Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
tubercle
|
TB stage when macrophages and lymphocytes then surround the multinucleated cells
|
|
|
caseous lesion
|
TB stage when macrophages lyse releasing enzymes which causes tissue death (necrotic).
|
|
|
air-filled tuberculous cavity forms
|
TB stage after the Ghon complex liquifies.
|
|
|
Miliary TB
|
Stage of TB when bacteria get into the blood (bacteremia) and overwhelm the body defenses.
|
|
|
Tuberculin skin test (Hypersensitivity test) with PPD
|
Early test for TB
|
|
|
Legionellosis
Coccidiodomycosis Hanta Pulmonary syndrome Histoplasmosis |
4 pneumonias not transmitted person to person.
|
|
|
Legionellosis
|
A pneumonia transmitted by breathing aerosolized water contaminated with large numbers of bacteria. Bacteria is found in natural bodies of water and is resistant to chlorine in man-made water system.
|
|
|
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
|
Causes pneumonia in humans. Deer mice are the primary source. Rodents show no illness but excrete the organism in the urine, saliva and feces. Transmitted to humans when aerosols are inhaled.
|
|
|
Influenza (Flu)
|
An enveloped virus with two types of spikes: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three major serotypes: A, B, and C.
|
|
|
hemagglutinin
|
The H spike of the influenzae virus
|
|
|
neuraminidase
|
The N spike of the influenzae virus
|
|
|
Antigenic shifts
|
Major changes in the influenzae virus that probably result from an exchange of massive amounts of genetic material between two strains.
|
|
|
Antigenic drift
|
Minor genetic changes in the influenzae virus.
|
|
|
Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis |
Dimorphic fungi that causes pneumonia
|
|
|
Coccidioidomycosis
|
Disease transmitted by the inhalation of dust from the soil found in hot, dry, dusty regions of North and South America.
|
|
|
Histoplasmosis
|
Pneumonia transmitted by inhalation of dust and soil contaminated with bat or bird droppings.
|
|
|
Ghon complex
|
TB stage when caseous lesions calcify
|
|
|
Salmonellosis
Shigellosis E. coli gastroenteritis Typhoid fever |
Occasional invasion of blood stream and tissues leading to abscesses, fever, and shock
|
|
|
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
|
ETEC Traveler's diarrhea, infant diarrhea and scours.
|
|
|
Enteroinvasive E. coli
|
EIEC Similar to shigellosis
|
|
|
Enteropathogenic E. coli
|
EPEC Diarrhea in hospital nurseries and chronic diarrhea in children.
|
|
|
Enterohemorhagic E. coli
|
EHEC Causes hemolytic uremic syndrome, kidney failure, hemolysis and shock.
|
|
|
hemolytic uremic syndrome
|
EHEC causes ___________ which results in kidney failure, hemolysis and shock
|
|
|
Typhoid Fever
|
Which digestive infection has human carriers (asymptomatic with organisms in gall bladder)?
|
|
|
Typhoid Fever
|
Carriers are treated with antibiotics and usually cholecystectomy (removal of gall bladder)
|
|
|
Hepatitis A Virus Disease
|
Type of hepatitis from infected individuals, sewage contaminated water. Transmitted by fecal contamination of hands, food, or water. Raw shellfish (Oysters) are a common source.
|
|
|
Hepatitis B Virus Disease
|
Transmission by human blood, blood products, and semen.
|
|
|
Hepatitis B Virus Disease
|
Congenital transmission from mother to baby occurs. Virus is also present in saliva and breast milk but in such low levels that transmission through these routes is unlikely.
|
|
|
Hepatitis C Virus Disease
|
Chronic carriers, blood transfusions are the most frequent route of transmission. Difficult to detect infection in blood donors because it sometimes takes months for antibodies to be detectable in the blood. Sexual transmission is uncommon.
|
|
|
Hepatitis D Virus Disease (HDV)
|
Hepatitis that coinfects with HBV
|
|
|
Hepatitis E Virus Disease (HEV)
|
Hepitis aquired by ingestion of food, water, eating utensil, etc contaminated with virus.
