Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Chemistry |
The organized study of the composition and interactions of matter |
|
|
John Dalton |
Proposed the atomic theory of matter |
|
|
Elements |
Substances composed of a single type of atom |
|
|
Compounds |
Substances composed of more than one type of atom linked together |
|
|
Chemical symbol |
Abbreviations for the elements of the periodic table |
|
|
Subatomic particles |
Very small particles of which atoms are composed |
|
|
Nucleus |
Dense central core of an atom |
|
|
Protons |
Nucleons that carry a positive electrical charge |
|
|
Atomic number |
Number of protons in the nucleus |
|
|
Neutron |
Nucleon with no electrical charge |
|
|
Isotopes |
Atoms that are the same element but have different numbers of neutrons |
|
|
Quarks |
Of what protons and neutrons are composed |
|
|
Electron |
The third component of the atom which is found outside the nucleus |
|
|
Electron shell |
The layers around the nucleus |
|
|
Ion |
An atom that has an electrical charge because of losing or gaining electrons |
|
|
Anions |
Negative ions |
|
|
Cations |
Positive ions |
|
|
Mass number |
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
|
|
Atomic mass units (u) |
What is used to measure the masses of atoms |
|
|
Average atomic mass |
Average mass of of all the natural isotopes of an element |
|
|
Quantum theory |
States that tiny particles such as electrons do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow but rather in a "packet" called a quantum |
|
|
Bohr model |
The most familiar model of the atom which was proposed by Neils Bohr |
|
|
Wave mechanical model |
Was proposed by Erwin Schrodinger and explained some puzzling features of the atomic structure |
|
|
Heisenberg uncertainty principle |
States that simultaneously measuring both the position and velocity of an electron is impossible |
|
|
Electron-cloud model |
A modified form of the wave- mechanical model |
|
|
Orbitals |
Regions in which electrons move unpredictably |
|
|
Quantum |
What mathematically represents the overall motion of each electron |
|
|
Pauli exclusion principle |
Says that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers |
|
|
Nuclear radiation |
What is given off when an atomic nucleus breaks up or undergoes a change |
|
|
Radioactive |
Substance that is unstable and likely to produce radiation |
|
|
Radioactive decay |
A process in which atoms are changed into atoms of another substance |
|
|
Half-life |
Decay rate of a substance |
|
|
Alpha decay |
Occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of 2 protons and 2 neutrons , called an alpha particle |
|
|
Bets decay |
Occurs when a neutron changes into proton, emitting an an electron, or beta particle |
|
|
Beta decay |
Occurs when a neutron changes into proton, emitting an an electron, or beta particle |
|
|
Gamma decay |
Occurs when an excited nucleus releases energy without a change in the number of protons or neutrons as gamma radiation |
|
|
Nuclear fission |
The process of splitting a nucleus into several pieces |
|
|
Nuclear fission |
The process of splitting a nucleus into several pieces |
|
|
Chain reaction |
Domino effect in nuclear fission |
|
|
Critical mass |
The amount of fissionable material needed for a chain reaction |
|
|
Atomic bomb |
Device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction |
|
|
Atomic bomb |
Device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction |
|
|
Nuclear reactor |
Is used to harness a type of controlled chain reaction |
|
|
Atomic bomb |
Device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction |
|
|
Nuclear reactor |
Is used to harness a type of controlled chain reaction |
|
|
Breeder reactors |
Produce more nuclear fuel than they use |
|
|
Atomic bomb |
Device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction |
|
|
Nuclear reactor |
Is used to harness a type of controlled chain reaction |
|
|
Breeder reactors |
Produce more nuclear fuel than they use |
|
|
Nuclear fusion |
Process of combining 2 nuclei to form a heavier nucleus |
|
|
Atomic bomb |
Device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction |
|
|
Nuclear reactor |
Is used to harness a type of controlled chain reaction |
|
|
Breeder reactors |
Produce more nuclear fuel than they use |
|
|
Nuclear fusion |
Process of combining 2 nuclei to form a heavier nucleus |
|
|
Valence electrons |
The electrons in the valence shell |
|
|
Atomic bomb |
Device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction |
|
|
Nuclear reactor |
Is used to harness a type of controlled chain reaction |
|
|
Breeder reactors |
Produce more nuclear fuel than they use |
|
|
Nuclear fusion |
Process of combining 2 nuclei to form a heavier nucleus |
|
|
Valence electrons |
The electrons in the valence shell |
|
|
Octet rule |
Says that most atoms tend to react to obtain 8 electrons in their valence shell |
|
|
Atomic bomb |
Device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction |
|
|
Nuclear reactor |
Is used to harness a type of controlled chain reaction |
|
|
Breeder reactors |
Produce more nuclear fuel than they use |
|
|
Nuclear fusion |
Process of combining 2 nuclei to form a heavier nucleus |
|
|
Valence electrons |
The electrons in the valence shell |
|
|
Octet rule |
Says that most atoms tend to react to obtain 8 electrons in their valence shell |
|
|
Periodic law |
Says that when elements are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers, they show regular and repeating, or periodic, properties |
|
|
Periodic table of the elements |
Table of the elements arranged by atomic number and number of valence electrons |
|
|
Periodic table of the elements |
Table of the elements arranged by atomic number and number of valence electrons |
|
|
Period |
Row |
|
|
Periodic table of the elements |
Table of the elements arranged by atomic number and number of valence electrons |
|
|
Period |
Row |
|
|
Group |
Column |
|
|
Main-group elements |
Groups 1,2 & 13-18 |
|
|
Metals |
Hard, dense, shiny objects; good conductors of heat and electricity |
|
|
Metals |
Hard, dense, shiny objects; good conductors of heat and electricity |
|
|
Nonmetals |
Soft with low melting points and densities; poor conductors of heat and electricity |
|
|
Metals |
Hard, dense, shiny objects; good conductors of heat and electricity |
|
|
Nonmetals |
Soft with low melting points and densities; poor conductors of heat and electricity |
|
|
Semimetals |
Metalloids; have properties between metals and nonmetals |
|
|
Alkali metals |
Group 1 ; very soft, shiny metals with low melting points; have 1 valence electron |
|
|
Alkali metals |
Group 1 ; very soft, shiny metals with low melting points; have 1 valence electron |
|
|
Alkaline earth metals |
Group 2; harder, denser, and less reactive but still softer and less dense than most metals |
|
|
Alkali metals |
Group 1 ; very soft, shiny metals with low melting points; have 1 valence electron |
|
|
Alkaline earth metals |
Group 2; harder, denser, and less reactive but still softer and less dense than most metals |
|
|
Transition metals |
Groups 3-12; have 1 or 2 valence electrons; strong, hard, and durable |
|
|
Alkali metals |
Group 1 ; very soft, shiny metals with low melting points; have 1 valence electron |
|
|
Alkaline earth metals |
Group 2; harder, denser, and less reactive but still softer and less dense than most metals |
|
|
Transition metals |
Groups 3-12; have 1 or 2 valence electrons; strong, hard, and durable |
|
|
Inner transition metals |
Fit between groups 3&4; have 2 valence electrons |
|
|
Mixed groups |
Groups 13, 14, and 13 |
|
|
Halogens |
Group 17; means salt formers; includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine |
|
|
Halogens |
Group 17; means salt formers; includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine |
|
|
Noble gases |
Group 18; rarely combine with other elements; have 8 valence electrons |
