Abac Comparative Vert. Last Exam

Front 1

Gas exchange
Excretion of waste
Osmoregulation w/ gills
Chemoreception

Back 1

Respiratory System

Front 2

Gills w/ first and second degree lamellae folds

Back 2

Respiratory organ

Front 3

Epidermis
Buccal lining
Cloacal lining

Back 3

Cutaneous Respiratory organs
(Epithelial (Lining/covering))

Front 4

Gas Bladder
Swim Bladder

Back 4

Aids in fish respiration as well as buoyancy

Front 5

Lungs

Back 5

Terrestrial organism's respiratory organ

Front 6

Lungs w/ faveoli

Back 6

Reptiles

Front 7

Lungs w/ aveoli

Back 7

Mammals

Front 8

Surfactant coats the inner surface to maintain dampness

Back 8

Lungs

Front 9

A Lipoprotein that aids in maintaining dampness of the lungs, increase Viscosity, decrease Surface Tension to aid in O2 and CO2 diffusion, and increase overall efficiency of lungs

Back 9

Surfactant

Front 10

movement of respiratory medium across respiratory surface.

Back 10

Ventilation (Breathing)

Front 11

Swimming forward to force water over and throughout one's gills

Back 11

Ram Ventilation

Front 12

The most common example for Ram Ventilation is?

Back 12

Shakes

Front 13

Buccal ventilation uses positive pressure and is example of what type of ventilation?

Back 13

Force Pump

Front 14

Inhaling and Exhaling by means of negative pressure is and example of what type of ventilation?

Back 14

Aspiration Pump

Front 15

Frogs are a good example of what to types of ventilation?

Back 15

Force pump via Buccal lining
Cutaneous

Front 16

_____ is the random movement of particles/molecules form and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

Back 16

Passive Diffusion

Front 17

_____ is means by which all ventilation is made possible.

Back 17

Passive Diffusion

Front 18

What influences the rate of diffusion?

Back 18

Surface area available
distance from target tissues
resistance by tissues

Front 19

What are problems that arise form using water as a respiratory medium?

Back 19

Water contains low levels of O2
Temperature easily effect the O2 concentrations
Water w/ dissolved O2 is more dense (especially compared to air)

Front 20

What is the solution to the problems that may arise form using water as a respiratory medium?

Back 20

Increase the volume of water used in ventilation

Front 21

How does one go about increasing the volume of water using ventilation?

Back 21

Counter Current Multiplier System

Front 22

How does the Counter Current Multiplier System works?

Back 22

Blood in the capillary beds of the gills flow in the opposite direction of the water insuring contact with the most O2 water available thus insuring the maximum amount of O2 is absorbed.

Front 23

How efficient are gill at removing O2 form the surrounding water?

Back 23

85% of all O2 is removed

Front 24

How can fish regulate gas exchange?

Back 24

The rate of ventilation
Movement of primary Lamellae inward (together) or outward (apart)
Movement of the primary Lamellae back and forth
Shunt blood flow

Front 25

How is the blood flow shunted?

Back 25

Control Perfusion form the body to secondary lamellae back to the body

Front 26

complete set of gills.
Jawed fish have four sets

Back 26

Holobranch

Front 27

Not a complete set of gills
Half gill
example: Shakes, Rays, and Skates

Back 27

Hemibranch

Front 28

Gill like structures inside a spiracle
example: Some Sharks

Back 28

Pseudobranch

Front 29

Suprabranchial air chambers
Labyrinth organ

Back 29

Gill Accessory Sturtures

Front 30

Dorsal out packet of gills can fill w/ air are?

Back 30

Suprabranchial Air Chambers

Front 31

Structures that extend downward into the suprabranchial air chambers and functions as a miniature lung moving O2 form the suprabranchial air chambers

Back 31

Labyrinth Organ

Front 32

Bidirectional flow of air
Lungs w/ faveoli
Cloacal respiration
Three Chambered Heart

Back 32

Reptiles

Front 33

Unidirectional flow of air
Lungs w/ anterior and posterior air sacs
Four chambered heart

Back 33

Birds

Front 34

Bidirectional flow of air
Lungs w/ alveoli
Four Chambered Heart

Back 34

Mammals

Front 35

Unidirectional flow of water
Counter Current Flow of Blood
Two Chambered Heart

Back 35

Fish

Front 36

A capillary network is know as?

Back 36

Rete Mirabile

Front 37

Rete mirabile secretes lactic acid causing a drop in the blood pH triggering the release of O2 from hemoglobin, which is then collected, compressed, and sent to the swim bladder is a process known as the_____?

Back 37

Root Effect

Front 38

The increased presence of CO2 in the blood causes the hemoglobin to change shape and release O2 more easily is a process know as the _____?

Back 38

Bohr Effect

Front 39

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)=H+ (increases acidity) or HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion)

Back 39

Bohr Effect

Front 40

How CO2 transported throughout the body?

Back 40

Via Plasma
On Hemoglobin
In Erythrocytes as Bicarbonate ions

Front 41

How do fish achieve neutral buoyancy?

Back 41

Constant forward movement
Concentrate fats/oils in the liver
Concentration of Squalene (hydrocarbon) in the liver
Swim bladder

Front 42

How does constant forward movement help some fish achieve neutral buoyancy?

Back 42

Flat heads, angle of pectoral fins, and heterocercal caudal fin all provide lift if angled correctly

Front 43

How does a swim bladder help some fish achieve neutral buoyancy?

Back 43

Hold gases in a large localized area.

Front 44

Respiratory gas, Nutrients, and excretory matter are all transported by what?

Back 44

Circulatory System

Front 45

What types of excretory matter does the circulatory system transport?

Back 45

Metabolic waste (N)
Excessive water
Electrolytes (ions)

Front 46

What does the Circulatory System regulates?

