Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
|
Right and left cranial,right and left caudal
|
|
|
What is the lateral part of the middle region of the abdomen?
|
Flank
|
|
|
What are the inguinal regions?
|
Area next to junction of thigh and abdomen.
|
|
|
What is the dorsal part of the flank region?
|
Paralumbar fossa
|
|
|
List the main structures found in the left cranial quadrant?
|
Diaphragm, lft.liver lobes, fundus and body of stomach, cranial pole of left kidney, spleen, left limb of pancreas
|
|
|
List structures crossing the midline bt. the left and right cranial quadrants?
|
Body of stomach, tranverse colon, left limb of pancreas, liver, diaphragm
|
|
|
What main structures are located in the right cranial quadrant?
|
Diaphragm, epiploic foramen, caudal lobe of liver, right lobe and body of pancreas, pylorus and pyloric antrum, descending duodenum, right adrenal, cranial lobe of right kidney
|
|
|
What main structures are located in the right caudal quadrant?
|
descending duodenum, cecum,uterine horn and ovary, caudal pole of right kidney, right ductus deferens, right vaginal ring, right ureter
|
|
|
List structures crossing the midline bt. the left and right caudal quadrants?
|
Uterine body,urinary bladder, prostate (if enlarged), terminal branches of aorta, caudal flexure of duodenum; ileum
|
|
|
List the main structures found in the left caudal quadrant?
|
descending colon, left ureter, caudal mesenteric a., mesocolon, left uterine horn and ovary, left ductus deferens, left vaginal ring, left ureter
|
|
|
Where is the fundus of the stomach located?
|
Left cranial/dorsal abdomen
|
|
|
What structures are easy keys to visualizing the location of other abdominal structures?
|
Descending duodenum on right side and descending colon on left side.
|
|
|
What spaces store milk in the mammary gland?
|
Lactiferous (milk)sinus (cistern)= glands sinus+ teat sinus
|
|
|
What passages lead from the teat sinus to the outside?
|
Teat canal or papillary duct
|
|
|
Generally where do the mammary glands lymphatics drain?
|
Caudal: superficial inguinal ln.; Cranial: to axillary ln (also accessory axillary if present,sternal)
|
|
|
List the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep.
|
EAO
IAO Transverse abdominis and ventrally the Rectus abdominus |
|
|
What is a flat thin tendon called?
|
Aponeurosis
|
|
|
What is the caudal free edge of the aponeurosis of EAO extending from the tuber coxae around the iliopsoas muscle to the prepubic tendon?
|
Inguinal ligament
|
|
|
What is the rectus sheath?
|
Aponeuroses of the abdominal mm. around the rectus abdominis m., meet/ fuse at the linea alba
|
|
|
Which rectus sheath is most clinically important?
|
External rectus sheath
|
|
|
Where do the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles meet/fuse?
|
Midline to form the linea alba
|
|
|
What is the deep fascia of the back?
|
Thoracolumbar fascia
|
|
|
What is the musculotendinous partition between the thorax and abdomen?
|
Diaphragm (cranial boundary of the abdomen)
|
|
|
List the openings through the diaphragm.
|
Aortic, esophageal hiatis and caval foramen
|
|
|
What is the motor innervation of the diaphragm?
|
Phrenic nerve (somatic n.)
|
|
|
How does the cavity of the bony thorax relate to the thoracic cavity?
|
Larger, dome of the diaphragm extends into bony thorax to 6th intercostal space (encases abdomen)
|
|
|
What is the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity?
|
Cranial part, protected by caudal ribs and costal cartilages
|
|
|
What is a directional term for a part further from the mouth?
|
Aborad
|
|
|
What is the term for a part closer to the mouth>
|
Orad
|
|
|
What are the 2 named curvatures of the stomach?
|
greater and lesser curvature
|
|
|
What is the muscular sphincter surrounding the stomach's outflow?
|
Pylorus
|
|
|
List parts of the stomach.
|
Cardia,fundus,body, pylorus (pyloric antrum,pylorus, pyloric opening)
|
|
|
What is the least vascular part of the stomach?
