Abdominal Pathology Final - Renal & Bladder Pathology

Front 1

Nephrons destroyed and replaced by cysts and usually see cysts in other organs with this.

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APKD

Front 2

The most common cause of renal failure in adults.

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Adult PKD

Front 3

Compkications are hypertension, hemorrhagic cysts, pus filled cysts, and Ureteric obstruction.

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APKD

Front 4

Get enlarged kidney's, non- communicating cysts, Cortico- medullary differentiation, and always bilateral.

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APKD

Front 5

Abdominal/flank pain, hematuria, hypertension

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symptoms of APKD

Front 6

Bilaterally enlarged, echogenic kidney's seen in utero that can cause renal insufficiency.

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Infantile PKD

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What can renal insufficiency in babies cause?

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Lung Hypoplasia

Front 8

Mult unilateral cysts affecting a kidney that are due to a urinary tract obstruction during embyogenesis.

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MDKD

Front 9

Absence of normal parenchyma due to non- comm cysts & cyst wall calcifications.

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MDKD

Front 10

Bilateral dilitation of the collecting ducts in medulla that doesn't affect fx of kidney.

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Medullary sponge kidney

Front 11

Calcium deposits in renal parenchyma that rarely shadow and entire pyramid may appear echogenic.

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Nephrocalcinosis

Front 12

3X more common in males & aka "Staghorm Calculi" that can be unilateral or bilateral.

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Nephrolithiasis

Front 13

What is an indication of a metabolic abnormality.

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Nephrocalcinosis

Front 14

cysts less then 2cm that causes nephrocalcinosis to form as well as infection.

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Medullary Sponge kidney

Front 15

"Gravel in collecting system"

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Nephrocalcinosis

Front 16

Symptoms of renal pain, hematuria, & pyuria.

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Nephrolithiasis

Front 17

"Reflux to kidney"

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Hydronephrosis

Front 18

In pregancy it is normal to have hydro on what kidney?

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Right

Front 19

Reflux from a full bladder, PUV, UPJ, Bladder neck obstruction, tumors, blood clots are causes of what?

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Hyrdronephrosis

Front 20

Dilatation of renal collecting system due to obstruction of outflow of urine.

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Hydronephrosis

Front 21

What are Intrinsic causes of Hydro?

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Calculi, blood clots, pyelonephritis, tumors, strictures

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Extrinsic causes of Hydro? (causes outside kidney)

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Stones, prostate enlargement, tumors, inflammation, full bladder, bood clots, pregnancy, fx disorders.

Front 23

Congenital causes of Hydro?

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PUV, UPJ, bladder neck obstruction

Front 24

Creates a "Cauliflower" shape to pelvis, that's not associated with cortical thinning but dilated calyces only.

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Moderate Hydro

Front 25

1 large sonolucent mass w/in kidney, cortical thinning due to compression, and distension of entire pelvic/ calyceal system.

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Severe Hydro

Front 26

What are the Renal lab values?

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Creatine, Urine Ph, Blood in urine, BUN, UA

Front 27

An increase in acid in urine causes what? Increase alkaline causes what?

Back 27

Stone formation= acid
Renal failure = alkaline

Front 28

The most common disease of the urinary tract involving nephrons & renal pelvis.

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Pyelonephritis

Front 29

Results from an Ascending UTI, unilateral, and in diabetics.

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Pyelonephritis

Front 30

Inflammation of 1 or both kidneys that is hypoechoic due to edema.

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Pyelonephritis

Front 31

What are the Renal lab values?

Back 31

Creatine, Urine Ph, Blood in urine, BUN, UA

Front 32

An increase in acid in urine causes what? Increase alkaline causes what?

Back 32

Stone formation= acid
Renal failure = alkaline

Front 33

The most common disease of the urinary tract involving nephrons & renal pelvis.

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Pyelonephritis

Front 34

Results from an Ascending UTI, unilateral, and in diabetics.

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Pyelonephritis

Front 35

Inflammation of 1 or both kidneys that is hypoechoic due to edema.

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Pyelonephritis

Front 36

Flank pain, fever/chills, dysuria, pyuria, leukocytosis

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clinical signs of Pyelonephritis

Front 37

What are the 2 types of Pyelonephritis?