Back 46

Hormone Transport
Temperature

Front 47

How does the circulatory system regulate body temperature?

Back 47

the dilation and constriction of blood vessel as well as counter current heat exchange.

Front 48

How does the circulatory System protect the body?

Back 48

Clothing of blood and Immune defense

Front 49

What tissue in embryos that are anamniotes or amniotes is the blood produced in?

Back 49

Reticular tissue

Front 50

Where is the blood produced in adult amniotes?

Back 50

Red Bone Marrow

Front 51

Where is the blood produced in adult anamniotes?

Back 51

Liver
Kidney
Spleen

Front 52

How often are Erythrocytes replaced due to death?

Back 52

Every 120 days

Front 53

How often are Leukocytes replaced due to death?

Back 53

Every 1-2 days

Front 54

What are the layer of the heart?

Back 54

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Front 55

What is the pericardium composted of?

Back 55

Connective Tissues such as:
Fat
Loss connective tissue
Dense connective tissue

Front 56

What is the Myocardium composted of?

Back 56

Cardiac Muscles
Connective Tissues such as:
Nerves
Blood

Front 57

What is the Endocardium composted of?

Back 57

Epidermal Tissue

Front 58

What is another name for AS Node?

Back 58

Pacemaker

Front 59

The _____ is located on the dorsal side of the right atrium.

Back 59

AS Node (Pacemaker)

Front 60

The _____ initiate an action potential which spread across both atria causing them to contract and activating the AV Node.

Back 60

AS Node (Pacemaker)

Front 61

The _____ is located on the ventral side of the right atrium.

Back 61

AV Node

Front 62

The AS Node action potential is received by the AV Node, which initiates the _____ to produce an action potential that spreads across both ventricles making both contract.

Back 62

AV Node

Front 63

The inner most lining of arteries and veins is the _____.

Back 63

Tunica Intima

Front 64

What is the Tunica intima composted of?

Back 64

Epithelial Tissue and Elastic connective tissue

Front 65

The second layer of tissue that lines arteries and veins is the _____.

Back 65

Tunica Media/Medius

Front 66

What is the Tunica Media/Medius composted of?

Back 66

Smooth Muscle

Front 67

What does the smooth muscle of the Tunica Media/Medius do?

Back 67

It is responsible for the dilation and restriction of the arteries and veins.

Front 68

The third and most external layer of the arteries and veins is the _____.

Back 68

Tunica External (Adventitia)

Front 69

What is the Tunica External (Adventitia) composted of?

Back 69

Collagen and Dense connective tissue

Front 70

Arteries carry blood away from heart which means they are _____.

Back 70

Efferent

Front 71

Veins carry blood toward heart which means they are _____.

Back 71

Afferent

Front 72

What does the Hepatic Portal System do?

Back 72

Drains blood to the liver for detoxification before re-entering the body

Front 73

What does the Renal Portal System do?

Back 73

Drains blood to the kidneys for N-waste extraction before re-entering the body

Front 74

Sinus Venosus to the Atria to the Ventricle to the Bulbus Arteriosus

Back 74

Fish Circulatory circuit

Front 75

Amphibians have a Three chambered heart that is composted of what?

Back 75

Right and Left Atrium
Ventricle

Front 76

The amphibians Ventricle is divided by the _____.

Back 76

Ventricular Trabeculae Ridge

Front 77

The Ventricular Trabeculae Ridge divided the ventricle for what purpose?

Back 77

To keep the O2 rich blood separated form the O2 depleted blood

Front 78

Sinus Venosus to the Right Atria to the Right side of the Ventricle to the pulmonary artery to the Lungs to the Left Atria to the Left side of the ventricle to the Conus Arteriosus to the Body

Back 78

Amphibian Circulatory circuit

Front 79

Like the Amphibians Reptiles have a three chambered heart, but what divides their ventricle?

Back 79

Atrioventricular flap

Front 80

The reptiles ventricle is divided into two parts a left and right side. The left side of the ventricle is divided even farther, what are the names?

Back 80

The Cavum Venosum
The Cavum Arteriosum

Front 81

Where is the Cavum Venosum located?

Back 81

The right side of the Left ventricle half

Front 82

Where is the Cavum Arteriosum located?

Back 82

The left side of the Left ventricle half

Front 83

The Cavum Venosum is used to aid in the transport of what?

Back 83

O2 depleted blood to the lungs

Front 84

The Cavum Arteriosum is used to aid in the transport of what?

Back 84

O2 rich blood to the body

Front 85

Diving reptile have a Right to left Shunt ( Cardiac Shunt), which does what?

Back 85

Redirect the blood flow form the left side of the ventricle to the right side thus bypassing the lungs

Front 86

The Right to Left Shunt allows the organism to do what?

Back 86

Deplete O2 and collapse the lungs to reduce buoyancy and initiate the Bohr effect

Front 87

What are the three diving adjustment made by tetrapods?

Back 87

Bradly Cardiac
Micro-circulation adjustment
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Front 88

By what means do the Bradly Cardiac occurs to conserve energy?

Back 88

Decrease the heart rate and reduce energy used to pump blood to the lungs

Front 89

By what means is the micro-circulation adjustment achieved?

Back 89

Redirect blood flow form extremities to vital organs
Bypass lungs inducing the Bohr Effect

Front 90

By what means is the Anaerobic Cellular Respiration achieved?

Back 90

deplete myoglobin and hemoglobin of all O2 and collapse lungs

Front 91

Vena Cava to the Right Atria to the Left Ventricle (Cavum venasum) to the Pulmonary artery to the Lungs to the Pulmonary vein to the Left Atria to the Left ventricle (Cavum Arteriosum) to the Body

Back 91

Reptiles Circulatory circuit