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154 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
What is this pollen?
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Grass
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Describe a grass pollen.
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Monoporate
Relatively Large (25-40 microns) Round Slightly granular Pore is surrounded by a thick annulus (ring) and may have a cap (operculum) |
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What is this pollen?
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Grass
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What are the northern grasses?
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=Pooideae
Timothy, Orchard, Rye, Fescue, Bluegrass, Redtop, Sweet Vernal, Brome, Velvet, Canary |
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What are the southern grasses?
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=Chloridoideae
Bermuda, love grass. prarie grasses (salt, buffalo, grama) =Panicoideae Bahia (Brazil, Bermuda), Johnson (Mississippi), Corn, Sugarcane |
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Are the northern grasses cross reactive?
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Yes, Pooideae is very cross reactive. Timothy and sweet vernal may have unique antigens
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What does Bermuda cross react with?
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Bahia and Johnson
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What is the scientific name for Bermuda?
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Cynodon dactylon
Allergen? |
Cyn d 1-14
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What is the scientific name for Timothy?
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Phleum pretense
Allergen? |
Phl p 1-14
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What is the scientific name for Rye?
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Lolium perenne
Allergen? |
Lol p 1-14
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What is the scientific name for Johnson?
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Sorghum halepense
Allergen? |
Sor h 1-14
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What is the scientific name for Bluegrass?
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Poa pratensis
Allergen? |
Poa p 1-14
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What are the weed pollens?
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Ragweed
Mugwort Pellitory |
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What is the scientific name for Ragweed?
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Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Allergen? |
Amb a 1-10
Profillin Cystatin |
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What is the scientific name for Mugwort?
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Artemisia vulgaris
Allergen? |
Art v 1-3
Profillin |
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What is the scientific name for Pellitory?
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Parietaria species
Allergen? |
Par o 1-2
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What is this pollen?
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Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Amb a 1-10)
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What is this pollen?
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Mugwort (Artemesia vulgaris, Art v1-3/Profilin)
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What is this pollen?
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Pigweed (Amaranthus)
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What is this pollen?
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Lambsquarters (Chenopodium)
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What is this pollen?
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Russian Thistle (Salsola)
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What are characteristics of Ragweed pollen?
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15-25 microns
Either Tricolporate or Tetracolporate Short Furrows Spiny exine 75-90% pollen captured between August and October |
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What is this pollen?
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Sage
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What is this pollen?
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Nettle (Urticaceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Plantain (Plantago)
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What does Plantain Pollen look like?
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20-40 microns
6-10 pores (periporate) Distinctive pore cap (operculum) that gives it a doughnut appearance |
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What is this pollen?
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Dock or Sorrel (Rumex)
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What is this pollen?
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Dock or Sorrel (Rumex)
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What is characteristic of Dock or Sorrel pollen?
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Round
20-30 microns Tricolporate Characteristic Starch inclusion granules Long furrows |
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What is this pollen?
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Pine (Pinaceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Pine (Pinaceae)
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What is characteristic about Pine allergen?
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Large size 50-100 microns
Rarely implicated in allergy Mickey mouse ears are bladders |
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What is this pollen?
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Mountain Cedar (Juniperus ashei)
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What does Mountain Cedar Pollen look like?
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Thick intine with stellate cytoplasmic contents and an exine, which can break off and look like Pac-Man.
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What pollen pollinates mid winter in Texas?
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Mountain Cedar (Juniperus ashei); causes "cedar fever"
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When does Eastern Red Cedar pollenate?
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Spring
Juniperus virginiana |
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Which Cupressaceae cross react?
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ALL
-cypress -Juniper -Cedar |
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What is this pollen?
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Oak (Fagaceae)
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What is characteristic about oak pollen?
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Triangular shaped
3 germinal furrows that appear as white pie slices |
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What does oak cross react with?
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Oak, Beech, Chestnut
ALSO.. - Birch - Betulaceae family members |
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What is this pollen?
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Birch (Betulaceae)
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What is characteristic about the pollen of Birch (Betulaceae)?
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Triporate, each with a oncus (collar)
May look like a lemon, if only 2 pores are visible Pores protrude (aspitdate) |
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What foods cross react with Birch and cause oral allergy syndrome?
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Apple, Apricot, Cherry, Kiwi, Nectarine, Pear, Plum,
Carrot, Celery, Coriander fennel, Parsley, Parsnip, Pepper, Potato Almond, Walnut, Hazelnut |
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What family does Betulaceae cross react with?
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Fagaceae
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What is this pollen?
