad's buddy
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Castration anxiety
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Girls complex for lusting for dad; then becomes mom's friend
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Electra complex
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WHen little girls realize that they don't have a penis; only way to feel whole again is to have a baby
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Penis envy
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11-13 years; just kinda there
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Latency stage
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teen years to adulthood; can learn to have sexual pleasure and emotional love
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Genital stage
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Theory that emphysizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts
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Ego psychology
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Modern development- study of how children incorporate the memories and values of poeple who are close and important to them
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Object relations
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Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunctioin, based on principles or learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology
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Behavior model
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Acceptance by the counselor of the client's feeling and actions without judgment or condemnation
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Unconditional positive regard
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Classical conditioning
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Pavlov
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Operant conditining; reinforcer/ punisher
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Skinner
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Learned helplessness; puppy in box; maybe in depression people just give up
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Seiigman
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Way we explain/ make sense of a bx; control vs. no control (learned helplessness)
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Attributions
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These are based on shemas and affect our behavior
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Thoughts
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Emotional influences are made up of...
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Cognitions
Physiologic Behaviors |
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Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation
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Systematic desensitization
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Multidimensional integrative approach:
Like conditioning |
Behavioral
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Multidimensional integrative approach:
Like increased HR and RR |
BIological
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Multidimensional integrative approach:
anxiety and fear |
Emotional
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Multidimensional integrative approach:
Rejection? Support? |
Social
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Multidimensional integrative approach:
More or less reactive to a given situation |
Developmental
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This controls the muscles, so damange in this area might make it difficult for us to engage in any voluntary movement, including talking
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Somatic nervous system
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The primary duties of the ANS are to regulate the _____ and the _____
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Cardiovascular and endocrine
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Neuotransmitter currents or neural pathways in the brain
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Brain currents
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Action by whcih a neurotransmitter is drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released in the synaptic cleft
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Reuptake
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Chemical substance that effictively increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects
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Agonist
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Chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter
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Antagonist
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Chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter
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Inverse agonist
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This neurotransmitter is involved in info process, cooridination, eating, sex, aggreassion; regulates our bx, moods and thought processes
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Serotonin
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This reduces postsynaptic activitity which in turn inhibits a variety of bx and emotions; anxiety
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GABA
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Active in CNS and peripheral nervous system; HR, BP, RR; panic attacks and mood disorders
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Norepinephrine
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Generalized function is to activate other neuotransmitters; balances serotonin;
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Dopomine
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Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they amke an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives
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Learned helplessness
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Certain associations can be larned more readily than others because ability has been adaptive for evolution;
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Prepared learning
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Condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events though he/she acts in response to them
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Implicit memory
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Pattern of action elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompained by a characteristic physiological response; action tendency; tendency to behave in a certain way
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Emotion
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Enduring period of emotionality
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mood
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Conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action at a given time; momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do
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Affect
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Systematic evaluations and measurements of psychological, biological and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder
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Clinical assessment
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Process of determining wether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder
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diagnosis
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Why we do assessments: (6)
1. How are they doing right now 2. Normal vs. abnormal 3. Treatment working? 4. Steps to follow 5. What do they have 6. Suicidal? Homosidal? |
1. Baseline function
2. Comparison to other people 3. Evaluation of treatment 4. Planning and guiding therapy 5. Diagnosis 6. Predict behavior |
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Degree to whcih a measurement is consistent
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Reliability
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Degree to which a technique acually measures what it says it is going to measure
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Validity
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Where the MSE takes place; detailed hx is gathered; presenting problem is discussed.