|
Body between 2 curvatures
|
|
|
What side of the animal is the pylorus? The fundus?
|
Pylorus: right (as is duodenum), fundus: left
|
|
|
Which is more ventral the fundus or pylorus of the stomach?
|
Pylorus
|
|
|
Name the 3 divisions of the small intestine.
|
duodenum,jejunum,ileum
|
|
|
Which part of the small intestine has the longest mesentery?
|
Jejunum, give great range of motion
|
|
|
The descending duodenum is on what side of the abdomen?
|
Right
|
|
|
List the parts of the large intestine?
|
Cecum,colon, and rectum, anal canal
|
|
|
Where is the cecum located?
|
Right side (Right caudal quadrant)
|
|
|
To what are species differences in the large intestine due?
|
Modification of the ascending colon
|
|
|
What is the opening of the ileum into the colon (not cecum)?
|
Ileocolic (ileal) opening (orifice)
|
|
|
Name the three parts of the colon.
|
Ascending,transverse and descending
|
|
|
What is the course of the tranverse colon in all domestic species?
|
Right to left cranial to root of mesentery
|
|
|
On which side of the animal is the descending colon?
|
Left, can call it the left colon
|
|
|
What are the reservoirs for secretions opening into the carnivore's anus?
|
Anal sacs (paranal sinuses)
|
|
|
Where do the anal sacs open in the anal canal?
|
4 and 8 o'clock positions
|
|
|
Where is the liver located?
|
Cranial abdomen, above the diaphragm, almost completely intrathoracic.
|
|
|
The renal impression is in which liver lobe? Which side of Liver?
|
Caudate lobe (caudate process), right
|
|
|
What structure stores and concentrates bile?
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
What is the structural unit of the liver?
|
Lobule
|
|
|
List the parts of the pancreas and their locations.
|
Right limb: mesoduodenum, body: near pylorus;
left limb: deep leaf greater omentum |
|
|
Where is the dorsal end of spleen located? Ventral?
|
On left (fixed to greater curvature), variable
|
|
|
What is the elongated area of the spleen where vessels enter?
|
Hilus
|
|
|
What arteries pass from the spleen to the fundus of the stomach?
|
Short gastric aa.
|
|
|
What is a serous membrane?
|
A thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity and covering its organs
|
|
|
Of what does the serosa consists?
|
Layer of mesothelium (simple squamous) & connective tissue backing
|
|
|
What is mesothelium?
|
Epithelium of all serous membranes
|
|
|
What is the purpose of a serous membrane?
|
Secrete fluid to reduce friction bt. organs
|
|
|
Name the serous membranes of the pericardium, thorax, abdomen and vaginal process.
|
Serous pericardium; Pleura; Peritoneum; Vaginal tunic
|
|
|
What serous membrane covers the walls of a cavity?
|
Parietal (parietal means wall)
|
|
|
What serous membrane or serosa covers an organ?
|
Visceral peritoneum (often just called serosa or peritoneum)
|
|
|
What serous membrane connects parietal and visceral or visceral with visceral serosa?
|
connecting
|
|
|
What do clinicians usually call the visceral serosa on an organ?
|
Serosa
|
|
|
What serosa lines the abdomen and covers its organs?
|
Peritoneum (epiploon)
|
|
|
List 3 different types of peritoneum.
|
Parietal, visceral and connecting
|
|
|
List 3 or 4 types of connecting peritoneum.
|
Mesenteries,omenta, ligaments and folds
|
|
|
What peritoneum connects the liver and the ventral abdominal wall?
|
Falciform ligament
|
|
|
How many layers are in the different classifications of peritoneum?
|
Parietal and visceral-1: connecting-2
|
|
|
What is the peritoneal cavity?
|
Potential space bt. parietal and visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
What is in the peritoneal cavity?
|
scant amount of fluid, no organs
|
|
|
Name 2 subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity?
|
Ovarian bursa and omental bursa
|
|
|
List the 3 pouches of the peritoneum?
|
Rectogenital, vesicogenital, pubovesical
|
|
|
What does retroperitoneal mean?
|
behind peritoneum
|
|
|
Give the location of the epiploic foramen into the omental bursa.