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Birch (Betulaceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Maple and Box Elder (Aceraceae)
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What is characteristic about Maple and Box Elder pollen?
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Generally round like a beach ball
3 furrows Box elder is wind pollenated Maple is insect pollenated |
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What is characteristic about Elm pollen?
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5-7 oval shaped pores
May appeat pentagonal Outer surface appears wavy, undulating |
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What is this pollen?
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Elm (Ulmaceae)
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What members are in the Oleaceae family?
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Olive
Ash Privet Russian Olive |
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What is this pollen?
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Ash (Oleaceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Ash (Oleaceae)
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What is characterisitc about the Oleaceae (ash) pollen?
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Four or Five sided- pentagonal or square
Exine net like pattern is coarse in olive and privet |
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What is this pollen?
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Olive (Oleaceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Privet (Oleaceae)
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What trees are in the Salicaceae family?
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Poplar
Willow Cottonwood |
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What is this pollen?
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Cottonwood (Salicaceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Poplar (Salicaceae)
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What is unique about Poplar and Cottonwood pollen?
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Round grains
Outer surface has a flaky appearance No furrows |
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What drug is made from willow tree bark?
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aspirin
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What is this pollen?
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Sycamore tree (Platanaceae)
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What does Sycamore (Platanaceae) pollen look like?
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Round Grains
3 furrows Thin exine that is finely reticulate |
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What is this pollen?
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Sweetgum (Hamamelidaceae)
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What is unique about Sweetgum (Hamamelidaceae) pollen?
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SOCCERBALL
12-20 pores per grain South of the Mason Dixon Line in the US |
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What is this pollen?
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Mulberry (Moraceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Mulberry (Moracaceae)
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What is unique about Mulberry (Moracaceae) pollen?
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Small 11-20 microns
Thin walled Diporate-- PINK LEMON Pores are slightly raised SHIELD shaped |
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What is this pollen?
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Walnut (Juglandaceae)
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What is this pollen?
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Pecan (Juglandaceae)
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What members are in the Juglandaceae family?
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Walnut
Hickory Pecan |
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What is unique about the Juglandaceae family?
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Walnut has 15 slightly raised pores
Hickory/Pecan are indistinguishable with 3 nonprotruding pores Hickory is limited to eastern US |
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What is this pollen?
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Acacia (leguminasae)
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What are the members of the Leguminosae family?
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Acacia
Mimosa Locust Mesquite |
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What is unique about the Leguminosae family?
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4 or 16 quadrangular grains in a group
Mesquite is in the SW US Acacia and Mimosa are ornamental trees in Tropical regions. |
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What are the 5 major divisions in fungal taxonomy?
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1. Zygomycota (mucor, Rhizopus)
2. Ascomycota (pleospora, leptosphaeria, Chaetominum) 3. Basidiomycota (mushroom) 4. Deuteromycetes (Alternaria, Cladosporium, Curvalaria, Helminthosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium) 5. Oomycota (water molds) |
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What is this pollen?
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Alternaria
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What is unique about Alternaria?
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CLUB Shape
20-75 microns DRY DAY mold spore like decaying plants |
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What is this pollen?
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Cladosporium
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What is unique about Cladosporium?
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Simple CHAINS-- hotdog, cylindrical, spherical
DRY DAY spore +Indoors also 6-25 microns |
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What is this pollen?
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Aspergillus Fumigatus
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What is unique about Aspergillus Fumigatus?
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Indoor mold
may produce mycotoxins causes ABPA |
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What is this?
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Penicillium
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What is unique about Penicillium?
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Indoor mold
Looks like paintbrush Indistinguishable from aspergillus May produce mycotoxins Causes HP and Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis in cheese workers |
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What are the dry day mold spores?
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Alternaria
Cladosporium Helminthosporium Drechslera Bipolaris Exserohilum Epicoccum |
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What is this?
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Helminthsporium
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What are the wet, rainy day spores?
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Fusarium
Ascomycetes Basidomycetes Aureobasidum Zygomycetes Stachybotrys |
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What is this?
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Fusarium
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What is unique about Fusarium spores?
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3-7 transverse septa
spindle shaped with tapered ends 20-50 microns in length |
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What are these spores?
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Ascymycetes
---ascus or sac with 8 ascospores |
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What are these spores?
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Basidiomycetes
---Rainy day ---Common Mushrooms ---Always single celled ---2-8 microns |
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What are the 2 types of spore in Basidiomycota species (Mushrooms)?
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Smut Spores
Rust Spores |
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What are these spores?