|
|
|
Hepatitis E Virus Disease (HEV)
|
Which hepatitis has a high mortality in pregnant women and infants?
|
|
|
Hepatitis A Virus Disease
Hepatitis E Virus Disease |
Food-borne hepatitis
|
|
|
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus Hepatitis D Virus |
Serum hepatitis
|
|
|
Aflatoxin
St. Anthony’s Fire (Ergot poisoning) |
Toxin present in soil, grows on grain, peanuts, other crops. Man or animal ingests toxin containing food products produced from fungal contaminated crops.
|
|
|
Giardiasis
|
Organism is found worldwide in water. Cyst stage is not killed by standard chlorination used in city water supplies. Ingestion of contaminated water containing cyst stage results in the cyst surviving passage through the stomach and forming trophozoites in the small intestine. Some attach to SI epithelium and others are free moving. Mucosa damage occurs resulting in disease symptoms.
|
|
|
Giardiasis
Amebiasis |
Fecal oral route is most common. Ingestion of fecally contaminated water, person to person.
|
|
|
Amebiasis (Amebic dysentery)
|
Cysts are ingested from contaminated water. Trophozoites develop in small intestine and move to the large intestine where they feed on intestinal cells. Some strains produce a cytotoxic enzyme which destroys epithelial cells and may lead to perforation of the GI tract wall leading to invasion of blood vessels, liver, and other organs. Abscesses can form in these locations.
|
|
|
Gonorrhea
|
selectively attach using fimbriae receptors on epithelial cells of the urethra, uterine cervix, pharynx and conjunctiva.
|
|
|
Chlamydia
|
Transmission: sexual contact usually, however transmission can occur in non-chlorinated swimming pools and from infected mother to newborns as eye infection or pneumonia. .
|
|
|
Chlamydia
|
May attach to sperm cells to reach uterine tubes of female. Mucous membrane contact.
|
|
|
Syphilis
|
Can also be transmitted congenitally because spirochete readily crosses the placenta.
|
|
|
Secondary Syphilis
|
Which stage of syphilis is transmissible by kissing?
|
|
|
Bacterial vaginosis
|
Thought to be sexually transmitted but not limited to sexually active women. Occurs when vaginal pH is above 4.5.
|
|
|
Bacterial vaginosis
|
Diagnosis: combination of signs and symptoms, the vaginal pH, and clue cells (epithelials covered with bacteria)
|
|
|
Genital herpes simplex
|
Herpes that is transmitted by sexual contact.
|
|
|
Genital warts
|
Treatment: Laser treatment or freezing with liquid nitrogen. There is no cure.
|
|
|
AIDS
|
Transmission: Sexual contact or contact with body fluids especially blood. Eventually destroys helper T cells and inactivates the body’s immune system
|
|
|
Candida albicans
|
Transmission: Part of normal flora. Usually occurs during antibiotic therapy which eliminates the normal bacterial flora which prevent overgrowth. Pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, and diabetes also are predisposing factors.
|
|
|
Acne
|
Teen-agers and young adults. During adolescence, increased testosterone levels causes sebaceous glands to enlarge and secrete more sebum. Bacteria feed on sebum and tissues become inflamed.
|
|
|
Acne
|
Transmission: Autoinoculation. Part of the normal flora of skin and grows in the hair follicles.
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
Transmission: Normal flora of the nasal passages and other moist areas of the skin. Transmitted by the hands to other parts of the body.
|
|
|
Folliculitis
|
Small red bump at the site of the infected hair follicle.
|
|
|
Sty
|
An infected hair follicle of the eye.
|
|
|
Furuncles (Boil)
|
Folliculitis that has spread to adjacent tissues causing localized redness, swelling, severe tenderness and pain. Pus may drain from the boil.
|
|
|
Carbuncles
|
Large areas of redness, swelling and pain with several sites of draining pus. Fever often present.
|
|
|
Folliculitis
Furuncles Carbuncles |
Complication: May spread through the blood to heart, bones or brain
|
|
|
Folliculitis
Furuncles Carbuncles |
Treatment: Open abscess and drain pus (do not squeeze). Antibiotics.