|
Ventromedial to caudatelobe(liver) bt. caudal vena cava and portal v.(and hepatic a.)
|
|
|
What is in the free edge of the middle ligament of the bladder?
|
Urachus or remanent of urachus
|
|
|
What is a mesentary?
|
connecting peritoneum bt. organ's visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
|
|
|
How are mesenteries named?
|
Meso + organ connected
|
|
|
What is the functions of mesenteries?
|
Suspend organs and path for vessels and nn. to organ
|
|
|
What is the root of the mesentery?
|
Attachment of mesentary to dorsal abdomen
|
|
|
Name the four unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
|
Celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric and median sacral aa.
|
|
|
What structures does the celiac artery supply?
|
Cranial abdominal organs (stomach,liver,spleen and part of duodenum
|
|
|
What are the 3 branches of the Celiac artery?
|
Left Gastric, Splenic and Hepatic
|
|
|
What are the numerous vessels to the jejunum?
|
Jejunal arteries from cranial mesenteric a.
|
|
|
How do the jejunal arteries terminate to supply the jejunum?
|
Form arcades and vasa recti to jejunum
|
|
|
How are the ovarian arteries located?
|
Lift up ovary and look for vessels in mesovarium
|
|
|
How are the testicular arteries located in the abdomen?
|
Passing caudal to kidney to vaginal ring
|
|
|
What vein returns blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb?
|
Caudal vena cava
|
|
|
How is the caudal vena cava formed?
|
External and internal iliac vv. unite=2 common iliac vv. which unite=caudal vena cava
|
|
|
What vein carries the blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver?
|
Portal v. (hepatic portal v.)
|
|
|
What are the 1 degree abdominal organs not drained by the portal vein?
|
Kidneys, adrenal glands,gonads,liver
|
|
|
Why aren't the kidneys,adrenals and gonads drained by the portal vein?
|
Their hormones would be destroyed by the liver.
|
|
|
To where does the lymph from the pelvic limbs, pelvis and abdomen drain?
|
Cisterna chyli
|
|
|
What lymphatic vessel drains the lymph from the cisterna chyli?
|
Thoracic duct
|
|
|
What are the large lymph nodes beneath the termination of the aorta?
|
medial iliac lymph nodes
|
|
|
What are the intestinal lymphatic vessels that absorb fat?
|
Lacteals
|
|
|
What directions do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves travel?
|
Caudalventral direction
|
|
|
What is the sympathetic innervation to the abdomen?
Parasympathetic |
Sympathetic trunk, splanchic nn., collateral ganglion and plexuses
Vagus:through transverse colon |
|
|
Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
|
Near branches of abdominal aorta
|
|
|
Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
|
near branches of abdominal aorta
|
|
|
What gland is part of the sympathetic ANS?
|
Adrenal glands (medulla)
|
|
|
What is the spacial relationship of the two kidneys?
|
Right a half a kidney length cranial to left
|
|
|
What is an easy way to remember which kidney is more cranially?
|
Right fits in renal impression of liver
|
|
|
What makes up the parenchyma of the kidneys?
|
Outer cortex and inner medulla
|
|
|
What is the expanded proximal end of the ureters?
|
Renal pelvis
|
|
|
What tube carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
|
Ureter
|
|
|
What is the longitudinal ridge protecting into the renal pelvis?
|
Renal crest
|
|
|
Where does urine drip from the kidney?
|
renal crest
|
|
|
Which species has capsular veins on the outside of its kidneys?
|
Cat
|
|
|
What parts of the renal pelvis surrounds the pseudopapillae?
|
Pelvic recesses/diverticulae
|
|
|
What are the parts of the urinary bladder?
|
Neck, body and apex
|
|
|
How do the ureters pass through the bladder wall and why?
|
Oblique angle to prevent backflow
|
|
|
Where is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
|
Dorsal internal area bt. the two urethral openings of the urethra.
|
|
|
What is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney?
|
Nephron
|
|
|
What non-nephrotic structure carries urine from the nephron to the renal pelvis?
|
Collecting ducts
|