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Rust Spores
---Basidiomycota ---larger than Smut spores --- 20-30 microns --- oval to diamond in shape --- smooth or spiny wall |
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What mold spore colonizes paper and lumber? Also found on damp surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms.
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Aurobasidium
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What mold grows well on ceiling tiles, walls, paint, paper, and food?
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Phoma
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What are the two Zygomycetes? Where are they found?
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1. Mucor
2. Rhizopus --damp interiors, leaf litter, decaying vegetation |
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What is another name for Black Mold?
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Stachybotrys
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Where do you find yeasts?
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water, soil, plants, air
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List 5 common indoor spores.
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Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Mucor
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List 7 common outdoor molds.
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Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum,Curvularia, Drechslera, Pithomyces, Botrytis, smut spores
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What are the 3 rainy day mold spores?
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Basidiospores, Ascospores, Fusarium
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What spores are prevelent at night and in high humidity/
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Ascospores
Basidiospores |
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How can you control mold exposure?
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keep relative humidity <50%
limit house plants avoid raking,mowing, mulching keep spoiled food out of fridge Disinfect bathroom Clean with bleach and soapy water |
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What dust mite species are D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus included in?
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Pyroglyphid species
-- most common offenders in the US |
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What dust mite species is found in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Brazil?
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Blomia tropicalis
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What is the optimal temperatuer for dust mite growth? optimal relative humidity?
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Temp: 65-80 F; 18-27 C
Humidity: >50% |
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What are the 2 major dust mite allergens?
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Der p1, Der f1
Der p2, Der f2 |
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Which dust mite allergen is a tropomyosin and cross reacts with cockroach and shellfish?
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Der p10
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At what level of dust mites are predisposed individuals with atopy sensitized?
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2-10 ug/g
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What is the major cat allergen?
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Fel d1
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What level of Fel d1 predisposes susceptible people to sensitization? asthma?
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Sensitization: >10 ug/g
Asthma: >20 ug/g |
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What are the 5 major dog allergens? Which reacts with human PSA?
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Can f1-5
Can f5 |
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Which allergens are in the lipocalin family?
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Can f1, Can f2, Can f4 (dog)
Rat n1 (rat); Mus m1 (mouse) Equ c1 (horse) Bos d2 and d5 (cow) beta lactoglobuin (cow's milk) Ory c1 (rabbit) Bla g1 (cockroach); NOT CAT!! |
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What are the cockroach allergens and where do they come from?
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Bla g1; Bla g2
---feces, saliva, debri |
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What level of cockroach allergen is required for sensitization?
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>10 ug/g
-- Large allergen |
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Which allergens are carried on small particles and can remain in the air even when undisturbed?
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Rat, mouse, cat
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What is another name for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?
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Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
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What is the scale that the US uses for Air Quality Index (AQI)?
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Green: 0-50 (good)
Yellow: 51-100 (moderate) Orange: 101-150 (sensitive) Red:151-200 (unhealthy) Purple: 201-300 (very unhealthy) |
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What pollutant is the precursor to photochemical smog?
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Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
--produced from fossil fuels, natural gas |
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What is the major outdoor pollutant involved in asthma attacks?
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Ozone
-- Keep <0.065 ppm |
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What are the indoor pollutants?
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tobacco smoke
endotoxin (animals, mold) Nitrogen dioxide (gas appliances) wood burning |
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What are the Nonstandardized Units of Potency for allergen extracts?
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Weight per Volume (w/v)
Protein Nitrogen Units/ml --PNU/ml |
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Is there a bioequivalent relationship between w/v; PNU/ml; AU; BAU?
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NO
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What are the Standardized Units of Potency for allergen extracts?
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Allergy Unit per ml (AU/ml)
Bioequivalent Allergy Unit per ml (BAU/ml) Major Allergen Content Venom protein content |
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How are allergen extracts standardized by AU and BAU?
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ID50EAL methol (by FDA)
---intradermal skin test endpoint titration in humans ---can also be determined by RAST or ELISA inhibition |
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How are ragweed and cat extracts labeled?
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by major allergen content in BAU
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How are venom products standardized?
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By venom protein content (hyaluronidase and phospholipase) in microgram per ml
--Individual species: 100ug/ml --Mixed vespid: 300 ug/ml |
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What are the 5 types of standardized extracts?
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Hymenoptera Venom (microgram of protein-- Hyal, phospho)
Dust mite (AU) Cat (BAU) Grass (BAU) Short Ragweed (major allergen- Amb a1) |
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What forms are allergen extracts available in?