|
|
|
Scalded skin syndrome
|
Treatment: Isolation, antibiotics and debridement of dead tissue to protect the patient from secondary bacterial and fungal invaders.
|
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome
|
Transmission: Most frequently associated with use of tampons in women, after nasal surgery and after childbirth.
|
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome
|
Prevention: Frequent tampon changes, Prompt treatment infections
|
|
|
Impetigo
|
Transmission: Spread by contact through skin abrasions and insect bites.
|
|
|
Impetigo
|
Treatment: Good hygiene and proper attention to insect bites, cuts and abrasions.
|
|
|
Pseudomonas dermatitis
Otitis externa (Swimmer’s ear) |
Transmission: grow in pools and hot tubes. The organism is able to enter the skin through dilated pores and hair follicles.
|
|
|
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Inclusion conjunctivitis |
Transmission: Transmitted to eyes of fetus during passage through the birth canal.
|
|
|
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
|
Prevention: antibiotic ointment in the eyes of all newborn infants within one hour of birth.
|
|
|
Inclusion conjunctivitis
Trachoma |
Transmission can occur from infected mother to newborns as eye infection or pneumonia. Also spread in non-chlorinated swimming pools, hand contact, by sharing personal objects and by flies.
|
|
|
Inclusion conjunctivitis
Trachoma |
Treatment: antibiotic ointment in the eyes of all newborn infants within one hour of birth.
|
|
|
Conjunctivitis (Pink eye)
|
Transmitted by eye secretions from infected persons.
|
|
|
Chickenpox
Warts Shingles Roseola Herpes Simplex 1 and 2 |
Which diseases are caused by dsDNA viruses from herpesviridae or papovaviridae
|
|
|
Chickenpox
|
Major threat to newborns if mother develops the disease from 5 days before delivery to 2 days after.
|
|
|
macules
|
The initial spots that are a sign of chickenpox
|
|
|
papules
|
The bumps that are a sign of chickenpox
|
|
|
vesicles
|
The blisters that are a sign of chickenpox
|
|
|
pustules
|
The pus-filled blisters that are a sign of chickenpox
|
|
|
Shingles
|
Transmission: Latent virus infection acquired during a prior episode of chicken pox
|
|
|
Shingles
|
Virus resides in nerve ganglia of the cranium and spine. When reactivated, the virus spreads from a ganglion along the pathway of it's associated nerve(s).
|
|
|
German measles
Syphilis Listeria Hepatitis B |
May cross the placenta and infect a fetus.
|
|
|
Warts
|
Treatment: Freezing, burning, surgery, laser therapy, caustic agents and chemicals
|
|
|
Smallpox
|
This disease has been eradicated.
|
|
|
Herpes simplex labialis
|
Host: Non-immune people, usually children. Sunburn, fever, stress and menstruation can trigger recurrences.
|
|
|
Herpes simplex labialis
|
Transmission: The organism is latent in the majority of the population. The virus is transmitted primarily by close physical contact but it can be transmitted by fomites.
|
|
|
Herpes simplex labialis
|
Recurrent cases are characterized by tingling, itching, burning or pain before blisters appear.
|
|
|
Tinea
|
Scientific term for ringworm
|
|
|
Tinea corporis
|
ringworm over the body
|
|
|
Tinea nigra
|
ringworm that causes brown patches on the palms of the hands
|
|
|
Tinea capitis
|
ringworm on the head
|
|
|
Tinea cruris
|
jock itch
|
|
|
Tinea unguium
|
Ringworm of the nails
|
|
|
Tinea barbae
|
ringworm of the beard
|
|
|
Tinea pedis
|
athletes foot
|
|
|
Ringworm
|
Caused by a group of molds called Dermatophytes.
|
|
|
Ringworm
|
Found in soil. Transmitted through breaks in the skin by contact with soil, fomite or animals
|
|
|
Candidiasis
|
Part of normal flora. Will overgrow when the numbers of other organisms decrease.
|
|
|
Candidiasis
|
May manifest itself as thrush (Milky patches of inflammation on the oral mucosa) or vaginitis.
|
|
|
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
|
A complication of meningitis appearing as rapid death from endotoxin shock.
