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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are acids
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substances that release a H+ ion when the substance is dissolved in water
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what are substances bind free H+ ions in solution, accept H+ and and act to reduce the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution
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bases
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what is a buffer
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substances that either release a H+ ion into a fluid or bind a H+ ion from a fluid
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what is the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration & pH
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it is inverse in that if H+ ion concentration increases, the pH falls making the solution more acidic and if the H+ ion concentration falls, the pH rises making the solution more alkaline
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what are two ways buffers react when dissolved in water
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release a H+ ion = acts like an acid
binds a H+ ion = acts like a base |
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bicarbonate-carbonic acid
phosphate protein |
the 3 buffer systems of the body
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what is a volatile
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CO2 and is excreted by the lungs;
metabolism of food for energy |
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what is a non-volatile acid
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lactic acid, acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutrate (organic acids);
protein, fat & CHO metabolism |
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what is the normal values for
pH PaCO2 (CO2) PaCO3 (CO3) PaO2 SaO2 |
7.35 - 7.45 (>7.35 acidic; <7.45 alkaline)
35 - 45 (>45 acidic; <35 alkaline) 22 - 26 (>22 acidic; <26 alkaline) 90 - 110 |
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what is respiratory acidosis
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under elimination of H+ ions - reasons people don't exhale
-respiratory depression -inadequate chest expansion -alveolar-capillary block |
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anesthetics, opiods, electrolyte imbalance, cerbral edema, neurological diseases (polio, Guillan-Barre, myasthenia gravis)
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examples of respiratory depression
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skeletal deformities
mm weakness nonpulmonary restrictions such as obesity, fluid, tumor, body cast airway obstruction such as asthma, cancer, bronchiolitis |
examples of inadequate chest expansion
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thrombus, embolus
pneumonia, emphysema pulmonary edema, atelectasis, ARDS TB cystic fibrosis cancer |
examples of alveolar capillary block
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what is metabolic acidosis
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over production of H+ ion; under elimination of H+ ion; under production of bicarbonate; and over elimination of bicarbonate
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what are examples of metabolic acidosis
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diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation (excessive oxidation of fatty acids)
heavy exercise, seizure activity, fever, hypoxia, ischemia (hypermetabolism) renal failure pancreatitis & liver failure dehydration diarrhea buffering of organic acids |
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what causes metabolic alkalosis
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increase of base components and decrease of acid components
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prolonged vomiting, NG suctioning, Cushing's syndrome, Thiaxide diuretics, ingestion of antacids, blood transfusions, administered sodium bicarbonate, and total parenteral nutrition
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examples of metabolic alkalosis
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what are hyperventilation and hypoxemia
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2 causes of excessive loss of carbon dioxide resulting in respiratory alkalosis
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reading ABG's what is the respiratory component and the metabolic component
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PaCO2 (35 - 45)
PaHCO3 (22 - 26) |
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what is the level if the component that doesn't match the acid-base status is within normal levels
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uncompensated level
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what level is it if the pH is outside the normal range and the component that doesn't match the acid-base status is above or below normal
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partially compensated
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what level is it if pH is normal and the over values are abnormal and moving in the opposite direction from each other
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fully compensated
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what happens if the client's respiration changes
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the ABGs change
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what is the Allen's test
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ensures adequate collateral circulation
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what is the difference between compensation and correction
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compensation is the body's attempt to return the pH to normal, the lungs have to compensate for altered levels of metabolic acids, and the kidneys compensate for altered levels of bicarbonate acid
correction of H2CO3 deficit or excess an intact respiratory system is needed while an HCO3 deficit or excess an intact renal system is needed |
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loss of body water causes increased serum osmolality resulting in what
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cellular shrinkage and thirst sensation
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what is the pressure exerted by the plasma proteins
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oncotic pressure
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proportionate loss of water & electrolytes cause
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isotonic fluid deficit
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what is the most serious consequence of hyperkalemia
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cardiac arrest
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what are the causes of edema
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increased capillary filtration
decreased capillary oncotic pressure increased capillary permeability lymph obstruction |
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what is third spacing
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accumulation of fluid in the serous cavities - heart, lungs, organs
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