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Clinical interview
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MSE looks at (5) things:
1. looking for something that stands out 2. Speech process? Looseness of association? 3. Do these match? 4. Average? Bright? can they talk in abstracts and metaphors? 5. A & O x 3 |
1. Appearance and bx
2. Though process 3. Mood and affect 4. Intellectual functioning 5. Sensorium |
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Process of establishing specific norms and requirements for a measurement technique to ensure consistency
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Standarization
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Measuring, observing and systematicall evaluating the client's thoughts, feelings and behavior in teh actual problem situation
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Behavioral assessment
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This involves indentifying specific bx that are observable and measureable (operational definitions)
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Formal observation
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Go and observe client where problem bx is taking place
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Direct observation
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Used as assessment tools before treatment and then periodically during treatment to assess changes; can be compared with others
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CHecklists and rating scales
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Psychoanalytically based measures that present ambiguous stimuli to clenit on teh assumption that their responses will reveal their uncoscious conflicts; lack high reliability and validity
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Projective Tests
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Projective test:
Report what the stimulus means like the rorsharch/ word association |
Association test
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Projective test:
Person generates a story- psy shows a pic and then pt makes up a story like TAT, Roberts AP |
COnstruction test
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Self-reporting questionnaries that assess personal traits by asking respondents to identify descriptions that apply to them; MMPI
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Personality inventories
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The personality inventories are
1. Science based 2. Responce is not interpreted 3. yes or no only |
1. Empirically based
2. Items are objective 3. Forced choice repsonce |
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Adv to the _____
1. High relibility and validity 2. Inexpensive 3. Easy to administer |
Personality inventories
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Disadv to ______
1. Easy to fake 2. Forced choice nature |
Personality inventories
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When the pt finishes a story
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Completion
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WHen asked to describe self though an activity; i.e. draw-a-person, house-tree-person
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Expressive
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Adv to _____
1. Open ended 2. hard to fake |
Completion and expressive
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Disadv to ____
1. Expensive and time conusming 2. Poor realiability and validity |
Completion and expressive
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Assessment of brain and nervous system functioning by testing an individuyals performance on bx tasks; looks specifically for brain damange/ injuries
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Neuropsychological testing
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Clinical symptoms; all of the psychological disorders except personality disorders
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Axis I
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Personality disorder and mental retardation
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Axis II
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General medical conditions; anything that may be influening how they are doing
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Axis III
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Psychosocial and enviornmental; anything that is causing stress
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Axis IV
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Global assessment of functioning scale
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Axis V
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Unwanted pregnancy
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Axis III
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GAF = 40
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Axis V
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Major depression, alcholism
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Axis I
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Dumped by boyfriend; failing classes; parents' rejection
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Axis IV
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No personality disorder; None
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Axis II
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Psychopathology is a bx or psychological pattern that either:
1. Has caused _____ or 2. Has ______ the person in one or more significant areas |
Stress
Disabled |
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System of naming and classification in science
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Taxonomy
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Classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena
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Nosology
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Classificaiton method founded on teh assumption of clear-cut differences amount disorders, each with a differnt known cuase
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Classical categorical approach
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Method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum rather than on a binary, either-or or all-or-none basis
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dimensional approach
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System for categorizing disorders using essential, defining characteristics and a range or variation on other characteristics
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Prototypical approach
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Educated guess or statement to be tested by research
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Hypothesis
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Phenomenon that is measured and expected to be influenced; "effect"
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DV
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Manipulated by experimenter; cause
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IV
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Extent to which the results of a research study can be attributed to the independent variable after confounding alternative explanations have been ruled out
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Internal validity
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Extent to which research study findings generalize, or apply, to people and setting no involved in teh study
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External validity
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Any factor occurring in a research study taht makes the results uninterpretable b/c its effects cannot be separated from those of the variables being studied
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Confound
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Approach to research employing subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions
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Analog model
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Probability that obtaiing the observed research findings merely by chance is small
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Statistical significance
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Degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems
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Clinical significance
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Possibility that, when two variables, A and B are correclated, variable A causes variable B or visa-vera
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Directionality
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Research method examining the prevalence, distribution and consequences of disorders in population
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Epidemiology
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Can establish causation by manipulating the variables and controling alternative explanation
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experiemnt
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Degree of change in a pnenomenon over time
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Variability
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Direction of change of a bx or bxs
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Trend
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Degree of bx change with different interventions
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level
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Removing a treatment to note whether it has been effective
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WIthdrawl design
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Observable characteristics or bx of an individual
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Phenotype
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Specific genetic makeup of an ind
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Genotype
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Ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a reserach study only after they receive full disclose about the nature of the study and their role in it
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Informed consent
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Conditions that bias diagnosis:
1. Setting 2. If we want to see pathology, we will 3. if someone with authority tells us one thing, will believe it 4. like age, culture, race |
1. Context
2. Expectation 3. Source credibility 4. Bias based on client characteristics |
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WHen we do this, it leaves the pt sounding like disease and not human
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Labeling
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WHy diagnose?