|
|
|
Meningococcal Meningitis
|
Diagnosis: Gram stain of CSF. Look for Gram negative diplococci inside phagocytes. Culture organism to confirm diagnosis.
|
|
|
Hemophilus influenzae Meningitis
|
Diagnosis: Gram stain of CSF. Look for gram negative pleomorphic bacteria. Culture organism to confirm diagnosis.
|
|
|
Pneumococcal Meningitis
|
Diagnosis: Gram stain of CSF. Look for gram positive diplococci. Culture organism to confirm diagnosis.
|
|
|
Listeriosis
|
Transmission: Found in soil and water contaminated by animal feces. Food -borne transmission and transmitted by handling infected tissues of diseased animals
|
|
|
Listeriosis
|
Pathology: Enters through breaks in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. May form abscesses and stay localized or become a septicemia. The organism has an affinity for the reproductive organs.
|
|
|
Botulism
|
Transmission: Found worldwide in soil and dust. Organism produces endospore that can survive if food is not processed properly during the canning process. While in the food on the shelf the endospore germinates into a vegetative cell and produces the exotoxin which is released into the food. When the food is ingested without being boiled for 15 minutes (the toxin survives stomach acid and pepsin), the toxin is absorbed into the blood stream and is carried to the nerves. The toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings which prevents nerve impulse transmission leading to muscle paralysis
|
|
|
infant botulism
|
Can colonize the lower GI tract (especially in infants) and release exotoxin which causes a mild form of this disease. Often linked to honey contaminated with endospores.
|
|
|
wound botulism.
|
Occasionally organism can infect a wound and release exotoxin which causes a mild form of localized paralysis.
|
|
|
Exotoxin A
|
Botulism toxin: Most potent, heat-labile and proteolytic.
|
|
|
Exotoxin B
|
Botulism toxin: Heat-stable, proteolytic and non-proteolytic strains.
|
|
|
Exotoxin E
|
Botulism toxin: Non-proteolytic and heat-labile. Seen in seafood.
|
|
|
Botulism
|
Identification of toxin in blood and food by mouse protection assay.
|
|
|
Botulism
|
Treatment Antitoxin given IV
|
|
|
Botulism
|
Prevention: Heat food to boiling for 15 minutes just prior to serving. Educate individuals on proper home canning techniques. Toxin containing food does not necessarily smell, taste or appear spoiled.
|
|
|
Tetanus
|
Transmission: Water and soil contaminated with animal feces. Contracted through improperly cleaned puncture wounds, gunshot wounds, and improperly performed abortions.
|
|
|
Tetanus
|
Pathology: Spore in wound germinates in the dead tissue. Produces toxin which spreads through the tissue to a peripheral nerve.
|
|
|
Tetanus
|
Treatment: Debridement of involved tissue. Booster of toxoid. If never immunized or if wounds are extensive TIG also given but in different areas of the body.
|
|
|
Tuberculoid
|
Form of Hanson's disease seen in humans with an effective immune system.
|
|
|
Lepromatous
|
Form of Hanson's disease seen in humans with a less effective immune system.
|
|
|
Hanson's Disease
|
Contracted by direct contact with nasal secretions and lesion exudates from infected individuals with the lepromatous form of the disease.
|
|
|
Hanson's Disease
|
Diagnosis: Direct examination of lesion fluids for acid-fast bacilli. Lepromin test for hypersensitivity to lepromatous tissue (grown in armadillos). This test will be negative in the lepromatous stage. Cannot be cultured.
|
|
|
Poliomyelitis
|
Pathology: Enters the mouth. multiplies in the throat and small intestines. the virus invades the tonsils and lymph nodes. Infection becomes a viremia and virus may enter the CNS.
|
|
|
Poliomyelitis
|
Pathology: Most cases are asymptomatic or mild causing headaches, sore throat, fever and nausea. If the immune system is not able to halt the progress of the virus, the motor nerve cells may be damaged leading to varying degrees of paralysis. May die from respiratory failure.
|
|
|
Rabies
|
Transmission is by bites, aerosols of urine from bats, and through breaks in the skin from saliva etc.