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XanthoGranulomatous & pyonephritis

Front 38

Obstructed & infected collecting system w/echogenic pus

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Pyonephritis

Front 39

Chronic Pyelonephritis with obstruction that has a long standing calculi that clinically presents with a UTI.

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Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Front 40

Can mimic Renal Cancer by creating inflammatory masses within the kidney

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Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Front 41

Hyperechoic cortex, well visualized pyramids, hematuria, Hypertension, No urine output.

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Glomerulonephritis

Front 42

aka "Mycetoma"

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Fungus balls

Front 43

Hyperechoic, non-shadowing mass that appear as a stone but there is no shadowing.

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Fungus balls

Front 44

Inflammation or necrosis of Glomeruli due to infection of tubules affecting kidney fx.

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Glomerulonephritis

Front 45

Flank pain, fever, chills, occuring in patients w/ diabetes, neonates, or a malignancy.

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Fungus balls or Mycetoma

Front 46

Infection due to inflammation, stone reflux, neurogenic bladder, diabetes

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Renal Abscess

Front 47

largest cystic collection of lymphatic fluid caused by renal damage that may or may not contain septations.

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Lymphocele

Front 48

Perinephric fluid collection that is larger then a urinoma or renal abscess.

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Lymphocele

Front 49

Complex mass with septations, "dirty shadows", thick irreg walls with enhancement.

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Renal Abscess

Front 50

Anechoic fluid escaped from vessels and leaked into surrounding tissues outside the kidney.

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Urinoma

Front 51

Well defined, smooth tumor that creates "stellate scar"

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Oncocytoma

Front 52

Adenoma that grows very fast and cannot be distinquished from Renal cell CA.

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Oncocytoma

Front 53

List the 3 solid benign renal masses:

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Adenoma,
Oncocytoma,
Angiomyolipoma

Front 54

aka "Renal Hamartoma"

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Angiomyolipoma

Front 55

Usually located near lower pole of kidney that come from renal injuries, surgeries, tumor, calc erosion, or ureteral obstruction.

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Urinoma

Front 56

A highly vascular tumor that attenuates sound less then 3cm found incidentally.

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Adenoma

Front 57

A highly vascular tumor that attenuates sound less then 3cm found incidentally.

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Adenoma

Front 58

Painless hematuria thats asymptomatic & benign counterpart to Renal cell CA

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Renal Adenoma

Front 59

Painless hematuria thats asymptomatic & benign counterpart to Renal cell CA

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Renal Adenoma

Front 60

The most common benign Kidney mass

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Adenoma

Front 61

The most common benign Kidney mass

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Adenoma

Front 62

Benign renal mass found in the cortex.

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Adenoma & Angiomyolipoma

Front 63

Benign renal mass found in the cortex.

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Adenoma & Angiomyolipoma

Front 64

"Hemangioma of the kidney"

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Angiomyolipoma

Front 65

"Hemangioma of the kidney"

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Angiomyolipoma

Front 66

What are 3 types of solid malignant renal masses?

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Renal Cell CA,
Transitional Cell CA,
Nephroblastoma

Front 67

aka "HyperNephroma" or "AdenoCarcinoma"

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Renal Cell Carcinoma

Front 68

The most common primary malignant tumor of the Kidney.

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Renal Cell CA

Front 69

Malignant Cortical Tumor, that's unilateral, more common in men, and get gross hematuria/pain when large.

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Renal Cell Carcinoma

Front 70

Tumor that spreads by way of Renal Vein so must always check IVC. Most likely to spread to lungs. Can get a clot in RV.

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Renal Cell Carcinoma

Front 71

What stage of Renal Cell CA is it when the tumor is confined w/in the capsule?

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Stage 1

Front 72

What stage of Renal Cell CA is it when the tumor is in the lymph nodes or venous structures?

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Stage 3

Front 73

What stage of Renal Cell CA is it when the tumor has invaded adjacent organs and metastasized?

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Stage 4

Front 74

What stage of Renal Cell CA is it when the tumor has invaded perinephric fat?

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Stage 2 Renal Cell CA

Front 75

Malignant tumor of the renal collecting system of renal pelvis, ureter, & bladder.

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Transitional Cell CA

Front 76

Most commonly found in the bladder and the symptoms are the same as Renal Cell CA, gross hematuria.

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Transitional Cell CA

Front 77

Mimics a blood clot/abscess and in the center of the kidney, so small, hard to detect.