1. Helps us choose best ____ 2. Helps us do ____ on disorder 3. Makes ____ easier b/w professionals |
1. Treatment
2. Research 3. COmmunication |
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Situational determinants of bx; ABC; Like direct observation, Self-monitoring and checklists and rating scales
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Behavioral assessment
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Partisipants are equal; like friends or colleagues
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symmetrical
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One participant is superior to the other
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complementary
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Ensures that the meaning of the message is accurately understood by both parties
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clarity
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Promotes connections among ideas
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continuity
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Verbal messagage
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content
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Nonverbal behavior
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process
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conflicting message
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double messages
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mix of content and process
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double-bind message
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0-18 inches
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intimate distance
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18-40 inches
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personal distance
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4-12 ft
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social distance
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12 ft or more
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public distance
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voice loudness, pitch, rate and fluency
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paralinguistics
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giving neutral feedback in form of restating or summarizing what the cleint has already said
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verbal tracking
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these people have been taught to avoid eye contact with authority figues
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hispanic
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these people show respect by avoiding eye contact
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asians
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specific channel fro transmitting and receiving messages
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silence
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yes, uh-huh
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accepting
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indicates awareness of change and personal efforts; good morning, your've combed your hair...
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giving recognition
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I would like to spend time with you
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offering self
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go on, and then?, tell me about it
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offering general leads
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Where would you like to begin?, what are you thinking about?
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giving broad openings
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You appear tense, i noticed you are biting your lips
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Making observations
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Tell me what that's like for you...
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encouraging description of perception
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tell me about that
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exploring
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My purpose for being here is....
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Giving info
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I am not sure I follow you
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Seeking clarification
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What you should never say; implys criticim
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Why questions
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Threat-to survival is conveyed by the
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hypothalamas
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Pituitary begins mobilizing the release of the
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adrenocorticotripic hormone (ACTH)
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With the GAS model, the body reacts psysiologically in the same manner regarless of whether the stress is _____ or _____
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real or preceived
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This involves stressors like trauma, cold/heat, infection...
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Physicial stressors
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This includes things like divorce, loss of job...
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Psychological stressors
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This includes a number of relaxation techniques (meditiation, guided imagery, breathing exercises, and muscles relaxation, biofeedback
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Behavioral methods
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Teaches cleint how to switch from teh sympathetic mode of the autonomic nervous system to relaxation
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Benson's relaxation technique
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creates a hypometabolic state of quieting the sympathetic nervous system
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MEditation
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person to led to envison images that are both calming and health enhancing
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guided imagery
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cognitive-behavioral therapy; gives a person prompt and exact info, regarding muscle activity, brain waves, skin temp...
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biofeedback
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journal keeping, priority restructuring, cognitive reframing, humor and assertiveness training
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cognitive approaches
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involves shifting the balance from stress producting to stress-reducing activities
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priority restructuring
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greater postiive affect and higher self-esteem; like "I will have to study hard for this course" instead of "I can't pass this course." or overgeneralizations can also be changed
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Cognitive reframing
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State produced by a change in the enviornment tha tis perceived as challening, threatening or damaging to a person's well-being
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Stress
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Universal human experience; most basic of all emotions
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anxiety
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reaction to a specific danger
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fear
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normal experince of everyday living; ability of perceive reality is brought into sharp focus; like nail biting, foot tapping...
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mild anxiety
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Perceptual field narrows; sees and hears less info; but learning and problem solving can still take place although not at optimal level
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Moderate anxiety
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Perceptual field is greatly reduced; focus on one particular detain and many scattered details; may have difficulty noticing what is going on in the enviornment
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Severe anxiety
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Maredly disturbed bx; confusion, shouting, screaming, withdrawl
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Panic level of anxiety
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Meeting the needs of others; healthy coping mechanism
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Altruism
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Unconscious process of substituting contructive and socially accepting activity for stong impulses that are not acceptible in their original form; this is always a healthy coping mechanism
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Sublimation
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Conscious denial of a disturbing situation or feeling
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Suppression
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Exclusion of unpleasant or unwanted experiences, emotions or ideas; cornerstone of the defense mechanism
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Repression
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Tranfer of emotions assoicated with a particular person, object or situation to another person that is nonthreating; boss yells at man... man at wife... wife at kid...
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Displacement
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Unacceptable feelings or behaviors are kept out of awareness by developing opposite behavior or emiotn
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reaction formation
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Physical symptoms to stress
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Somatization
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Makes up for act or communicaiton
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Undoing
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A disruption in teh usually integrated functions of conscious, memeory, identity or perception fo the environment
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Dissociation
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Emotional conflicts or stressors are dealt with by attributing negative qualities to self or others
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devaluation
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Emotional conflicts or stressors are dealt with by attributing exaggerated positive qualities to others
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idealization
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Inability to integrate the pos and neg qualities of oneself or other into a cohesive image
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splitting
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Hallmark of blaming or scapegaoting; poeple who always feel others are out to get them
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Projection
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Escaping unpleasent realities by ignoring their excistance
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denial
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