|
|
|
Rabies
|
Pathology: Multiplies in the wound from a period of days to weeks. The virus makes it's way to a peripheral nerve and enters. Travels along the peripheral nerve to the CNS.
|
|
|
Arboviral Encephalitis
West Nile |
Hosts: Birds primarily but may infect horses and humans.
|
|
|
Arboviral Encephalitis
West Nile |
Vector: Transmitted male mosquito to female mosquito and transovarian passage. Transmitted to mammals from the bite of a mosquito.
|
|
|
Cryptococcosis
|
Transmission: Found in soil contaminated with pigeon droppings. Transmitted by inhalation of contaminated droppings and soil.
|
|
|
Naegleria Meningoencephalitis
|
Transmission: Found in ponds and streams with soil contamination. Enters the body through the nose.
|
|
|
Naegleria Meningoencephalitis
|
Pathology: From the nasal mucosa, the protozoa progresses to the brain via the nerves of smell.
|
|
|
Septicemia
Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
Usually transmitted through wounds or surgical procedure
|
|
|
Septicemia
|
Treatment with antibiotics can cause great numbers of bacteria to die at once, which will make symptoms worse.
|
|
|
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
|
Type of endocarditis with scarring of the heart from congenital heart defects, rheumatic fever, or syphilis.
|
|
|
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Acute bacterial endocarditis Glomerulonephritis Rheumatic fever |
Prevention: Prompt treatment of infections with antibiotics and prophylactic antibiotics when dental work is done.
|
|
|
Acute bacterial endocarditis
|
Type of endocarditis seen in people with a healthy heart.
|
|
|
Gas Gangrene
Botulism Tetanus Anthrax C. perfringins Gastroenteritis |
Diseases caused by a Gram positive spore-forming bacillus
|
|
|
Gas Gangrene
|
Pathology: Complication of a wound infection that has become anaerobic. As the tissue dies the organism multiplies and produces toxin. This toxin then kills more tissue and the organism spreads.
|
|
|
Gas Gangrene
|
Treatment: Debridement of tissue, hyperbaric chamber to flood tissue with oxygen, and antibiotics to prevent spread.
|
|
|
Glomerulonephritis
|
Pathology: bacteria from a throat infection becomes a bacteremia. Bacteria in the kidneys are attacked by the immune system. After bacteria have been eliminated, the inflammatory response continues. Tiny blood vessels within the kidneys are damaged.
|
|
|
Glomerulonephritis
Lyme disease Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rheumatic fever Secondary Syphilis |
Treatment: Antibiotics followed by anti-inflammatory drugs
|
|
|
Rheumatic fever
|
Pathology: Bacteria from a throat infection becomes a bacteremia. Bacteria in the tissues are attacked by the immune system. After bacteria have been eliminated, the inflammatory response continues resulting in inflammation of the joints, heart, brain and skin. In the heart, valves are damaged. Subsequent infections result in more damage.
|
|
|
Anthrax
|
Reservoir: People who handle animal products from other countries. Animals pick the spore up in the grass. The spore germinates in the intestines and the bacteria enters the blood.
|
|
|
Cutaneous anthrax
|
Pathology: The bacteria enters humans through breaks in the skin after handling contaminated carcasses
|
|
|
Pulmonary Anthrax
|
Pathology: The bacteria enters through the lungs from inhalation of spores from hides
|
|
|
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
|
Pathology: The bacteria enters across the GI tract by ingestion of contaminated meat.
|
|
|
Plague (Bubonic and Pneumonic)
|
Reservoir is rodents and vector is the rat flea.B acteria enters through the bite of a flea or inhalation of mucus from an infected person (pneumonic form only).
|
|
|
Pneumonic
|
Which form of plague is contagious?
|
|
|
Rickettsia
Chlamydia Treponema all viruses |
obligate intracellular parasites
|
|
|
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
|
Transmitted by the bite of a wood or dog tick. Infects various species of mammals with little or no illness. Humans are an accidental hosts.
|
|
|
Lyme disease
|
Reservoir is white-footed mouse, deer and various other mammals. Vector is the deer tick which transmits the organism through a bite.
|