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Transitional Cell CA

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aka "Wilms Tumor"

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Nephroblastoma

Front 79

The most common solid kidney/abdominal tumor found in children.

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Nephroblastoma

Front 80

Associated with Beckwith- Wiedemann Syndrome that can metastasize to nodes, liver, and lungs.

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Nephroblastoma,

"Wilms Tumor"

Front 81

Where is a transplanted kidney placed in body?

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Retroperitoneum w/in Iliac Fossa, anterior to psoas & Iliac Veins.

Front 82

What is the RA attached to during a kidney transplant?

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External Iliac Artery

Front 83

What is the RV attached to during a kidney transplant?

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Internal Iliac Vein

Front 84

What is the ureter attached to during a renal transplant?

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The bladder

Front 85

What are complications associated w/a renal transplant?

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Fever, inc creatinine levels, fluid around kidney, Rejection, drug nephrotoxicity, Infection, obstruction, ATN, Risk Malignancy

Front 86

What are signs of renal rejection?

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Enlarged/incr echogenicity,
Hyperechoic cortex,
Distorsion of renal outline,
Patchy sonolucent areas w/in cortex & Medulla

Front 87

Type of rejection that causes renal tubules to shut down from an arterial obstruction.

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Acute Tubular Necrosis

Front 88

Loss of blood, decrease renal bp, renal shutdown, Renal parenchyma unchanged are related to what?

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Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Front 89

#1 cause of Renal Failure during a transplant that affects the filtration process.

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acute tubular necrosis

Front 90

#1 complication of a renal transplant.

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Infection

Front 91

The bladder wall should not be more then ____mm or ____mm distended.

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5-6mm, 3mm distended

Front 92

Bladder calculi are asymptomatic unless what happens?

Back 92

enter upper urinary tract & pass into the bladder, or if a cathetor is used over long period of time.

Front 93

More common in females, ascending UTI, get during pregnancy, or their is coital trauma.

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Cystitis

Front 94

If cystitis is in males, what contrbutes to this?

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Prostatic disease

Front 95

Causes frequency, dysuria, low abd pain over bladder. There is also thickening of bl wall, or fluid/pus w/in bladder.

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Cystitis

Front 96

Pouchlike invagination of the bladder wall -- "outpouching"

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Diverticulum

Front 97

Occurs due to cystitis or bladder neck obstruction and usually on lateral walls. causes UTI's.

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Diverticulum

Front 98

Dilatation of the urethra due to an obstruction in male infants discovered in 1st yr of life.

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PUV -- 75% discovered in 1st yr of life

Front 99

aka "keyhole sign"

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Posterior Urethral Valves

Front 100

Thick bladder wall, hydroureters, possible hydronephrosis with this condition.

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PUV

Front 101

congenital anomolies, diabetes, infection, trauma, cns tumors, spina bifida cause this condition.

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Neurogenic Bladder

Front 102

Hematuria, Dysuria, Frequency/urgency are symptoms of what condition?

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Neurogenic Bladder

Front 103

What are 3 main neoplasms of the bladder?

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Papilloma,
Squamous cell CA,
Transitional Cell CA
Metastasis

Front 104

What do you look for in the bladder?

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Focal thickening of bladder wall or masses projecting into bladder.

Front 105

Painless hematuria with blood clots

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Transitional cell CA

Front 106

Rare, benign bladder tumor attached to the bladder wall by a stalk -- like a polyp.

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Papilloma

Front 107

Largest, most aggressive malignant bladder tumor that occurs in men in 50's that causes infections & stones.

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squamous cell CA

Front 108

Primary bladder CA that lines the renal pelvis, ureter, & bladder. Originates in bladder.

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Transitional cell CA

Front 109

Tumor that occurs in 95% of all bladders; get blood in urine.

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Transitional Cell CA

Front 110

"in pouching of the bladder"
"balloon like dilatation of the ureter protruding into bladder wall.

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Bladder Ureterocele

Front 111

Congenital abnormality that can br associated w/ duplication of renal collecting system.

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Bladder Ureterocele

Front 112

Segment btwn bladder & umbilicus fails to close this is formed and isn't part of the bladder.

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Urachal Cyst or
"Urachal diverticulum" or
"Urachal Sinus"

Front 113

Asymptomatic tubular Cyst on anterior dome of bladder that can extend up to the patients umbilicus.

Back 113

Urachal Cyst