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1. Aqueous
2. Glycerinated 3. Alum Precipitated 4. Lyophilized 5. Acetone Precipitated |
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How are aqueous extracts prepared?
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Raw source material is added to an extracting fluid and prepared in saline or buffer solution with less than 50% glycerin. 0.4% phenol is added to prevent bacterial growth.
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How are glycerinated extracts prepared?
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Raw source material is extracted into 50% glycerin. 50% glycerin inhibits microbial growth and is more stable than aqueous allergen. 0.4% phenol prevents microbial growth.
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How are alum precipitated extracts prepared?
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Allergic proteins are precipitated with aluminum hydroxide (alum), forming a complex--slower release. Not used in SPT, only IT. Can give larger doses in less frequent intervals. Less Systemics.
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How are lyophilized extracts prepared?
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Need to reconstitute powder. Recommended use Human Serum Albumin (HSA).
***Venoms use this*** |
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How are Acetone- Precipitated extracts prepared?
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Technique that make allergens more concentrated. Removed low molecular weight irritants. Takes about 50x as much raw materials. Used by Hollister Stier for cat, dog, cattle, horse, dust.
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What factors cause allergen extracts to lose potency?
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1. High Temperature-- 50% glycerin may protect at RT
2. Low Concentration- adhere to wall of vial 3. Large Vial Volume 4. Proteolytic Enzymes (cockroach, mold, dust mite) |
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Do dust mite proteolytic enzymes affect pollens?
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NO
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What are the benefits of using 50% glycerin as a diluent?
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maximizes allergen stability;
inhibits bacterial growth; inhibits proteolytic enzymes |
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What are the benefits of using Human Serum Albumin as a dilutent?
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Preservative effect
Minimizes binding of allergen to vial wall Protects from phenol denaturation |
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What are the benefits of using phenol?
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0.4% prevents microbial growth but it can break down allergenic proteins in extracts with 50% glycerin.
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What are Thommen's postulates of Allergenicity (1931)?
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1. Pollen must cause an allergic response (protein or glycoprotein)
2. Pollen must be wind pollenated (anemophilous) 3. Pollen must be produced in abundance, all over |
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How big (microns) are the most significant aeroallergens?
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10-60 microns
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Define:
1) Anemophilous 2) Entomophilus 3) Amphophilous |
1) Anemophilous- wind pollenated
2) Entomophilus- insect pollenated 3) Amphophilous- insect and wind pollenated |
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Define Pollination:
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Transfer of pollen (~sperm) from the anter sac (~male) to the stigma (~female) of another plant
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Define:
1) Monoecious 2) Dioecious |
1) Monoecious- plant species with male and female flowers on the same plant
2) Dioecious- species that have male and female flowers on different plants |
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Describe a Durham Sampler.
1) Pros 2) Cons |
-Cover side with adhesive an let it sit outside for 24hrs
1)Pro= low cost, no power source 2) size dependent bias, don't know how much air its exposed too |
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Describe a Settle Plate Pollen Sampler.
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Particles settle onto agar medium and incubated prior to examining/counting molds
--indoor sampling |
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Describe a Rotorod Sampler:
1) Pros? 2) Cons? |
Rod sweeps around and collects particles on greased slides. Divide #particles/volume air sampled
1) Pro= Not effected by wind direction 2) Con= can't get <10 micron spores |
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Describe a Burkard Spore Trap.
1) Pro? 2) Con? |
Known amounts of air are sucked into sampling orifice. Tail keeps it oriented to the wind.
1) Pro= Collects <10 micron spores; consitent flow speed 2) more expensive |
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Describe an Anderson Sieve Impinger Sampler.
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Series of stages with up to 400 perforations; Air drawn in at 1 cubic foot/min; Particles pass through progressively smaller holes and are separated by size.
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Describe an Allergenco Air Sampler.
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Grab-type suction sampler collects samples on slides at programmed intervals.
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Desribe a Liquid Impinger Sampling Device.
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Draws air in and particles are suspended in liquid. Collect bioaerosols to examine immunochemically.
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Describe a Cyclonic Collector.
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Particles from dust collection are counted visually and may be cultured for fungi.
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What 5 features are noted when describing pollen?
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1. Size (microns)/ Shape
2. Surface Texture 3. Aperatures (pores, furrows) 4. Staining color 5. Exine (outer layer) or Intine (inner layer) |
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What do you stain rod/slide surfaces with to define pollens collected?
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Calberla's Solution
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How do you count pollen?
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Manually then conver to grains per cubic meter
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